海洋微生物有机磷降解酶的纯化与性质研究

从长期受有机磷农药污染的海水中分离得到1株能高效降解农药的芽胞杆菌M-1,通过离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析等方法从发酵液中分离纯化了有机磷农药降解酶,SDS-PAGE测得该酶的分子质量约为45 kD。酶反应最适pH为7.5,最适反应温度为30℃,30℃下保温30 min,酶活力基本不变,高于30℃酶活力则迅速下降;K 、Na 、Ca2 、Mn2 对酶活性有促进作用,Hg2 、Zn2 和Cu2 等对酶有抑制作用。     

一种嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌的分离纯化方法

根据纤维素降解细菌对不溶性纤维素底部的粘附作用,利用Ｈｕｎｇａｔｅ厌氧操作技术直接以不溶性纤维素粉为基质进行滚管,分离和纯化获得嗜热厌氧纤维素降解细菌。     

烯唑醇降解菌的分离筛选及降解特性研究

从生产烯唑醇的农药厂废水处理池的活性污泥中驯化、分离得到6株能以烯唑醇为唯一碳源士长的细菌,分别命名为1#、2#、3#、4#、5#、6#。实验结果表明,这六种菌都足好氧菌种,对烯唑醇降解率大于30％的有1#、3#、4#、6#,其中1#为优势菌种。该优势菌降解烯唑醇的最适温度为30～35℃,最适pH值为7．0,投加0．404mg／L的菌株母液量为10％,烯唑醇的最佳初始浓度为30mg／L。该菌在上述最适条件下,150r／min摇床培养6d,埘怖唑醇的降解率可达78．14％;优势菌1#单菌对烯唑醇的降解要比复合菌对其降解的效果好。     

石油污染土壤堆制微生物降解研究

采用异位生物修复技术堆式堆制处理方法 ,对辽河油田原油污染土壤进行了生物修复处理研究 .处理工程设 4个处理料堆单元 ,每个处理单元长 118.5cm ,宽 6 5 .5cm ,高 12 .5cm .研究结果表明 ,当进行处理的石油污染土壤中石油烃总量为 5 .2 2 g·10 0 g-1土时 ,利用黄孢原毛平革菌 (Phanerochaetechrysospori um) ,经过 5 5d的运行 ,石油烃总量去除率达 5 4.2 % .堆制处理中影响污染土壤石油烃总量生物降解的主要变化因子为污染土壤的O2 和CO2 含量、降解石油烃微生物的数量、污染土壤pH的变化 .通过监测这些数据的变化 ,可直接反映该工程的处理石油污染土壤的效果 .本处理工程采用定期通风措施 ,操作简单、运行费用低廉 ,为石油污染土壤生物修复实用化提供了一种简单易行的污染土壤清洁技术 .     

黄翅大白蚁后肠几丁质降解微生物的分离与鉴定

【目的】从培菌白蚁——黄翅大白蚁后肠微生物菌群中分离能降解几丁质的细菌。【方法】以胶体几丁质为唯一碳源,根据胶体几丁质水解透明圈的大小进行筛选。通过形态学、生理生化以及16SrRNA基因序列分析进行菌株鉴定。【结果】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中筛选到8株能够降解胶体几丁质的细菌,它们分别属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus)、纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)、指孢囊菌属(Dactylosporangium)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)。8株菌均具有几丁质酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和内切葡聚糖酶活性。【结论】从黄翅大白蚁后肠中获得8株能够降解胶体几丁质并具有其他碳水化合物降解酶活性的细菌,这一研究为了解白蚁肠道微生物协助白蚁消化食物机制提供了依据。     

高效原油污染降解菌的筛选、鉴定及菌群的构建

为获得高效原油降解菌株,从山东某油田的含油污泥中和实验室自有菌剂以及原油污染的土壤中分离筛选得到9株微生物,分别编号SF1、SF2、SF3、SF4、SF5、SF6、SF7、SF8和SF9.研究表明,9株菌对原油均有一定的降解能力.通过16S rRNA鉴定表明:SF1为中间苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum inter...     

对硫磷真菌降解酶的分离纯化和性质

黑曲霉AspergillusnigerY－8在液体培养基中30℃培养5d,其菌体用超声波破碎后,经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-纤维素层析、Sephadex－100凝胶过滤,得到凝胶电泳均一的对硫磷降解酶,其比活为6.94,提纯倍数为13.6倍,收率为17．4％。酶作用的最适温度是50℃,最适pH为7.5,在40℃以下和pH6.0～9.0之间稳定,此酶为单亚基蛋白,凝胶过滤法测得分子量为42000,含糖14.6％,SDS、Hg2+、Ag+、Fe3+对酶有强烈的抑制作用,金属螫合剂EDTA对酶活无影响。此酶对甲基对硫磷、敌敌畏、亚胺硫磷也有较好的降解作用,当以对硫磷为底物时,Km为0.43mmol／L,Vmax为1.24μmol·mg-1·min-1。     

土壤微生物的分离、提取与纯化研究进展

综合评述了土壤微生物提取与纯化研究的最新进展及存在的主要问题。土壤微生物的分离提取过程一般分为土壤分散、提取与纯化3个步骤。采用过滤、离心和淘选3种方法可以成功地分离提取大部分土壤细菌;但土壤真菌的提取则相对较为困难,目前可采用的方法有旋转框技术、液相提取与滤膜检测、以及低速离心技术,这些方法可提取出部分真菌菌丝。两相分离技术可用以提取的土壤微生物进行纯化。     

大连湾原油降解菌的分离和多样性分析

[目的]研究大连湾原油污染海域可培养原油降解菌的多样性,并获得新的原油降解菌.[方法]通过大连湾海水、海泥和海绵样品采集,以原油作为唯一碳源,培养、富集、分离筛选原油降解菌,根据16S rRNA基因序列确定其系统进化地位.[结果]通过形态观察和16S rRNA基因分析,共获得22个属的50株菌.其中,有6株菌的16S rRNA序列与最相近的菌株序列一致性仅为95％-97％,可能是潜在的新菌.单菌实验表明,45株菌具有石油降解能力.[结论]揭示了大连湾可培养原油降解菌的多样性,并获得了新的原油降解菌,为海洋石油污染的生物治理提供新资源.     

红树林土壤中产聚羟基脂肪酸酯细菌的分离及其评估

[背景] 细菌能通过合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯（Polyhydroxyalknoates,PHA）在细胞内储存物质和能量,提高对环境的适应能力。在红树林中,由于土壤周期性受海水浸没,形成营养物质种类丰富和含量波动大的特殊生境,为细菌进化出特殊的PHA合成途径提供了条件。[目标] 为了增加对红树林产PHA细菌资源的了解,获得产PHA细菌,使用纯培养方法分离和鉴定细菌,并评估菌株的产PHA能力。[方法] 采集红树植物海桑根系和红树滩涂土壤样品,连续5周培养、分离纯化获得细菌菌株;通过16S rRNA基因相似性及系统进化分析鉴定细菌分类地位,利用PHA合成酶基因（phaC）鉴定细菌合成PHA的能力;通过基因组草图测序,分析细菌的phaC基因种类、代谢通路及系统进化关系;通过气相色谱分析细菌产PHA的累积量及组成。[结果] 从红树林土壤样品中分离得到97株细菌,其中13株带有phaC基因,包括坚强芽孢杆菌（Cytobacillus firmus）、弯曲芽孢杆菌（Bacillus flexus）、除烃海杆菌（Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus）和酯香微杆菌（Microbacterium esteraromaticum）。B. flexus MN15-19以丙酮酸盐为碳源,可累积细胞干重11%的PHA,同时具有固碳功能的还原性三羧酸循环通路,有开发成为固碳产PHA工程菌株的潜力。酯香微杆菌可产PHA,但是其phaC基因结构特殊,基因组注释未能识别出任何已知phaC基因。[结论] 研究发现红树林土壤可培养细菌中存在未知的PHA合成途径,说明红树林生态系统中的细菌具有资源挖掘的重要价值。     

Thermotolerant oil-degrading bacteria isolated from soil and water of geographically distant regions

Oil-degrading bacteria were isolated from soil and water samples taken in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the Antarctic; 13 of 86 strains proved to be thermotolerant. These bacteria utilized crude oil at 45–50°C; their growth optimum (35–37°C) and range (20–53°C) differ from those of mesophilic bacteria. Thermotolerant strains were identified as representatives of the genera Rhodococcus and Gordonia. It was shown that their ability to degrade petroleum products does not differ at 24 and 45°C. The strains Rhodococcus sp. Par7 and Gordonia sp. 1D utilized 14 and 20% of the oil, respectively, in 14 days at 45°C. All of the isolated thermotolerant bacteria grew in a medium containing 3% NaCl; the medium for the strains Gordonia amicalis 1B and Gordonia sp. 1D contained up to 10% NaCl. The bacteria G. amicalis and Rhodococcus erythropolis were able to utilize crude oil and individual hydrocarbons at higher (up to 50°C) temperatures.     

利用培养组学技术分离鉴定体外降解胆固醇肠道细菌及其功能评价

高胆固醇是诱发心脑血管疾病的重要因素之一。目前国内外降低胆固醇的主要方式是药物治疗,但其存在费用高及副作用多的弊端。研究表明,肠道细菌对机体的胆固醇代谢有重要影响,但降胆固醇肠道细菌的筛选方式及功能评价却少有报道。本研究通过培养组学方法,使用牛胆汁酸或人工混合胆汁酸作为筛选条件,从健康人体肠道筛选出36种耐胆汁酸细菌。以鼠李糖乳杆菌GG株 (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG) 作为阳性对照,设置0 g/L、0.3 g/L、3 g/L三种胆汁酸浓度组,对耐胆汁酸细菌进行体外降胆固醇能力评估,确定奇异变形菌、斯氏普罗威登斯菌、普通变形菌等10种细菌为降胆固醇优势菌。随后对其中6种降胆固醇优势菌——奇异变形菌、斯氏普罗威登斯菌、普通变形菌、潘氏变形菌、污蝇解克杆菌、雷氏普罗威登斯菌进行体外降甘油三酯能力评估以及人工胃液耐受能力评估。结果显示,上述6株细菌体外降甘油三酯能力均优于LGG。伴随人工胃液pH值的下降和作用时间的延长,6株细菌的生存率均下降。上述筛选实验及功能评价为进一步开发潜在的降胆固醇细菌制品提供研究基础。     

Ultrastructure of two oil-degrading bacteria isolated from the tropical soil environment

Two oil-degrading bacteria identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus were isolated from crude-oil-polluted soils in Nigeria. The organisms were grown on n-hexadecane and sodium succinate and then examined for the presence of hydrocarbon inclusions. Inclusion bodies were found in n-hexadecane-grown cells and were absent in succinate-grown cells. Formation of hydrocarbon inclusion bodies appears to be a general phenomenon among hydrocarbon utilizers.     

耐高温石油烃降解菌的筛选及性能研究

目的筛选耐高温石油烃降解菌并对降解条件进行优化。方法以大庆地区石油污染土壤的堆肥样品为研究材料,通过富集培养后分离得到耐高温石油降解菌株,选取降解率最高的菌株,对其降解条件进行了探讨。结果得到6株耐高温石油烃降解菌,其中WY 2最适温度52~58℃,pH值7,石油浓度0.5%,接种量2mL,最佳氮源为硫酸铵,通过16SrDNA序列分析,确定该菌株为地衣芽孢杆菌。结论确定了耐高温石油烃降解菌的最佳降解条件。     

Isolation and identification of crude oil-degrading yeast strains from Khafji oil field,saud Arabia

Twenty five yeasts isolated were isolated from Khurais oil field in Saudi Arabia and assayed to evaluate their biodegradability. Only five isolates (namely, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5) showed potential use of oil as sole carbon source. During incubation period, highest growth rate were recorded for A1, A2 and A3 isolates. Low growth distinguished A4 isolate; A5 isolate could not degrade oil.Spectrophotometrical analysis for four yeast isolates biodegradation activities indicated that, A1 isolate was superior for oil degradation (61%) comparing with A4 isolate which reflected lowest degradation % (33%). A2 and A3 isolates showed moderate biodegradation activity (56 and 51% respectively).D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene sequence was used as molecular marker to identify five yeast isolates. After comparing 26S rRNA gene sequences of five yeast isolates with highly similarity isolates, five yeast isolates (A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5)were submitted to database as Candida tropicalis (MW488263), Candida tropicalis (MW488264), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (MW488265) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (MW488266) respectively. Using OXF1/ACR1 primer, specific lipase gene amplicon with 250 bp were detected with in all four yeast isolates.     

Isolation and evaluation of probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from poultry intestine

The gut is a source of lactic acid bacteria with remarkable functional and technologies properties as well as a potential source of probiotics. In the present study, 13 strains of Lactobacillus were isolated from poultry intestine and identified according to their 16S rDNA sequences, as well as the evaluation of their probiotic potential. The probiotic properties were tested in aspects of antibiotic susceptibility, antimicrobial activity, exopolysaccharide production, lysozyme tolerance, gut condition tolerance (low pH, bile salt tolerance) and adhesion to human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2). Most isolates were resistance to streptomycin (10 μg/mL), gentamicin (10 μg/mL), kanamycin (30 μg/mL), penicillin (10 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (30 μg/mL). Isolates shows strong abilities to adhere to Caco-2 cell in the range of (76 to 85%). Isolates SHA101 to SHA113 showed high survival rate under gastrointestinal tract condition (>80%), indicating their potential in application of probiotics. The results of these tests indicate that the lactic acid bacteria isolated from poultry intestine have potential use as probiotic in various products.