Reduction of allergenic proteins by the effect of the ripening inhibitor (rin) mutant gene in an F1 hybrid of the rin mutant tomato

The ripening inhibitor (rin) mutant tomato yields non-ripening fruit, and the rin hybrid fruit (RIN/rin) shows an intermediate phenotype between the wild and mutant fruit, that is, red-ripe and extended shelf life. We found by a microarray analysis that the genes encoding possible allergenic proteins were expressed at a significantly lower level in the rin hybrid fruit than in the wild-type fruit. These allergenic proteins, which were beta-fructofuranosidase and polygalacturonase 2A (PG-2A), were confirmed to accumulate at a lower level in the rin hybrid fruit than in the wild-type fruit. The immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum from a tomato-allergic patient showed lower reactivity to the extract of the rin hybrid fruit than to that of the wild fruit. These results suggest that the rin gene has the potential to regulate allergen accumulation in tomato fruit.     

Differential Expression of the Two Subunits of Tomato Polygalacturonase Isoenzyme 1 in Wild-Type and rin Tomato Fruit

The [beta] subunit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit polygalacturonase 1 is a cell wall glycoprotein that binds to and apparently regulates the catalytic PG2 polypeptide in vivo. [beta] Subunit and polygalacturonase 2 (PG2) expression have been investigated in both wild-type and ripening inhibitor (rin) mutant fruit. During fruit development and ripening, [beta] subunit expression was unrelated to expression of the catalytic PG2 protein. In wild-type fruit, [beta] subunit mRNA and protein were first detected early in development and increased to maximal levels before PG2 mRNA and protein were detected. At the onset of ripening [beta] subunit mRNA decreased dramatically, but [beta] subunit protein levels remained stable. In rin fruit, which fail to ripen, [beta] subunit expression was similar to that in wild type, although PG2 mRNA and protein were not detected. These data suggest that [beta] subunit expression is ethylene independent and regulated primarily by developmental cues. This conclusion is supported by results from ethylene-treated immature (20 days after pollination) wild-type and rin fruit in which no significant differences were observed in [beta] subunit expression patterns in response to ethylene treatment. Surprisingly, RNA blot analysis indicated that catalytic PG2 mRNA was induced in immature rin fruit after 3 d of exogenous ethylene treatment. In addition, [beta] subunit mRNA and protein were also detected at lower levels in root, leaf, and flower tissues of both genotypes, suggesting a broader functional role for the protein.     

番茄MADS-box基因Lemads1的可变剪接与表达模式分析

可变剪接(alternative splicing) 是真核基因转录的普遍现象和重要调控方式,在生物体的各种生理过程中发挥着重要的作用。植物转录因子MADS box基因在植物生长发育中发挥重要作用。番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.) SEPALLATA (SEP) 亚族基因Lemads1是1个在番茄果实成熟过程中具有关键作用的MADS box家族成员,但至今尚未见其转录剪接模式的详细报道。本研究发现,Lemads1基因在转录时存在可变剪接现象,并检测到4种Lemads1可变剪接转录本,其扩增长度依次为：699 bp、741 bp、1 404 bp和1 539 bp。剪接方式有外显子选择性切除和内含子保留两种。这4种转录本编码长度为232 aa、246 aa和266 aa的3种蛋白质。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化分析结果表明,这3种蛋白序列的差异主要集中在C区,但并不影响它们的系统进化地位。在进化上,它们仍属于SEP亚家族LOFSEP亚支中的FBP9/23分支,与它们亲缘关系最近的番茄SEP类蛋白是SLMBP21。Lemads1反义RNA转基因植株表型观察结果表明,该基因可能参与番茄果实成熟和萼片发育过程;而组织特异性表达分析表明,该基因的4种转录本具有相似但并不完全相同的表达模式,它们都在萼片和果实中高表达,但在这2个组织发育过程中的表达变化却有明显差异。暗示这些可变剪接转录本在萼片和果实发育过程中扮演了不同的角色。本研究提供了番茄Lemads1基因存在可变剪切的重要信息,对该基因功能的深度发掘具有指导意义。     

Genetic identification and genomic organization of factors affecting fruit texture

Fleshy fruits are an essential part of the human diet providing vital vitamins, minerals and other health-promoting compounds. The texture of the ripe fruit has a significant effect on quality and influences consumer acceptance, shelf-life, resistance, and transportability. The development of rational approaches to improve texture and shelf-life depend on understanding the biological basis of fruit ripening. Until recently, work has focused on the isolation of ripening-related genes from a variety of fleshy fruits. However, little is known about the genes that regulate this complex developmental process or whether similar regulatory genes are active in all fruiting species. A major breakthrough would be the identification of generic genes associated with texture and other aspects of ripening in fleshy fruits. In tomato, a small number of single gene mutations exist, such as ripening-inhibitor (rin), non-ripening (nor), Never-ripe (Nr), and Colourless non-ripening (Cnr) which have pleiotropic effects resulting in the reduction or almost complete abolition of ripening. These mutations probably represent lesions in regulatory genes. The cloning of the wild-type alleles of RIN and NOR is reported by Moore et al. in this issue. This review focuses on the texture characteristics of the Cnr mutant. A possible framework for the molecular regulation of fruit texture is discussed and quantitative genetic approaches to determining the generic attributes of fruit texture are explored.     

Expression of a truncated ripening inhibitor (RIN) protein from tomato and production of an anti-RIN antibody

The tomato ripening mutant, ripening inhibitor (rin), whose fruits fails to ripen, has been identified and widely studied. The RIN gene has been cloned. Here we present the expression of a truncated form of the RIN protein from tomato and the preparation of a polyclonal antibody against it. The resulting antibody recognized the RIN of crude protein extracts from different tomato tissues. The protein level of RIN in tomato was detected with this antibody by western blot, which suggested the accumulation of RIN protein increased gradually during tomato fruit ripening. Hong-Liang Zhu and Ben-Zhong Zhu contributed equally to this work.     

Proteomic analysis of ripening tomato fruit infected by Botrytis cinerea

Botrytis cinerea, a model necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes gray mold as it infects different organs on more than 200 plant species, is a significant contributor to postharvest rot in fresh fruit and vegetables, including tomatoes. By describing host and pathogen proteomes simultaneously in infected tissues, the plant proteins that provide resistance and allow susceptibility and the pathogen proteins that promote colonization and facilitate quiescence can be identified. This study characterizes fruit and fungal proteins solubilized in the B. cinerea-tomato interaction using shotgun proteomics. Mature green, red ripe wild type and ripening inhibited (rin) mutant tomato fruit were infected with B. cinerea B05.10, and the fruit and fungal proteomes were identified concurrently 3 days postinfection. One hundred eighty-six tomato proteins were identified in common among red ripe and red ripe-equivalent ripening inhibited (rin) mutant tomato fruit infected by B. cinerea. However, the limited infections by B. cinerea of mature green wild type fruit resulted in 25 and 33% fewer defense-related tomato proteins than in red and rin fruit, respectively. In contrast, the ripening stage of genotype of the fruit infected did not affect the secreted proteomes of B. cinerea. The composition of the collected proteins populations and the putative functions of the identified proteins argue for their role in plant-pathogen interactions.