穗状狐尾藻与不同生长期苦草种间竞争研究

水生植物之间的竞争作用在水体生态系统恢复过程中具有重要作用。本研究采用取代系列实验方法,对穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)与不同生长期(幼苗期和成株期)苦草(Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara)的种间竞争进行了研究。结果显示,对于不同生长期的苦草,穗状狐尾藻均具有较强的竞争优势,成株期苦草的竞争能力强于其幼苗期;苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻平均株高比苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻平均株高增加了128.6%(P0.05),但苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻植株平均干重比苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻植株平均干重降低了62.8%(P0.05);苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻分枝较多、株丛大,对苦草幼苗形成了较大的遮光作用;苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻分枝少、植株较长,顶端漂浮于水面生长,表明受苦草的种间竞争压力增大,但仍小于穗状狐尾藻的种内竞争;另外,苦草幼苗组中的苦草根长比苦草成株组中的苦草根长平均长28.6%(P0.05),表明在与穗状狐尾藻竞争过程中,苦草幼苗更趋于竞争地下资源。本研究结果说明穗状狐尾藻竞争能力强于苦草,苦草幼苗受穗状狐尾藻的竞争影响较大。     

长江中下游湖泊两种混生苦草属植物生活史特征与共存分布格局

 在对长江中下游流域湖南、湖北、江西和安徽4省25个湖泊苦草属(Vallisneria)植物种群进行广泛的取样调查、鉴定和查明种间共存格局的基 础上,结合同园种植实验,对该属两个混生近缘种刺苦草(V. spinulosa)和苦草(V. natans)有性和无性生活史特征进行了定量测定和比较研究 ,探讨了种间生活史差异对种间共存格局的影响。结果表明：1)刺苦草是长江中下游湖泊的优势物种,苦草为常见种,而密刺苦草(V. denseserrulata)仅有很少分布;2)苦草和刺苦草常混生于这些湖泊中,形成共存分布格局：刺苦草和苦草种间呈明显的的带状相间分布格局, 或苦草只零星分布于刺苦草群落中;3)刺苦草和苦草有性和无性生活史特征显著不同：刺苦草为多年生,主要以无性繁殖为主,只有有限的有 性繁殖投入;相反,苦草在调查的地区为一年生,以有性繁殖为主,只进行微弱的克隆生长,且不能产生克隆繁殖器官(冬芽)。刺苦草和苦草 在有性和无性繁殖生活史对策上的权衡,导致种间资源利用和竞争能力的分异而使这两个近缘种得以共存。     

苦草属植物雄花果实种子显微结构的研究

苦草属植物体外部形态相似,叶线行或带形,野外难以直接鉴定到种,而雄花雄蕊数目、果实和种子的显微结构是苦草属(Vallisneria)植物物种的鉴别性特征之一。苦草属物种的雄花小,仅有1.5 mm,人工解剖雄花观察方法难以实现雄花雄蕊数目的识别;本研究采用雄株雄佛焰苞水培预培养技术获取自然开放的雄花并利用解剖学显微镜对3种苦草属植物雄花、果实和种子进行了解剖观察和研究。显微结构观察表明,苦草(V. natans)雄蕊1枚,果实圆柱形,表面光滑,种子无翅,具纵条纹;刺苦草(V. spinulosa)雄蕊2枚,果实三棱形,棱上具刺,种子具翅;密刺苦草(V. denseserrulata)雄蕊2枚,果实三棱圆柱形,表面光滑,种子无翅。依据文献,密刺苦草、刺苦草、长梗苦草(V. longipedunculata)和安徽苦草(V. anhuiensis)是安徽苦草属新分布记录种,其中长梗苦草和安徽苦草是分布于安徽的新种。     

关于苦马豆属学名的讨论

本文根据国内外豆科研究文献的考证,讨论了苦马豆属(Sphaerophysa DC.)及其近缘属的区别,重新确认了国产苦马豆属和苦马豆的学名。     

苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ混合物对棉铃虫幼虫神经细胞钠通道的影响

杀虫植物苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus的主要活性成分苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ处理后昆虫的中毒症状分别表现为麻醉和兴奋,但苦皮藤素Ⅳ对苦皮藤素Ⅴ的毒杀效果具有增效作用,苦皮藤素Ⅴ对苦皮藤素Ⅳ的麻醉作用基本没有影响。应用全细胞膜片钳技术,就苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ不同比例（3∶1,1∶1,1∶3）混合物对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫离体培养神经细胞钠离子通道的影响进行了比较。结果表明：苦皮藤素Ⅳ和苦皮藤素Ⅴ的不同比例混合物对钠通道（TTX-S）电流作用与二者所占比例有关,苦皮藤素Ⅳ比例大,表现出苦皮藤素Ⅳ对通道的阻滞效应,钠电流被抑制; 苦皮藤素Ⅴ比例大,则表现出对通道的激活,钠电流增大。另外,两者不同比例混合物对钠通道（TTX-S）电流的激活电压无明显影响,但对峰值电压影响显著,可使其向正电位方向移动10～20 mV。这些结果说明苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ可能作用于一个相同的钠通道结合位点或别构偶联位点,二者对钠通道的作用是一种拮抗作用。     

中国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物命名考及区分要点

由于苦草属（Vallisneria L.）植物的繁殖器官微小,营养器官相似且变异较大,使该属植物的鉴定和命名较混乱。笔者通过对有关文献的考证和长期跟踪观察,对我国记载的苦草属3种植物——苦草（Vallisneria natans（Lour.）Hara）、刺苦草（V.spinulosa Yan）、密刺苦草（V.denseserrulata Makino）的命名历史进行了梳理,并对这3种植物的形态特征进行了详细描述。根据种间形态差异,可为苦草属植物的分类鉴定和相关研究提供一定的参考。     

苦草生长对沉积物中磷迁移转化的影响

构建了不同营养盐负荷的沉积物环境"水-苦草-沉积物"生态系统,监测分析了沉积物中总磷(TP)、生物可获得磷及其环境因子的垂直分布及变化,以苦草为例,研究了沉水植物生长对沉积物中磷迁移转化的影响,结果表明:生长期的苦草通过改变沉积物环境因子或自身的生理活动,直接或间接地对沉积物中不同形态磷的迁移转化产生了影响,并随着深度的增加而出现不同的变化。具体表现在,低(L)、中(M)、高(H)营养负荷的沉积物总磷(TP),相对于初始值均有不同程度的下降,但苦草组下降的幅度大,分别比对照组多下降了11.63、18.50和46.25 mg/kg;在垂直方向上均表现出随深度的增加TP呈减少趋势,苦草对沉积物影响的深度随根系的活动范围变化而变化,根系增长最长(比试验初始增加了9.2 cm)的低营养负荷苦草组(LV),可影响到6 cm以下的沉积物;中营养负荷苦草组(MV)、高营养负荷苦草组(HV)根系增加不明显(分别为2.60和2.10 cm),影响深度主要在6 cm以内;检验发现,苦草组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。交换态磷(Ex-P)、铝磷(Al-P)随深度增加而升高,苦草组小于对照组;铁磷(Fe-P),随深度的增加而降低,苦草组大于对照组,其中,在L、M、H中,苦草组的Ex-P分别比对照组下降了0.065、0.215和1.483 mg/kg,Al-P分别为1.198、2.040和2.390 mg/kg;LV中苦草的影响深度可达到10 cm的深,而MV、HV中主要集中在6 cm以内;苦草组中的Fe-P分别比对照组高8.135、16.689和8.598 mg/kg,在垂直方向上的变化幅度亦大于对照组。检验发现,L中苦草组Ex-P与对照组有极显著差异(P0.01),M、H苦草组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);L、M、H中Al-P、FeP苦草组与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

苦皮藤主要杀虫有效成分的杀虫作用机理及其应用

卫矛科植物苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus Max.是我国著名的杀虫植物,自1980年代以来,已从化学和生物学的角度对这一杀虫植物进行了多学科的交叉研究。该文综述了苦皮藤中化合物的主要生物活性,包括对昆虫的拒食作用、毒杀作用、麻醉作用,对植物病菌的杀菌作用以及抗癌活性。就主要杀虫成分的杀虫作用机理,特别是对苦皮藤素Ⅳ可能作用于昆虫神经肌肉突触、苦皮藤素Ⅴ作用于昆虫消化系统以及在中肠肠壁细胞膜上可能存在有苦皮藤素Ⅴ受体的研究进行了总结。此外,还综述了苦皮藤素制剂的应用技术和环境毒理学的有关研究。最后,分析和讨论了这些研究中存在的问题及其发展前景。     

苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ混合物对果蝇幼虫神经肌肉兴奋性接点电位的影响

利用细胞内微电极记录技术研究了杀虫植物苦皮藤Celastrus angulatus Max.中麻醉成分苦皮藤素Ⅳ和毒杀成分苦皮藤素Ⅴ混合物对果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 3龄幼虫腹纵肌神经肌肉兴奋性接点电位（EJPs）的作用。结果表明,苦皮藤素Ⅳ比例较高（Ⅳ∶Ⅴ= 3∶1）时对EJPs的影响与单用苦皮藤素Ⅳ差不多,而苦皮藤素Ⅴ比例较高（Ⅳ∶Ⅴ= 1∶1和1∶3）时可使EJPs阻断时间明显延长。根据以上结果初步认为,虽然苦皮藤素Ⅳ和Ⅴ单独对EJPs的阻断作用基本相似,但它们对突触谷氨酸受体通道的影响存在明显差异。     

苦豆子提取物与埃玛菌素混合剂剂对小菜蛾实验种群生长的影响

将苦豆子甲醇提取物和苦豆子水提取物分别与埃玛菌素混合,得到苦豆子甲醇提取物·埃玛菌素(简称苦醇·埃)和苦豆子水提取物·埃玛菌素(简称苦水·埃)2种混合剂,在室内用特定年龄生命表法,研究了2种混合剂低致死剂量对小菜蛾的影响,并对其F_1代幼虫、蛹以及成虫进行了观察。结果表明,埃玛菌素、苦醇·埃和苦水·埃3个处理对小菜蛾F_1代各龄期均有影响。其种群趋势指数(I)分别为6.23、4.81和5.70,而对照组种群趋势指数则为28.03。     

An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise.

This study was designed to determine the response of muscle protein to the bolus ingestion of a drink containing essential amino acids and carbohydrate after resistance exercise. Six subjects (3 men, 3 women) randomly consumed a treatment drink (6 g essential amino acids, 35 g sucrose) or a flavored placebo drink 1 h or 3 h after a bout of resistance exercise on two separate occasions. We used a three-compartment model for determination of leg muscle protein kinetics. The model involves the infusion of ring-(2)H(5)-phenylalanine, femoral arterial and venous blood sampling, and muscle biopsies. Phenylalanine net balance and muscle protein synthesis were significantly increased above the predrink and corresponding placebo value (P < 0.05) when the drink was taken 1 or 3 h after exercise but not when the placebo was ingested at 1 or 3 h. The response to the amino acid-carbohydrate drink produced similar anabolic responses at 1 and 3 h. Muscle protein breakdown did not change in response to the drink. We conclude that essential amino acids with carbohydrates stimulate muscle protein anabolism by increasing muscle protein synthesis when ingested 1 or 3 h after resistance exercise.     

Effect of carbohydrate intake on net muscle protein synthesis during recovery from resistance exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ingestion of 100 g of carbohydrates on net muscle protein balance (protein synthesis minus protein breakdown) after resistance exercise. Two groups of eight subjects performed a resistance exercise bout (10 sets of 8 repetitions of leg presses at 80% of 1-repetition maximum) before they rested in bed for 4 h. One group (CHO) received a drink consisting of 100 g of carbohydrates 1 h postexercise. The other group (Pla) received a noncaloric placebo drink. Leg amino acid metabolism was determined by infusion of 2H5- or 13C6-labeled phenylalanine, sampling from femoral artery and vein, and muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis. Drink intake did not affect arterial insulin concentration in Pla, whereas insulin increased several times after the drink in CHO (P < 0.05 vs. Pla). Arterial phenylalanine concentration fell slightly after the drink in CHO. Net muscle protein balance between synthesis and breakdown did not change in Pla, whereas it improved in CHO from -17 +/- 3 nmol.ml(-1).100 ml leg(-1) before drink to an average of -4 +/- 4 and 0 +/- 3 nmol.ml(-1).100 ml leg(-1) during the second and third hour after the drink, respectively (P < 0.05 vs. Pla during last hour). The improved net balance in CHO was due primarily to a progressive decrease in muscle protein breakdown. We conclude that ingestion of carbohydrates improved net leg protein balance after resistance exercise. However, the effect was minor and delayed compared with the previously reported effect of ingestion of amino acids.     

中药地黄饮子对小鼠抗体激发水平的影响

目的：探讨地黄饮子对小鼠抗体激发水平的影响。方法：将40只经卵核蛋白免疫过的小鼠随机分A、B两组,分别灌服地黄饮子和葡萄糖,1次/d,每次0.5mL只,连续7d后,加强免疫,再经7d,用ELISA法检测血清中相应抗体生成水平。结果：与葡萄糖组比较,地黄饮子组小鼠抗体水平升高,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。结论：地黄饮子有可能促进小鼠抗体激发水平和免疫水平的提高。     

中药地黄饮子对小鼠抗体激发水平的影响

目的:探讨地黄饮子对小鼠抗体激发水平的影响。方法:将40只经卵核蛋白免疫过的小鼠随机分A、B两组,分别灌服地黄饮子和葡萄糖,1次/d,每次0.5mL只,连续7d后,加强免疫,再经7d,用ELISA法检测血清中相应抗体生成水平。结果:与葡萄糖组比较,地黄饮子组小鼠抗体水平升高,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:地黄饮子有可能促进小鼠抗体激发水平和免疫水平的提高。     

Mode of consumption plays a role in alleviating hunger and thirst

While studying the effect of structure on satiety, effects of mode of consumption, additional water to drink, and thirst have been neglected. The objective was to assess effects of structure, mode of consumption of food, and additional drinking of water on fullness and thirst. In study 1, 20 subjects (BMI 22.5 ± 0.5 kg/m(2); age 21.4 ± 3 years) underwent consumption conditions; SEW: solids to eat + 750 ml water to drink; LEW: liquefied soup to eat including 500 ml water + 250 ml water separately to drink; LDW: the same as LEW but served as drinks; SE, LE, and LD: the same as previous but without water to drink. In study 2, a subset of subjects underwent consumption conditions: solid carbohydrate, solid protein, solid fat: the same as SEW, but for each macronutrient separately; liquefied carbohydrate, liquefied protein, liquefied fat: the same as LEW, but for each macronutrient separately. Appetite, insulin concentration, glucose concentration, and ghrelin concentration were measured. Eating, independent of structure, suppressed desire to eat more than drinking (P < 0.01). Drinking water separately vs. water consumption in the food suppressed thirst more (P < 0.001). Regarding protein, satiety was higher in the solid vs. liquefied condition, while blood parameters were not significantly different. Only after drinking a meal most subjects (80%) wanted to consume more of the same meal, in order to alleviate hunger (63%) or quench thirst (37%). We conclude that mode of consumption plays a role in alleviating hunger and thirst. Subjects required further consumption after drinking the meal, motivated by hunger or thirst, showing that drinking a meal causes confusion that may imply a risk of overconsumption.     

术前口服碳水化合物对胃癌术后患者的影响

目的:研究胃癌患者术前口服碳水化合物的安全性及对术后胰岛素抵抗影响。方法:选取胃下部癌病理诊断明确的患者32例,取得知情同意后按照随机双盲的试验,参与者麻醉前2-3小时口服碳水化合物或安慰剂,术前4小时及术后即刻抽取静脉血测定血糖、胰岛素及C-反应蛋白浓度,通过HOMA发计算出术前术后胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素敏感指数、胰岛素分泌指数,并将两组进行比较。结果:与口服安慰剂组相比较,术前口服碳水化合物组的血糖、胰岛素、C-反应蛋白及胰岛素抵抗指数更低,且两组患者术后胰岛素敏感性均下降,但口服碳水化合物组的胰岛素敏感性较安慰剂组高。结论:术前2-3小时口服碳水化合物是安全有效的,且能明显术后即刻胰岛素抵抗状态,应作为术前常规处理。     

术前口服碳水化合物对胃癌术后患者的影响

目的：研究胃癌患者术前口服碳水化合物的安全性及对术后胰岛素抵抗影响。方法：选取胃下部癌病理诊断明确的患者32例,取得知情同意后按照随机双盲的试验,参与者麻醉前2-3小时口服碳水化合物或安慰剂,术前4小时及术后即刻抽取静脉血测定血糖、胰岛素及C-反应蛋白浓度,通过HOMA发计算出术前术后胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素敏感指数、胰岛素分泌指数,并将两组进行比较。结果：与口服安慰剂组相比较,术前口服碳水化合物组的血糖、胰岛素、C-反应蛋白及胰岛素抵抗指数更低,且两组患者术后胰岛素敏感性均下降,但口服碳水化合物组的胰岛素敏感性较安慰剂组高。结论：术前2-3小时口服碳水化合物是安全有效的,且能明显术后即刻胰岛素抵抗状态,应作为术前常规处理。     

Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers

The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that orally administered essential amino acids, in combination with carbohydrate, will stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in resting human muscle in vivo. Four volunteers ingested 500 mL of a solution containing 13.4 g of essential amino acids and 35 g sucrose (EAA). Blood samples were taken from femoral arterial and venous catheters over a 2-hour period following the ingestion of EAA to measure arteriovenous concentrations of amino acids across the muscle. Two muscle biopsies were taken during the study, one before administration of the drink and one approximately 2 hours after consumption of EAA. Serum insulin increased from normal physiologic levels at baseline (9.2 +/- 0.8 microU/mL) and peaked (48 +/- 7.1 microU/mL) 30 minutes after EAA ingestion. Arterial essential amino acid concentrations increased approximately 100 to 400% above basal levels between 10 and 30 minutes following drink ingestion. Net nitrogen (N) balance changed from negative (-495 +/- 128 nmol/mL) prior to consumption of EAA to a peak positive value (416 +/- 140 nmol/mL) within 10 minutes of ingestion of the drink. EAA resulted in an estimated positive net N uptake of 307.3 mg N above basal levels over the 2-hour period. Muscle amino acid concentrations were similar prior to and 2 hours following ingestion of EAA. We conclude that ingestion of a solution composed of carbohydrates to stimulate insulin release and a small amount of essential amino acids to increase amino acid availability for protein synthesis is an effective stimulator of muscle protein anabolism.     

小牛血清去蛋白提取物联合天麻钩藤饮对急性脑梗死患者神经功能及血液流变学的影响

目的:分析小牛血清去蛋白提取物联合天麻钩藤饮对急性脑梗死患者神经功能及血液流变学的影响。方法:选择2015年10月至2018年10月在我院治疗的急性脑梗死患者90例为研究对象,将其随机均分两组。对照组仅采取小牛血清去蛋白提取物治疗,实验组在对照组基础上联合采用天麻钩藤饮治疗。比较两组治疗的临床总有效率、治疗前和治疗20 d后的神经功能缺损评分、日常生活能力评分和血液流变学指标的变化以及治疗期间不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,实验组的总有效率为95.56%,显著高于对照组(77.78%,P0.05)。两组治疗后的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS)和日常生活活动能力量表(Activities of Daily Living,ADL)评分均较治疗前显著升高,且实验组以上指标明显高于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗后的全血高切黏度、全血低切黏、红细胞比容、血小板聚集率和纤维蛋白原较治疗前均显著降低,且实验组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:小牛血清去蛋白提取物联合天麻钩藤饮治疗急性脑梗死效果显著优于单用小牛血清去蛋白提取物治疗,其可更有效促进患者神经功能的恢复,提高患者生活质量,改善其血液流变学。     

Ames试验在水质检测方面的应用

近年来 ,水体污染日趋严重 ,各国学者从氯化后饮水中分离出多种致突变、致癌物质。为此我们采用Ames试验 ,对珠江流域主要取水点的水源水和对应自来水中的有机致突变物污染情况进行了研究。研究表明 ,部分取水点的有机致突变物污染较严重 ,并且氯化消毒后自来水的致突性大于水源水的致突性。因而 ,加强饮水中致突变物质的检测 ,改进净水消毒剂和净水流程很有必要。