十四种种子植物环剥再生的初步观察

我国自从发现一些植物环剥后可以成活,再生出新皮以来,几年来已经陆续对有些树木进行了试验。但是,对于环剥后的形态结构变化,除了少数几种树木外,一般都未有系统报道。我们对14种种子植物进行了剥皮试验,发现不同的植物剥皮后的形态结构变化差别很大,再生作用也不尽相同。材料和方法本试验于1984年6—7月在北大校园中进行,选取银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)、白皮松(Pinus bungeana Zucc.)、苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)、桑树(Morus alba L.)、洋槐     

海南热带雨林国家公园杉木半天然林树干环剥效果

为研究海南热带雨林国家公园杉木半天然林树干环剥16个月后效果,探索人工林快速转型天然林生态修复技术,在海南热带雨林国家公园一般控制区选择有代表性的3片32年生杉木半天然林为试验林分,环剥林分内所有杉木人工林木(除对照样地外),采用主要测树因子、重要值和多样性指标分析树种组成与多样性特征。结果表明:3片半天然林树干环剥16个月后90%杉木人工林木枯死变为枯立木。环剥后的林分乔木层和灌木层活立木主体均由环剥前杉木半天然林中的乡土树种天然更新林木组成,乔木层进界木分别为128株/hm、220株/hm²和85株/hm²,灌木层进界木分别为416株/hm²、115株/hm²和115株/hm²;树干环剥作业未造成乔木层天然林木损伤或枯死,造成灌木层天然林木损伤或枯死较少。乔木层树种丰富度分别为82、77和56,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为5.68、5.27和5.07,杉木人工林木重要值小于10%,天然更新乡土树种中常绿乔木树种重要值分别为69.0%、67.9%和68.3%;灌木层树种丰富度分别为169、112和99,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为4.84、5.36和5.63,其中常绿乔木树种重要值分别为42.0%、54.8%和62.8%。杉木人工林木树干环剥16个月后,杉木半天然林已成功转型为地带性植被类型的天然林,转型后的天然林树种多样性极其丰富、含有相当数量珍贵或高价值树种,是海南热带雨林人工林转型为天然林的典型案例。树干环剥是海南热带雨林国家公园内将具备条件的人工林快速转型为天然林的重要生态修复技术措施之一。     

环剥对红松(Pinus koraiensis)韧皮部和木质部碳水化合物的影响

树干环剥可以阻碍韧皮部光合产物的运输并进一步影响光合产物的分配。长时期内,环剥能够导致环痕上部可溶性糖和淀粉的积累,但对于短期内如何影响碳水化合物在木质部和韧皮部内的运输模式所知甚少。以38年生红松(Pinus koraiensis Sieb.etZucc.)为研究材料,分别对环剥上部、下部每隔1~2d采样,区分木质部和韧皮部(树皮)进行可溶性糖和淀粉含量及树干糖呼吸消耗速率测定,确定环剥后的日变化和周变化,并对木质部可溶性糖、淀粉含量与韧皮部中相应指标进行相关关系的回归分析。结果发现:(1)环剥后4周内,在环剥痕上、下部间木质部可溶性糖和淀粉含量,韧皮部中淀粉含量均不存在显著差异(p>0.05),而韧皮部内可溶性糖含量,环剥后第2周出现显著差异,从第4周出现环剥上部显著高于下部的碳水化合物积累现象(p<0.05);(2)环剥阻隔了韧皮部可溶性糖的纵向运输,但是并不影响木质部的纵向运输,而且环剥并没有影响木质部和韧皮部之间的糖和淀粉的相关关系;(3)环剥第1周内环剥上部和下部呼吸消耗速率差异不显著,第2周环剥上部显著高于环剥下部,从第3周开始环剥下部呼吸消耗速率显著下降。推断认为,在环剥处理的4周内,环剥上部冠层新形成的碳水化合物很大一部分均被呼吸消耗掉,导致环剥上部较环剥下部可溶性糖稍有增加;红松胸高直径以下部分所储藏的碳水化合物足以保障2周内红松树干呼吸。     

杨柳科7种植物次生韧皮部的比较研究

本文研究和比较了杨柳科２属７种植物次生韧皮部解剖结构。结果表明：１杨属和柳属植物在次生韧皮部解剖上有某些共同特征：次生韧皮部具有明显分层现象;韧皮纤维和含晶细胞与筛管分子,伴胞和韧皮薄壁组织细胞呈切向带相间排列;筛管分子均为复筛板,端壁倾斜平均含量有７－８个筛域。２两属植物在射线和晶体类型上有明显区别：柳属植物次生韧皮部无石细胞;杨属植物不具功能韧皮中含有石细胞。３两属植物均有一些较为原始的韧皮剖     

韧皮部特异性启动子研究概述

韧皮部特异性启动子可驱动其下游基因在植物的韧皮部特异性表达,通过将几种韧皮部特异性启动子的序列进行比较,发现这类启动子在结构上存在可能与组织特异性有关的保守基序。对这类启动子的结构与功能的研究将有助于提高人们对植物维管组织分化及有机物质运输机制的了解,而且也会为植物抗病虫基因工程的研究提供有应用价值的启动子元件。就韧皮部特异性启动子的结构特点、分类及应用进行了概述。     

10种卫矛科植物次生韧皮部的比较解剖

研究了卫矛科（Ｃｅｌａｓｔｒａｃｅａｅ）５ 属１０ 种植物次生韧皮部的结构。根据筛管分子、韧皮射线及厚壁组织的结构特征,将这１０ 种植物次生韧皮部分为３ 种类型。类型Ⅰ：筛管分子端壁倾斜,筛域数多,都为复筛板,韧皮射线大多为单列。卫矛属（Ｅｕｏｎｙｍ ｕｓ）的５ 种植物属于这一类型;类型Ⅱ：包括南蛇藤属（Ｃｅｌａｓｔｒｕｓ）和雷公藤属（Ｔｒｉｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍ ）,其特征是筛管分子短,端壁倾斜度小,筛域数少,纤维不木质化,射线多列;类型Ⅲ：筛管分子多为单筛板,端壁接近水平,在不具功能韧皮部出现成簇的石细胞和纤维,射线单列或两列。属于此类型的有十齿花属（Ｄｉｐｅｎｔｏｄｏｎ）和核子木属（Ｐｅｒｒｏｔｔｅｔｉａ）     

三尖杉属植物茎次生韧皮部的比较解剖

作者在光学显微镜及扫描电镜下,比较观察了三尖杉属Cephalotaxus 4种及1栽培变 种茎次生韧皮部的结构,主要结果为：(1)属内各种茎次生韧皮部的结构比较一致。横切面筛胞与薄壁组织细胞呈单层切向带交替排列; 厚壁组织切向带的径向宽为1—4个细胞,带间 距离较宽。(2)根据韧皮纤维的类型,石细胞数量多少或缺如,可作本属分种鉴定特征; 也为 属内分组提供了佐证。(3)本属茎次生韧皮部中有些薄壁组织细胞的内切向壁中嵌埋有草酸钙结晶。这有别于松柏类其它各科,也是自然分类的一新依据。     

多年生植物韧皮部发育的季节变化和筛分子寿命

近几十年来,韧皮部的解剖学和细胞学研究有了很大的进展。在韧皮部的发育、季节变化和筛分子寿命等方面也积累了不少资料。研究韧皮部发育的季节变化可为了解植物生长发育规律提供资料,同时也是研究外界因素对植物生长发育的影响所必需的。筛分子寿命更是研究运输生理的学者所特别关注的问题。研究韧皮部发育的季节变化和确定筛分子寿命通常运用周年采样、常规解剖学制片的方     

韧皮部的解离及观察

韧皮部的解离及观察郝建华（甘肃省庆阳师范专科学校生物学系７４５０００）输导组织是一种复合组织，其结构和组成较其它组织复杂。笔者结合大关杨韧皮部的研究工作，尝试对韧皮部进行了解离，效果较好。正取材及固定。在树木每年生长季中期（北方一般为５月中旬至８月初...     

植物体内光合同化物韧皮部装载和卸出研究进展

近年来研究表明,植物体内光合同化物的韧皮部装载和卸出均有其本途径和质外体途径,装载转运的糖类主要有：（２）棉子糖及其人类似物（以共质体方式装载）;（２）蔗糖（以质外体方式装载）。同化物的共质体卸出可通过扩散和集中作用实现,而质外体卸出则根据蔗糖在质外体是否水解而分为两种类型。卸出和装载的途径、机理因植物种类及库源关系而不同,也会受生长发育阶段及环境的变化而调整。深入研究韧皮部装载和帛出调控机制,对     

The influence of host plant diversity and food quality on larval survival of plant feeding heteropteran bugs

Abstract. 1. In a laboratory experiment, the influence of host plant diversity and food quality, in terms of nitrogen content, on the larval survival of two oligophagous bug species (Heteroptera, Miridae: Leptopterna dolobrata L., Notostira erratica L.) was investigated. Both species are strictly phytophagous and capable of feeding on a wide range of grass species. Moreover, they typically change their host plants during ontogenesis; it has been suggested that this behaviour is a response to the changing protein content of the hosts.
2. To investigate the importance of host plant diversity for these insects, the development of insects reared on grass monocultures was compared with that on mixtures of four grass species. In addition, the host grasses were grown under two nitrogen regimes to test whether nitrogen content is the key factor determining host plant switching.
3. Both species had a significantly higher survival rate when feeding on several host plants but only L. dolobrata showed a significant response to food nitrogen content. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the nitrogen content of the host plants and the survival rate of N. erratica larvae.
4. The study suggests that at least some Stenodemini need a variety of host plants during larval development but that the level of host plant nitrogen is not the main factor responsible for the observed diversity effect.     

不同离体寄主及其成熟度对亚洲柑桔木虱存活的影响

【目的】亚洲柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的虫口密度及活动与柑桔黄龙病的田间传播、流行有十分密切的关系,寻找合适的室内饲养条件能够便于观察和研究其生物学特性和传病机制。【方法】本文以九里香Murraya exotica(L.)Mant.、酸桔Citrus sunki Hort.ex Tanaka和马水桔Citrus reticulata Blanco.cv.Mashuiju 3种寄主植物不同成熟度离体梢为研究材料,(1)比较亚洲柑桔木虱卵分别在3种寄主植株和离体嫩梢上的孵化率;(2)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对各龄若虫存活率和蜕皮的影响;(3)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对成虫存活率的影响。【结果】(1)亚洲柑桔木虱在植株嫩梢上卵的孵化率高于离体嫩梢,九里香表现最明显;(2)低龄若虫在叶片未完全展开的离体嫩梢上存活率最高,而高龄若虫在完全展开的嫩梢上最高;(3)用离体成熟梢饲养柑桔木虱成虫存活率高于离体嫩梢,酸桔和马水桔离体梢饲养的存活率较九里香高。【结论】用寄主植物离体梢饲养的亚洲柑桔木虱卵孵化率和若虫、成虫存活率都较高而且较稳定,该方法可用于这种木虱的室内繁殖中。     

The relationship between plant acceptability and suitability for survival and development of the polyphagous grasshopper,Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The feeding behavior of final-instar nymphs ofSchistocerca americana was observed when they first encountered plants that ranged in acceptability from being eaten in large amounts to not being eaten at all. Growth and survival on the same plants through the last stadium were also studied and the results combined as a suitability index to facilitate comparison with the behavior. Although the plants that were eaten most gave the highest suitability index and those that were not eaten permitted no survival, there was no simple relationship between the amounts eaten and the suitability for growth and survival. The possibility that the insects might become habituated to plants that were initially unacceptable was investigated, but no habituation was found over a 3-day period. It is suggested that food intake is largely determined by the presence of deterrent compounds in the less acceptable foods and that nutritional differences between the plants are likely to have been of minor importance. The behavior on some foods suggests that food aversion learning may be involved. It is concluded that the variability of the insects' behavior makes it impossible to predict the suitability of a plant from their immediate behavioral responses. In the field, insects may sometimes reject foods that would be suitable for survival and development, and feed on plants that are nutritionally deficient or even toxic.     

改革植物生物学实验教学模式的探索与实践

植物生物学实验课是本科教学的重要内容。从植物生物学实验课的特点出发,在实验模块的选择、实验教学的方式和实验课要求等方面进行了改革尝试,在提高实验教学效果及加强学生动手能力方面发挥了较好的作用。     

Photoreaction of a racemate proceeding through radical or ion pairs. The effect of circularly polarized light on the enantiomeric excess of recovered reactant

A simple theory has been developed to explain how circularly polarized light will affect the outcome of a photoreaction of a racemic substrate proceeding through ion pairs or radical pairs. One can calculate the enantiomeric excess and amount of recovered substrate at any stage of the reaction.     

The effect of plant age and infection with virus yellows on the survival of Myzus persicae on sugar beet

Survival of Myzus persicae confined in clip-cages on mature leaves of sugar beet declined as the plants aged. Death of aphids was often preceded by the appearance of a black deposit in the aphids' stomachs, which may have been the cause of death. Both the rate of death and the proportion of aphids dying with black deposits was significantly less when plants were infected with beet yellows virus or beet mild yellowing virus, by comparison with healthy plants. The implication of these phenomena on the onset of mature plant resistance is discussed.     

The growth and survival of Panolis flammea larvae in the absence of predators on Scots pine and lodgepole pine

Abstract. 1. The survival, growth and development of larvae of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D & S) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were examined as part of a study to determine (i) why damaging outbreaks of this insect in Scotland are frequent on lodgepole pine but do not occur on Scots pine, and (ii) why outbreaks are associated with areas of deep un-flushed peat.
2. Larvae were studied inside predator exclusion cages on mature pine trees in Elchies forest where a major infestation occurred in 1978–79.
3. Surprisingly, larval survival was generally greatest on Scots pine and lowest on lodgepole growing in deep peat. Also, larval growth and development were greater on Scots than lodgepole pine and were unaffected by the type of soil in which the lodgepole pine was growing.
4. Larval performance was generally better on lodgepole pine that had been thinned and received fertilizer.
5. Larval survival was affected by pine shoot stage during egg hatch in one of the two years in which this was examined.
6. Observations on P.flammea pupae were confused by disease, parasitism and probably by differences in weight loss caused by differences in larval development. Parasitism by ichneumonid parasitoids was recorded on Scots pine but not on lodgepole pine.
7. It was concluded that (i) the absence of pine beauty moth outbreaks on Scots pine, and (ii) the occurrence of outbreaks on lodgepole pine growing in deep unflushed peat were not the result of lodgepole pine growing in deep peat being a more suitable host plant than lodgepole pine and Scots pine growing elsewhere. It seems more likely that the observed outbreak behaviour of P.flammea in Scotland is associated with differences in predation and parasitism in plantations of difference host plants and in plantations of lodgepole pine growing in different soils.     

Effect of sunlight on the survival of Salmonella on surfaces

AIMS: To investigate the effect of simulated full-spectrum tropical sunlight on the survival of Salmonella in droplets on surfaces. MATERIALS AND RESULTS: The survival on surfaces of three Zambian strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Heidelberg was compared with that of a strain of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type (PT) 4 with known characteristics which had been isolated from poultry in the UK. Samples were taken from surfaces every hour for 3 h and after 24 h exposure in either dark or 12 h light/12 h dark cycle conditions. Differences were analysed for significance using a one-way analysis of variance (anova). Results show that there were a significantly higher number of cells surviving on surfaces after 24 h in the dark when compared with populations exposed to a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. Significantly more cells also survived exposure to sunlight under dirty than clean conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to sunlight results in a significant decrease in numbers of Salmonella on surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Under field conditions exposure of contaminated surfaces to sunlight could be used in place of chemical methods of control as a cheaper way to reduce Salmonella contamination of surfaces.