《儿童粪菌移植技术规范的共识》解读

粪便微生物群移植,即粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)是通过各种方式将健康捐赠者的粪便菌群移植入患者的消化道内,改善其肠道微生态,以达到治疗疾病的目的。中华预防医学会微生态学分会儿科微生态学组于2016年组织制定了《儿童粪菌移植技术规范的共识》。本文就该共识涉及的儿童粪菌移植适应证、必备条件、方法学(包括捐赠者筛查、排除及剔除的标准、粪菌液制备、粪菌移植途径和剂量的选择、粪菌移植后的观察及处理以及粪菌移植后的随访)等方面的关键问题进行解读。     

粪菌移植的现状及未来

粪菌移植是一种直接改变受体肠道微生物群以使其正常化,从而获得治疗效益的方法。自2013年美国食品和药物管理局批准粪菌移植用于治疗复发性和难治性艰难梭菌感染以来,粪菌移植成为研究热点。从此,粪菌移植应用的范围迅速扩大,不仅用于胃肠道疾病,而且用于胃肠外疾病。虽然目前的证据认为粪菌移植是一种普遍安全、副作用少的治疗方法,但其扩大适应症及安全性问题尚未形成共识,需要更深入的研究。本文就目前粪菌移植与胃肠内外疾病的关系及临床安全性问题进行综述,为临床更好地开展粪菌移植提供参考。     

粪菌移植在临床治疗中的研究进展

粪菌移植的历史可以追溯到中国东晋时期。大量研究证实粪菌移植有可能成为许多疾病的有效治疗方法,现已逐渐应用于临床上并取得较好的疗效。粪菌移植可以通过增加短链脂肪酸,特别是丁酸盐的产量来减少肠道通透性,从而降低疾病的严重程度,这有助于维持上皮屏障的完整性。粪菌移植还可以通过抑制Th1分化、T细胞活性、白细胞粘附和炎症因子的产生来恢复免疫生态失调。目前对粪菌移植的研究主要集中在治疗艰难梭菌感染,但其他领域对粪菌移植研究的热情也日益高涨,如用于治疗炎症性肠病、代谢综合征和肠易激综合征等。本文对最新的粪菌移植在临床治疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

中药金汁和粪菌移植液的菌群结构特征

摘要：目的 明确中药金汁的菌群结构和数量,阐明金汁和粪菌移植液的菌群差异。方法 课题组在福建省泉州市花桥慈济宫采集了金汁样本9份,在宁夏标准粪菌移植库制备粪菌移植液9份。采用宏基因组学16S rRNA技术对9份金汁和9份粪菌移植液样本的菌群进行检测。结果 金汁和粪菌移植液在门、纲、目、科、属和种等不同生物学等级进行对照研究,发现丰富度差异较大的10个菌属,金汁中的变形菌从门、纲、目、属和种等不同层级的丰富度均高于粪菌移植液(t=2.647 1,P=0.003 2)。金汁中的厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门和放线菌门的丰富度明显低于粪菌移植液（t=2.824 9、2.782 1、3.684 5、2.735 4,均P<0.01,）。结论 中医金汁的菌群生物学特征明显不同于现代的粪菌移植液。     

粪菌移植治疗难治性肠道疾病的临床应用

人体肠道内菌群结构失衡与肠道疾病的发生发展密切相关。粪菌移植可以纠正肠道菌群结构失调,早在东晋时期,已有相关的临床应用记载。近年来,粪菌移植已成功应用于部分肠道菌群失调相关的难治性肠道疾病的治疗,如复发性难辨梭状芽孢杆菌感染、炎症性肠病、肠易激综合征、慢性功能性便秘等,均取得了较好的疗效。文章对粪菌移植治疗难治性肠道疾病的相关临床研究进行了文献回顾,重点分析了粪菌移植治疗难治性肠道疾病的难点和对策,并探讨了粪菌移植的应用前景。     

粪菌移植治疗儿童难治性功能性便秘4例

目的观察粪菌移植对儿童难治性功能性便秘的临床疗效并探讨其机制。方法对4例临床确诊为难治性功能性便秘患儿给予粪菌移植治疗,观察和记录患儿临床症状改善情况并收集供体和粪菌移植治疗前后患儿粪便标本,利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台进行16SrRNA测序,并对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果 4例患儿接受粪菌移植治疗后排便状况明显改善,大便次数增加、粪便硬度变软、腹部胀痛明显缓解。粪菌移植后,患儿肠道菌群多样性下降,患儿与供体的肠道菌群差异先增大后逐渐缩小。菌群分析显示患儿肠道有害菌受到抑制、有益菌增加。结论粪菌移植可有效改善儿童难治性功能性便秘的临床症状,具有疗程短、治疗方便、无明显不良反应等优点。     

宏基因组及培养组学技术在粪菌移植中的应用

粪菌移植技术（fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT）是利用健康人群的粪便或经过处理的粪便中的微生物来治疗消化、代谢等系统诸多疾病的一项古老而又新兴的技术。宏基因组、培养组等肠道微生物组前沿研究技术的飞速发展,为粪菌移植治疗疾病提供了强有力的研究和临床实践武器。宏基因组技术可全面揭示健康及疾病状态下肠道微生态的组成及功能变化,而培养组学技术则可以用来分离和鉴定人类肠道中的诸多在常规培养条件下未可培养菌,两项技术联用不仅可以使我们更为深入地理解粪菌移植在临床实践中的因果规律,还将有力推动粪菌移植技术在未来的应用与发展。基于此,本文综述了宏基因组及培养组学技术在粪菌移植中的应用及未来发展趋势。     

肠道病毒组在疾病中的治疗潜力及其机制研究进展

肠道病毒组是人体肠道微生态系统中的重要组成部分。近年来,肠道微生态与疾病的关系受到广泛关注,越来越多的证据表明粪菌移植过程中病毒组的转移对粪菌移植的疗效起到了不可忽视的作用。本文根据近些年的相关研究,综述粪菌移植中肠道病毒组在疾病中的治疗潜力,总结肠道病毒组在疾病治疗中的可能机制,同时对肠道病毒组在未来疾病治疗中的应用作出展望。     

粪菌移植治疗儿童肠道外疾病的研究进展和临床应用前景

肠道微生物群影响着人体的生理状况和营养吸收代谢。粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)是将健康人粪便中的功能菌群移植到患者体内,重塑肠内菌群结构进而调节人类肠道微生物群,成为新兴的治疗手段。本文回顾了近年来粪菌移植对儿童代谢性疾病、过敏性疾病与孤独症谱系障碍等肠道外疾病的运用与进展,表明粪菌移植治疗安全有效改变了肠道病理生理,有望成为治疗多种儿科疾病的技术。现就FMT在儿童肠道外疾病的应用现状及前景进行探讨。     

粪菌移植途径的临床应用现状

人体肠道内寄居着数量庞大、种类繁多的微生物,形成肠道微生态稳态,而肠道微生态失衡与多种肠内、肠外疾病相关。随着人们对肠道菌群在宿主健康及疾病中作用的深入认识,粪菌移植(faecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)被给予厚望,其作为重建肠道菌群的有效手段,已成功应用于艰难梭菌感染(Clostridioides difficile infection, CDI)等疾病的治疗和探索性研究,并被认为是近年的突破性医学进展。随着近几年FMT研究的深入,人们发现FMT对各系统疾病皆有潜在的治疗作用。在1990年之前,菌群移植都是经灌肠实施,近几年随着粪菌移植研究的深入,粪菌移植途径也呈多样化发展。本文对粪菌移植途径、临床应用和存在的问题等作一综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.