云南怒江河谷栗喉蜂虎营巢地特征

2010年4～5月,对云南省保山市怒江河谷栗喉蜂虎营巢地进行了调查。共调查营巢地18个。对巢洞深度、断崖面积、巢区面积、坡度、裸露度、断崖与水域及公路的直线距离、巢区最上巢与崖顶距离、最下巢与地面距离、海拔、坡向等11个生态因子进行了测量。通过访谈法对营巢地所在断崖的形成年限进行了调查。此外还收集巢区和非巢区土壤18份,在实验室用沉淀法测量巢区和非巢区土质含沙量。结果表明,影响栗喉蜂虎营巢地选择的主要因子依次为巢区沙土含沙量、断崖新旧、巢区面积、裸露度、最下巢与地面距离、坡度。在营巢地选择时,栗喉蜂虎主要考虑掘巢难易程度和防御天敌等方面的因素。     

栗喉蜂虎捕食差异

2010年4～5月和2011年4～6月,用焦点动物取样法对云南省保山市潞江镇怒江河谷栗喉蜂虎捕食差异进行了观察。对栗喉蜂虎雌性成年鸟、雄性成年鸟、青年鸟捕食种类、数量、成功率、食物组成、食物资源量、处理食物成功率及处理时间进行了统计。结果表明,栗喉蜂虎捕食种类包括7类昆虫,以膜翅目Hymenoptera、蜻蜓目Odonate、鳞翅目Lepidoptera昆虫为主;成年雄鸟捕食频次高于成年雌鸟和青年鸟;成年鸟与青年鸟处理食物成功率无显著差异,但二者捕食成功率和处理食物时间差异显著。     

蓝喉蜂虎的捕食行为与食性

在我国有分布的7种蜂虎科鸟类中,蓝喉蜂虎(Merops viridis)分布范围最广,但相关野外研究还比较少。2011~2016年,我们以江西省吉安市郊区的一个蓝喉蜂虎种群为研究对象,在观察野外捕食行为的基础上,记录了其食物种类,研究了该鸟的食性。蓝喉蜂虎的食物主要是蜂类、蝶类和蜻蜓类昆虫,其被捕食频次的百分比分别为26.0%、26.3%和38.3%。其中,繁殖前期以蜂类居多,繁殖后期以蜻蜓类居多,数量比例存在显著的季节性差异。这种差异可能是昆虫生活史差异造成的。网络图片资料佐证了其食物种类主要为以上3类昆虫。在吞食食物前,蓝喉蜂虎会对不同类群的昆虫进行不同时长和不同方式的处理。此外,野外研究发现,产卵期蓝喉蜂虎巢室中散布着可能被吞食过带有食物残渣的小型贝类碎片。通过实验筛选营巢河滩地的沙土,发现这些贝壳碎片是外来。这表明,蓝喉蜂虎可能通过取食小型贝类贝壳,在产卵期获取短期额外的钙质补偿。蓝喉蜂虎在其分布区内属不常见鸟类,但其捕食的主要昆虫类群在我国南方比较常见,这说明食物不是限制该鸟分布的原因。蓝喉蜂虎是一个极具观赏价值的美丽小鸟,当前亟需深入研究,为该鸟的保护提供决策依据。     

云南怒江河谷种子植物区系的特有现象

怒江是我国西南地区重要的大河之一,研究其河谷植物区系特有现象对于认识该区植物区系的特点、发生和演变以及生物多样性保护等具有十分重要的意义。本文采用样方调查和样线调查法,沿怒江河谷从最南端的中缅边境(木城)到滇藏交界地区(秋那桶)对云南怒江河谷的种子植物进行了实地调查,并通过查阅文献和标本鉴定,统计得到该区域野生种子植物164科776属1718种。其中东亚特有科4科,中国特有属1属,中国特有种316种(含68种云南特有种,包括怒江河谷特有种3种)。对该区域种子植物区系及特有性研究结果显示,其种子植物区系地理成分复杂,与其他地区植物区系联系广泛,并具有强烈的热带性;该区域种子植物科、属、种的特有性均不显著,科级特有现象表明本区系属于东亚植物区系的一部分;本区域的中国特有种在云南层面与滇西南、滇西北联系密切,在全国层面与南方与西南关系密切,在东亚层面与中国-喜马拉雅地区联系最为紧密。     

怒江中游西藏境内干旱河谷荒漠植被特征

基于实地调查资料,对西藏境内怒江中游河谷的特殊荒漠型植被进行了研究。结果表明：（1）22个样方中有85种维管植物,其种子植物属的分布区类型以泛热带分布为主,占21．6％;种以中国特有分布中的西南特有成分为主,占53．2％;（2）生活型谱以矮高位芽植物为主,占41．2％,地面芽植物占40．0％;（3）采用Raunkiaer频度分析,出现在10个以上样方中的物种有白刺花、垫状卷柏、芸香草和阔盖中国蕨等,频度分别是68．2％、50．0％、50．0％、45．5％;（4）根据该河谷区域的气候特点、干旱程度、群落的生态外貌特征和生活型等,并结合《中国植被》对灌丛和荒漠的划分,认为该河谷区域的植被盖度极低,不属于灌丛类型,而是非地带性的干旱河谷型荒漠植被。     

栗瘿蜂在贵州的发生及相关生物学习性

本文首次报道栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu在贵州铜仁的发生为害情况,详细记述栗瘿蜂的生物学特性,特别是栗瘿蜂在瘿内的生活习性。2009年4月-2010年8月调查,在铜仁市桐木坪乡卜口村栽种的366.67hm2板栗中,株被害率达100%,当年新梢被害率达41%。该虫1年发生1代,3月底至4月初虫瘿出现,5月中旬虫瘿达最大,化蛹高峰期为5月下旬;成虫羽化高峰期为6月中旬,出瘿高峰期为6月15-22日。成虫孤雌生殖,产卵栗芽内,以幼龄幼虫在栗芽内虫室越冬。大龄幼虫有极强的耐饥性和耐旱性。用粘虫胶对成虫进行防治,有较好的防效,也使天敌得到了有效保护。     

抗栗瘿蜂优良锥栗品种的初步选择研究

通过调查统计建瓯市水源乡,采穗圃中8个锥栗品种的每株虫瘿数和单株产量,以方差分析和多重比较法进行分析,初步筛选了抗栗瘿蜂的锥栗品种,研究结果显示,蔓榛和中榛子是抗栗瘿蜂的优良品种,生产上可作为栗瘿蜂综合治理的推广品种。     

板栗芽内化学物质与抗栗瘿蜂的关系

测定了不同栗瘿蜂抗性的板栗芽内化学物质。结果表明:栗芽内含水量、总糖、还原糖、蛋白质、花色素甙、邻苯二酚分别与栗树虫瘿百分率有明显的负相关性;氨基酸、淀粉、类黄酮、没食子酸含量与栗树受害率间无明显相关性。     

蒙古野驴的繁殖行为观察

2014年6月至2015年8月期间,对分布在内蒙古自治区包头市达尔罕茂明安联合旗中蒙边境地区(41°14′~42°40′N,109°16′~110°26′E)和内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市乌拉特梭梭林-蒙古野驴国家级自然保护区(41°50′~42°27′N,106°15′~108°00′E)的两个野驴群(1♂3♀和2♂3♀)的繁殖行为进行研究。采用目标取样法以及目标取样法与扫描取样法相结合的方法对蒙古野驴的发情交配、产前反应、生产过程及产后行为进行观察。共记录到4类35种繁殖行为,分别为争斗行为、性行为、分娩行为和母幼联系行为。结果表明,雄驴平均日爬跨(4.2±1.7)次(n=14),射精(3.7±1.3)次(n=13),平均邀配持续时间(从雌雄驴靠近调情始到爬跨或其中一个走开止)为(26.6±22.0)s(n=13),平均抽动持续时间为(10.6±1.9)s(n=14),平均阴茎置入持续时间为(18.3±8.8)s(n=13),平均爬跨间隔为(685.7±569.6)s(n=14),平均射精间隔为(924.0±790.0)s(n=10)。蒙古野驴的交配模式属于Dewsbury分类系统中的第11种(无锁结、有抽动、单次插入、多次射精)类型和Dixon分类系统中的第12种(无锁结、有抽动、单次插入、无单次长时间插入)类型。本研究较完整地建立了蒙古野驴繁殖行为谱,提供了繁殖行为方面的基础资料。     

怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源形态性状遗传多样性分析

通过对255份怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的24个形态性状进行评价,分析其遗传多样性。结果表明,怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的果实单果重量、果实长度、果核重量、果核长度、果实形状、果皮颜色、果肉颜色、果实香气、果实风味、果实成熟期等形态性状均具有丰富的多样性。11个数量性状的变异系数为12.44%~56.44%,其中果实单果重量的变异系数最大,叶片宽度最小;13个质量性状的Shannon-weaver指数范围为0.68~2.21,平均值为1.42,其中果肉颜色指数最大,叶片质地指数最小。聚类结果将255份杧果材料聚为3大类,其中果皮厚,果小,种核大,可食率低,早熟,品味酸甜,品质差的杧果种质占很大比例。这些种质资源在不同地区收集的材料之间存在明显的遗传差异,但部分地区内的杧果材料表现出明显的遗传分化。通过表型评价鉴定,初步筛选出具有独特香气、反季节开花结果、早熟、小果型、高产等性状的特异种质资源35份。     

怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的表型和AFLP遗传多样性分析

利用表型和AFLP标记,对怒江干热河谷57份杧果种质进行遗传多样性分析。表型性状分析结果表明:8个表型性状在不同的种质间表现出较大的差异,变异系数变化范围为16.98%~61.50%,多样性指数(H’)平均为3.975,其中单果重变异较大。AFLP分析结果显示:57份种质共产生1098条带,其中多态性条带为1032条,多态性比率为94.0%,相似系数在0.55~0.82之间。AFLP聚类分析结果及主成分分析结果均表明种质间具有复杂的遗传关系,且怒江干热河谷杧果种质的亲缘关系与地理分布没有明显的相关性。表型性状聚类和AFLP分子标记聚类分析的结果相对一致,均能较准确地将优势类群聚在一起,且表明57份杧果种质具有较丰富的遗传多样性。     

动物求偶场交配制度及其发生机制

求偶场是动物在繁殖期的集群求偶交配的场所, 是动物求偶与繁殖行为的表达空间。为探索求偶场的发生及其进化机制, 研究者们在短短20 年中提出了近10 种关于求偶场发生与进化机制的假说与模型。在鸟类、哺乳类、两栖爬行类和鱼类中已广泛地展开有关求偶场的研究, 但目前国内却还鲜见相关研究报道。本文介绍了求偶场的特征、类型及其进化假说与模型。结合保护生物学理论, 简单阐述了求偶场研究的保护生物学及行为生态学意义。     

褐头鹪莺繁殖习性的初步研究

1964,1965,1973和1974年,作者在云南省蒙自县对褐头鹪莺Prinia inornataextensicauta的繁殖习性作了观察,计78个巢。今将所得结果作一初步报道。 褐头鹪莺在蒙自为留鸟,每年5—10月上旬常见在茭瓜林、稻田、菜地、水沟边草丛,薮丛,灌木丛（苦刺）等地活动。其巢也筑在这些植物上。秋末春初则多见于水沟边和坝区边沿的灌木丛中。除带领幼鸟期（8—10月上旬）可见5—7只小群活动外,     

Feeding ecology and life history variation of the blue tit in Mediterranean deciduous and sclerophyllous habitats

Summary High variation in laying date and clutch size of the blue tit between a Mediterranean mixed habitat on the mainland, southern France, and a sclerophyllous habitat on the island of Corsica is hypothesized to be related to differences in the food supply. The diet of the nestlings and feeding frequencies were studied using camera nestboxes and electronic chronographs. Food items brought to the nestlings were much more diverse on Corsica than on the mainland, including many fewer caterpillars and a wider range of taxa. However, when expressed as a volume index, prey items were on average larger on Corsica than on the mainland. Feeding frequencies were significantly lower on Corsica. A good correlation was found in both habitats between laying date and the caterpillar peak date, although both the leafing development of oaks and the peak of abundance of caterpillars occurred 3 weeks later in the Corsican sclerophyllous trees than in the mainland deciduous ones. Differences in the feeding ecology of tits between the two habitats are discussed in the light of the evergreen habit, which means that only 30% of leaves are available for phyllophagous insects instead of 100% in deciduous trees. the combination of a late and low food supply in evergreen trees is the best explanation for the differences in breeding traits betwen the two populations.     

大鵟繁殖期的行为及时间分配

2015年4～9月,采用焦点动物取样法,通过人工观察及监控设备记录,在青海省祁连县研究了2窝在人工巢中繁殖的大(鵟)(Buteo hemilasius)行为.构建了大(鵟)亲鸟及雏鸟在繁殖期的行为谱,将亲鸟繁殖期内的行为划分为12项30种,将雏鸟的行为划分为9项25种.研究发现,大(鵟)繁殖期开始于4月中下旬,持续至8月中旬结束,平均(112.0±2.0)d(n=2);将繁殖期划分为孵卵前期、孵卵期、育雏期及雏鸟成熟期.利用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)比对了雌雄亲鸟之间,以及不同时期间亲鸟、雏鸟的行为时间分配.结果显示,(1)雌雄大(鵟)之间的行为时间分配在孵卵前期及孵卵期差异不显著(P＞0.05),在育雏期及雏鸟成熟期差异显著(P＜0.05).在这两个时期,雌性栖停行为所占比例显著高于雄性(P＜0.01),而捕食行为占比显著低于雄性(P＜ 0.01).(2)雌性大(鵟)行为时间分配在不同时期均变化显著(P＜ 0.05),雄性大(鵟)行为时间分配在育雏期与雏鸟成熟期间差异不显著,其余各个时期间差异显著(P＜ 0.05).(3)大(鵟)雏鸟行为时间分配在育雏期与成熟期之间差异显著(P＜0.05).     

Exposure of prepubertal beef bulls to cycling females does not enhance sexual development

The objective of this study was to determine whether continuous, long-term, fenceline exposure of prepubertal beef bulls to cycling beef females reduced age at puberty and influenced the percentage of bulls that passed an initial breeding soundness examination (BSE). Bulls (Angus, n = 37; Simmental, n = 22; Hereford, n = 10; Simmental × Angus, n = 8) at an average age of 202 ± 21.5 days were given either continuous fenceline and visual exposure to cycling females (exposed, n = 41) or no exposure (control, n = 36). Estrus was induced in cycling beef females so at least three females were in standing estrus each week during the 182 days of exposure to bulls. Scrotal circumference (SC), body weight, and blood samples were collected every 28 days. When bulls had SC of 26 cm or more, semen samples were obtained monthly via electroejaculation until puberty was achieved (≥50 × 10⁶ sperm/mL with at least 10% progressive motility). Behavioral observations were conducted twice monthly: once when females were in estrus and once during diestrus. Homosexual mounting, flehmen responses, and number of times near penned females were recorded for each observation period. Breeding soundness examinations were conducted when the average age of bulls was 364 ± 21.5 days. Normal sperm morphology of at least 70% and sperm motility of at least 30% were required to pass the BSE. Age, body weight, and SC at puberty did not differ between exposed and control bulls (320 ± 28 and 311 ± 29 days; 466.2 ± 12.2 and 437.7 ± 13.5 kg; and 34.4 ± 2.5 and 34.9 ± 2.5 cm, respectively). Percentage of bulls passing their initial BSE did not differ between treatments (exposed, 87.8%; control, 75.0%). Treatment, month, and female estrous stage interacted (P = 0.05) to affect the number of mount attempts and flehmen responses. Exposed bulls entered the cow area more times (P < 0.001) during estrus than diestrus in Months 1, 2, and 3. We concluded that bulls given continuous, long-term, fenceline exposure to cycling beef females do not have enhanced sexual development.     

The reproductive biology of an armoured catfish,Loricaria uracantha,from Central America

Synopsis The reproductive biology of one of the poorly known armoured catfishes, Loricaria uracantha, was studied in Panama. Natural nesting sites consisted of cavities in pieces of wood, open at both ends and positioned above the stream bottom, but artificial cavities of PVC pipe were readily used. Males possess bony bristles on the head and pectoral fins which contact the female prior to oviposition. Males spawned with up to five females in short succession and remained with the eggs until hatching. Following hatching many initiated another spawning cycle. One male was reproductively active for 73 days during which it completed five distinct reproductive cycles. Spawning extended throughout the year.     

Use of space as an indicator of social behavior and breeding systems in the gymnotiform electric fish <Emphasis Type=Italic>Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus</Emphasis>

Extreme sexual dimorphism suggests that the South American electric fish, Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus Hopkins (Copeia 1991:151–161, 1991) is polygynous. No field studies have been conducted on the social behavior of this common gymnotiform species, in part because their nocturnal habits and densely vegetated habitat precludes direct observation in the field. We conducted mark–recapture studies on B. pinnicaudatus in Uruguay to gather indirect evidence of their breeding system. Sex ratios of adults were highly skewed toward females 2–3 weeks into the breeding season. Females moved twice as far as males on average (p = 0.016) and movement tracks of individual females overlapped one another but those of males did not. These data support the hypothesis that B. pinnicaudatus is polygynous or polygynandrous, and suggest that they use space in a manner consistent with exploded lek polygyny or iteroparous nest site polygynandry models. Fish detected within 2 m of each other were more aggregated than chance, both day and night, suggesting they maintain social groupings or alerting networks.