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1.
Pan Shi Li‐Jun Cao Ya‐Jun Gong Ling Ma Wei Song Jin‐Cui Chen Ary A. Hoffmann Shu‐Jun Wei 《Ecology and evolution》2019,9(4):2206-2219
Pest species are often able to develop resistance to pesticides used to control them, depending on how rapidly resistance can emerge within a population or spread from another resistant population. We examined the evolution of bifenazate resistance in China in the two‐spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus uticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), one of the most resistant arthropods, by using bioassays, detection of mutations in the target cytb gene, and population genetic structure analysis using microsatellite markers. Bioassays showed variable levels of resistance to bifenazate. The cytb mutation G126S, which confers medium resistance in TSSM to bifenazate, had previously been detected prior to the application of bifenazate and was now widespread, suggesting likely resistance evolution from standing genetic variation. G126S was detected in geographically distant populations across different genetic clusters, pointing to the independent origin of this mutation in different TSSM populations. A novel A269V mutation linked to a low‐level resistance was detected in two southern populations. Widespread resistance associated with a high frequency of the G126S allele was found in four populations from the Beijing area which were not genetically differentiated. In this case, a high level of gene flows likely accelerated the development of resistance within this local region, as well as into an outlying region distant from Beijing. These findings, therefore, suggest patterns consistent with both local evolution of pesticide resistance as well as an impact of migration, helping to inform resistance management strategies in TSSM. 相似文献
2.
Katrien Van Petegem Felix Moerman Maxime Dahirel Emanuel A. Fronhofer Martijn L. Vandegehuchte Thomas Van Leeuwen Nicky Wybouw Robby Stoks Dries Bonte 《Ecology letters》2018,21(2):225-234
With ongoing global change, life is continuously forced to move to novel areas, which leads to dynamically changing species ranges. As dispersal is central to range dynamics, factors promoting fast and distant dispersal are key to understanding and predicting species ranges. During range expansions, genetic variation is depleted at the expanding front. Such conditions should reduce evolutionary potential, while increasing kin competition. Organisms able to recognise relatives may be able to assess increased levels of relatedness at expanding range margins and to increase their dispersal in a plastic manner. Using individual‐based simulations and experimental range expansions of a spider mite, we demonstrate that plastic responses to kin structure can be at least as important as evolution in driving range expansion speed. Because recognition of kin or kind is increasingly documented across the tree of life, we anticipate it to be a highly important but neglected driver of range expansions. 相似文献
3.
Wencai Lu Mengyao Wang Zhifeng Xu Guangmao Shen Peng Wei Ming Li William Reid Lin He 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(4):1233-1249
The two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, are invasive and native species in China, respectively. Compared with T. cinnabarinus, T. urticae has expanded into most parts of China and has become the dominant species of spider mite since 1983, when it was first reported in China. However, the mechanism of the demographic conversion has not been illuminated. In this study, one T. urticae field population and one T. cinnabarinus field population were isolated from the same plant in the same field, and the toxicological characteristics were compared between these two species. Laboratory bioassays demonstrated that T. urticae was more tolerant to commonly used acaricides than T. cinnabarinus. The activities of detoxification enzymes were significantly greater in T. urticae, and the fold changes of enzymes activities in T. urticae were also greater following exposure to acaricides. Furthermore, more metabolism‐related genes were upregulated at a basal level, and more genes were induced in T. urticae following exposure to acaricides. The comparison of proteins and genes between both species led credence to the hypothesis that T. urticae was more resistant to acaricides, which was the reason explaining the expansion of invasive T. urticae against native T. cinnabarinus. Laboratory simulation experiments demonstrated that following the application of acaricides, the composition of a mixed T. urticae/T. cinnabarinus population would change from a T. cinnabarinus‐dominant to a T. urticae‐dominant population. This study not only reveals that T. urticae possesses stronger detoxification capacity than its sibling species T. cinnabarinus, which facilitated its persistent expansion in China, but also points to the need to accurately identify Tetranychus species and to develop species‐specific management strategies for these pests. 相似文献
4.
Essential oils derived from eighteen species of the Myrtaceae family native to Australia, and major constituents of two oils selected from these oils were tested for their fumigant activity against adult females and eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) at 5, 15 and 25°C. Essential oils of Eucalyptus codonocarpa and Eucalyptus dives showed the highest fumigant activity against female adults at 10 μl/l at 15 and 25°C. Among major constituents of the two essential oils, piperitone was the most effective against female adults, followed by terpinene‐4‐ol at 10 μl/l at all three temperatures. The two essential oils and these two constituents lowered egg hatchability at 10 μl/l at 25°C. Our results suggest that piperitone should be further investigated as a potential fumigant against T. urticae. 相似文献
5.
The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin is known to produce a broad range of secondary metabolites. Beauvericin, a cyclic hexadepsipeptide, is the best known mycotoxin produced by B. bassiana; however, reports discussing the insecticidal activity of beauvericin per se are limited. In this study, we assessed the lethal activity of beauvericin against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). In addition, screening for suitable application of the mycotoxin against T. urticae on greenhouse strawberries is discussed. Beauvericin was able to control successfully T. urticae where concentrations of 10, 100 and 1,000 µg/g recorded mortalities of 84%, 100% and 100%, respectively, against motile stages. Furthermore, beauvericin inhibited egg hatching up to 83.3%, 69.3% and 53.3%, respectively, using the same concentrations under laboratory conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, the efficacy recorded was 52.6%, 85.7%, 72.4% and 72.4% at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days post‐inoculation, respectively. Beauvericin was efficacious under greenhouse conditions since the application increased strawberry yields while showing no phytotoxicity and ecotoxicological risk. Resistance to beauvericin was not detected initially at the unselected strain of T. urticae. Yet, the laboratory selection of populations of T. urticae exposed to beauvericin resulted in relatively resistant T. urticae strain that displayed no cross‐resistance to cyflumetofen and bifenazate. The acaricidal activity of beauvericin documented in this study would increase the efficacy of integrated pest management strategies. 相似文献
6.
The current study aimed to evaluate the negative allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil on some of the most noxious weeds in Algeria (Sinapis arvensis, Sonchus oleraceus, Xanthium strumarium and Avena fatua). Gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) were used to define the chemical composition of the oil. Citronellal (64.7%) and citronellol (10.9%) were the major essential oil compounds. Three concentrations of the oil were used for laboratory (0.01, 0.02 and 0.03%) and greenhouse (1, 2 and 3%) experiments. Seed germination and seedling's growth were drastically reduced in response to the oil concentrations where at 0.01 and 0.02% the oil drastically affects the seed germination of the tested weeds and at 0.03% the oil suppresses completely the germination of S. arvensis. The oil also exhibited strong allelopathic effect on the 3 – 4 leaf‐stage plants 1 and 6 days after treatment. A completely death of S. arvensis, S. oleraceus and A. fatua and severe injuries on X. strumarium appeared at 3% of the oil. Chlorophyll content and membrane integrity were significantly affected after treatment of the plant weeds representing a severe reduction in total chlorophyll and cell membrane disruption. The study concludes that E. citriodora essential oil might has the potential use as bioherbicide and can constitute an alternative process of weed control. 相似文献
7.
J.‐H. Lee 《Journal of Applied Entomology》2013,137(4):282-288
In this study, we developed an oviposition model of Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) with Tetranychus urticae Koch as prey. To obtain data for the model, we investigated the longevity, fecundity and survivorship of adult female N. californicus at six constant temperatures (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36°C), 60–70% RH and a photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) h. Longevity (average ± SE) decreased as temperature increased and was longest at 16°C (46.7 ± 5.25 days) and shortest at 36°C (12.8 ± 0.75 days). Adult developmental rate (1/average longevity) was described by the Lactin 1 model (r2 = 0.95). The oviposition period (average±SE) was also longest at 16°C (29.8 ± 2.93 days) and shortest at 36°C (6.7 ± 0.54 days). Fecundity (average±SE) was greatest at 24°C (43.8 ± 3.23 eggs) and lowest at 36°C (15.9 ± 1.50 eggs). The oviposition model comprised temperature‐dependent fecundity, age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate and age‐specific survival rate functions. The temperature‐dependent fecundity was best described by an exponential equation (r2 = 0.81). The age‐specific cumulative oviposition rate was best described by the three‐parameter Weibull function (r2 = 0.96). The age‐specific survival rate was best described by a reverse sigmoid function (r2 = 0.85). 相似文献
8.
- While evolutionary changes in adult traits during range expansion have been recorded in many species, similar changes in the non‐dispersive larval stage have only rarely been documented. Increased activity in the non‐dispersive larval stage is an important ecologically relevant trait in aquatic communities that may be expected to evolve in the edge populations (i) as a result of the combination of spatial sorting in dispersal‐related adult activity and a coupling between adult and larval behaviour and (ii) to meet higher energy demands to allow higher growth rates and a higher investment in costly dispersal‐related traits.
- We specifically address whether activity is higher in the larval non‐dispersive aquatic stage at an expanding range front by comparing larvae of replicated core and edge populations of the damselfly Coenagrion scitulum in three common garden experiments where larvae were reared from the egg stage.
- As expected, activity in the non‐dispersive larval stage was consistently higher in the edge populations. Although changes in larval activity probably have consequences for ecological interactions, the higher activity was not associated with increased predation rates by dragonfly larvae, potentially because of associated compensatory changes in other antipredator mechanisms.
- We documented one of the few cases of a positive coupling of activity in the larval and adult stages. Yet, contrary to larval activity, adult activity did not differ between core and edge populations. This indicates that the higher larval activity we documented is not shaped by a coupling with adult activity. Instead, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a higher energy need in edge populations shaped the higher larval activity. Edge larvae showed a higher growth rate which is expected to evolve at the initial low population densities in newly founded edge populations. Moreover, higher growth rate showed the expected positive covariation with larval activity.
- Increases in activity in the non‐dispersive stage in edge populations at an expansion front should be included in the ongoing debate whether evolutionary changes at invasion fronts are driven by adaptive versus non‐adaptive evolution. Moreover, they may have the potential to affect ecological interactions at expanding range fronts.
9.
Flore Zl Mustafa Alt&#x;nta Inês Santos Ibrahim Cakmak Sara Magalhes 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(9):3868-3880
Many studies have revealed the ability of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia to protect its arthropod hosts against diverse pathogens. However, as Wolbachia may also increase the susceptibility of its host to infection, predicting the outcome of a particular Wolbachia‐host–pathogen interaction remains elusive. Yet, understanding such interactions and their eco‐evolutionary consequences is crucial for disease and pest control strategies. Moreover, how natural Wolbachia infections affect artificially introduced pathogens for biocontrol has never been studied. Tetranychus urticae spider mites are herbivorous crop pests, causing severe damage on numerous economically important crops. Due to the rapid evolution of pesticide resistance, biological control strategies using entomopathogenic fungi are being developed. However, although spider mites are infected with various Wolbachia strains worldwide, whether this endosymbiont protects them from fungi is as yet unknown. Here, we compared the survival of two populations, treated with antibiotics or naturally harboring different Wolbachia strains, after exposure to the fungal biocontrol agents Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana. To control for potential effects of the bacterial community of spider mites, we also compared the susceptibility of two populations naturally uninfected by Wolbachia, treated with antibiotics or not. In one population, Wolbachia‐infected mites had a better survival than uninfected ones in absence of fungi but not in their presence, whereas in the other population Wolbachia increased the mortality induced by B. bassiana. In one naturally Wolbachia‐uninfected population, the antibiotic treatment increased the susceptibility of spider mites to M. brunneum, but it had no effect in the other treatments. These results suggest that natural Wolbachia infections may not hamper and may even improve the success of biological control using entomopathogenic fungi. However, they also draw caution on the generalization of such effects, given the complexity of within‐host–pathogens interaction and the potential eco‐evolutionary consequences of the use of biocontrol agents for Wolbachia‐host associations. 相似文献
10.
Daniel Gonzalez‐Silvera Sandra Pérez Nathalie Korbee Félix L. Figueroa Antonia D. Asencio Marina Aboal José Ángel López‐Jiménez 《Journal of phycology》2017,53(5):999-1009
Under natural conditions, Chroothece richteriana synthesizes a fairly high proportion of fatty acids. However, nothing is known about how environmental changes affect their production, or about the production of protective compounds, when colonies develop under full sunshine with high levels of UV radiation. In this study, wild colonies of C. richteriana were subjected to increasing temperature, conductivity, ammonium concentrations and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and UV radiations to assess the potential changes in lipid composition and mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) concentration. The PERMANOVA analysis detected no differences for the whole fatty acid profile among treatments, but the percentages of α‐linolenic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids increased at the lowest assayed temperature. The percentages of linoleic and α‐linolenic acids increased with lowering temperature. γ‐linolenic and arachidonic acids decreased with increasing conductivity, and a high arachidonic acid concentration was related with increased conductivity. The samples exposed to UVB radiation showed higher percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids, at the expense of saturated fatty acids. MAAs accumulation increased but not significantly at the lowest conductivity, and also with the highest PAR and UVR exposure, while ammonium and temperature had no effect. The observed changes are probably related with adaptations of both membrane fluidity to low temperature, and metabolism to protect cells against UV radiation damage. The results suggest the potential to change lipid composition and MAAs concentration in response to environmental stressful conditions due to climate change, and highlight the interest of the species in future research about the biotechnological production of both compound types. 相似文献
11.
Despite a large body of knowledge about the evolution of life histories, we know little about how variable food availability during an individual's development affects its life history. We measured the effects of manipulating food levels during early and late larval development of the mosquito Aedes aegypti on its growth rate, life history and reproductive success. Switching from low to high food led to compensatory growth: individuals grew more rapidly during late larval development and emerged at a size close to that of mosquitoes consistently reared at high food. However, switching to high food had very little effect on longevity, and fecundity and reproductive success were considerably lower than in consistently well‐fed mosquitoes. Changing from high to low food led to adults with similar size as in consistently badly nourished mosquitoes, but even lower fecundity and reproductive success. A rapid response of growth to changing resources can thus have unexpected effects in later life and in lifetime reproductive success. More generally, our study emphasizes the importance of varying developmental conditions for the evolutionary pressures underlying life‐history evolution. 相似文献
12.
Rhodophyta produce a variety of chemically different mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs), compounds that are known as some of the strongest ultraviolet (UV) absorbing molecules in nature. Accordingly, they primarily act as photoprotectants against harmful levels of solar ultraviolet radiation in the UV‐A and UV‐B range. In order to get a deeper understanding of the chemical diversity of MAAs in red algae, pure standards of eleven mycosporine‐like amino acids were isolated from three different species (Agarophyton chilense, Pyropia plicata and Champia novae‐zelandiae) using various chromatographic methods. Their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. Four out of the eleven MAAs are reported for the first time in algae. In addition, a new high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the separation of all isolated MAAs and successfully applied for the analysis of twenty‐three red algal species of marine origin. All of them contained MAAs, the most abundant compounds were shinorine, palythine, asterina‐330 and porphyra‐334. For some samples, the direct assignment of MAAs based on their UV spectra was not possible; therefore, the target analytes were enriched by a simple concentration step, followed by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of the extracts. This approach enabled a deeper insight into the MAA pattern of red algae, indicating that not only the four dominant ones are synthesized but also many others, which were often described as unknown compounds in previous studies. 相似文献
13.
Jian‐Xin Sun Yan Guo Xu Zhang Wen‐Chao Zhu Ya‐Ting Chen Xiao‐Yue Hong 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2016,119(1):145-157
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects a wide range of arthropods and induces a variety of reproductive anomalies, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Three populations of the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, were investigated in the present study. Based on gene sequencing, they had different host genetic backgrounds but were infected with the same Wolbachia strain. We also examined the CI level relative to host background, male age, Wolbachia density, and Ankyrin (ANK) gene expression in T. urticae. The results of the present study suggest that: (1) CI differences between populations appear to be a result of host genetic background; (2) male age is not a factor determining intensity of CI; (3) Wolbachia density in males may serve as threshold factor necessary for the CI to occur in T. urticae, after which other factors become important in determining the strength of CI; and (4) hosts may modulate CI intensity through modulation of ANK gene expression in males. Our results describe a new type of interaction between Wolbachia and its hosts, and the effect of the interactions on CI. Further investigations on the functions of Wolbachia ankyrin gene products and their host targets, particularly with respect to host reproductive manipulation, are also imperative. 相似文献
14.
Species establishing outside their natural range, negatively impacting local ecosystems, are of increasing global concern. They often display life‐history features characteristic for r‐selected populations with fast growth and high reproduction rates to achieve positive population growth rates (r) in invaded habitats. Here, we demonstrate substantially earlier maturation at a 2 orders of magnitude lower body mass at first reproduction in invasive compared to native populations of the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi. Empirical results are corroborated by a theoretical model for competing life‐history traits that predicts maturation at the smallest possible size to optimize r, while individual lifetime reproductive success (R0), optimized in native populations, is near constant over a large range of intermediate maturation sizes. We suggest that high variability in reproductive tactics in native populations is an underappreciated determinant of invasiveness, acting as substrate upon which selection can act during the invasion process. 相似文献
15.
E. L. Behrman S. S. Watson K. R. O'Brien M. S. Heschel P. S. Schmidt 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2015,28(9):1691-1704
Seasonal environmental heterogeneity is cyclic, persistent and geographically widespread. In species that reproduce multiple times annually, environmental changes across seasonal time may create different selection regimes that may shape the population ecology and life history adaptation in these species. Here, we investigate how two closely related species of Drosophila in a temperate orchard respond to environmental changes across seasonal time. Natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans were sampled at four timepoints from June through November to assess seasonal change in fundamental aspects of population dynamics as well as life history traits. D. melanogaster exhibit pronounced change across seasonal time: early in the season, the population is inferred to be uniformly young and potentially represents the early generation following overwintering survivorship. D. melanogaster isofemale lines derived from the early population and reared in a common garden are characterized by high tolerance to a variety of stressors as well as a fast rate of development in the laboratory environment that declines across seasonal time. In contrast, wild D. simulans populations were inferred to be consistently heterogeneous in age distribution across seasonal collections; only starvation tolerance changed predictably over seasonal time in a parallel manner as in D. melanogaster. These results suggest fundamental differences in population and evolutionary dynamics between these two taxa associated with seasonal heterogeneity in environmental parameters and associated selection pressures. 相似文献
16.
J. Santos M. Pascual P. Simões I. Fragata M. Lima B. Kellen M. Santos A. Marques M. R. Rose M. Matos 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2012,25(12):2607-2622
Most founding events entail a reduction in population size, which in turn leads to genetic drift effects that can deplete alleles. Besides reducing neutral genetic variability, founder effects can in principle shift additive genetic variance for phenotypes that underlie fitness. This could then lead to different rates of adaptation among populations that have undergone a population size bottleneck as well as an environmental change, even when these populations have a common evolutionary history. Thus, theory suggests that there should be an association between observable genetic variability for both neutral markers and phenotypes related to fitness. Here, we test this scenario by monitoring the early evolutionary dynamics of six laboratory foundations derived from founders taken from the same source natural population of Drosophila subobscura. Each foundation was in turn three‐fold replicated. During their first few generations, these six foundations showed an abrupt increase in their genetic differentiation, within and between foundations. The eighteen populations that were monitored also differed in their patterns of phenotypic adaptation according to their immediately ancestral founding sample. Differences in early genetic variability and in effective population size were found to predict differences in the rate of adaptation during the first 21 generations of laboratory evolution. We show that evolution in a novel environment is strongly contingent not only on the initial composition of a newly founded population but also on the stochastic changes that occur during the first generations of colonization. Such effects make laboratory populations poor guides to the evolutionary genetic properties of their ancestral wild populations. 相似文献
17.
18.
《Evolutionary Applications》2017,10(9):890-896
Organisms are expected to respond to alterations in their survival by evolutionary changes in their life history traits. As agriculture and aquaculture have become increasingly intensive in the past decades, there has been growing interest in their evolutionary effects on the life histories of agri‐ and aquacultural pests, parasites, and pathogens. In this study, we used salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) to explore how modern farming might have affected life history evolution in parasites. We infected salmon hosts with lice from either farmed or unfarmed locations, and monitored life history traits of those parasites in laboratory conditions. Our results show that compared to salmon lice from areas unaffected by salmon farming, those from farmed areas produced more eggs in their first clutch, and less eggs later on; they achieved higher infestation intensities in early adulthood, but suffered higher adult mortality. These results suggest that salmon lice on farms may have been selected for increased investment in early reproduction, at the expense of later fecundity and survival. This call for further empirical studies of the extent to which farming practices may alter the virulence of agricultural parasites. 相似文献
19.
The effects of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) infection on essential oil (EO) content and composition of a Sweet Basil cv. Gigante di Napoli were evaluated. A 10‐fold lower extraction yield from infected plants was observed, suggesting that morphological alterations induced by the disease may affect abundance and efficacy of secretive tissues. Organoleptic properties and thus quality of EO were severely affected and EO composition resulted severely altered, with a great increase in sesquiterpenes (from 72.8 to 19.8%) and a decrease in both monoterpenes (from 35 to 11%) and phenylpropanoids (from 44.5 to 15.8%, despite a slight increase in eugenol). Such report is indicative of possible direct or indirect metabolic consequences of AMV in a commercially important species like Ocimum basilicum is. The possible consequences of linalool and trans‐β‐farnesene content changes on the dispersion of viruliferous aphids are also examined and discussed. 相似文献
20.
Zampolli M Meunier D Sternberg R Raulin F Szopa C Pietrogrande MC Dondi F 《Chirality》2006,18(4):279-295
The target of the in-situ research of optical activity in extraterrestrial samples stimulated an extended investigation of a GC-MS method based on the derivatization of amino acids by using a mixture of perfluorinated alcohols and perfluorinated anhydrides. Amino acids are converted to their N(O,S)-perfluoroacyl perfluoroalkyl esters in a single-step procedure, using different combinations of the derivatization reagents trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-ethanol (TFE), TFAA-2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluoro-1-butanol (HFB), and heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA)-HFB. The derivatives obtained are analyzed using two different chiral columns: Chirasil-L-Val and gamma-cyclodextrin (Rt-gamma-DEXsa) stationary phases which show different and complementary enantiomeric selectivity. The mass spectra of the derivatives are studied, and mass fragmentation patterns are proposed: significant fragment ions can be identified to detect amino acid derivatives. The obtained results are compared in terms of the enantiomeric separation achieved and mass spectrometric response. Linearity studies and the measurement of the limit of detection (LOD) show that the proposed method is suitable for a quantitative determination of enantiomers of several amino acids. The use of the programmed temperature vaporiser (PTV) technique for the injection of the untreated reaction mixture is a promising method for avoiding manual treatment of the sample and decreasing the LOD. 相似文献