同种或异种干扰对花鼠分散贮藏点选择的影响

同种和异种干扰竞争可以增强花鼠(Tamias sibiricus)分散贮食强度,但对其贮藏点选择的影响还不清楚.在半自然围栏内,研究了同种(干扰源为不同性别花鼠)或异种(干扰源为大林姬鼠,Apodemus peninsulae)干扰竞争对花鼠贮藏点选择的影响.结果发现:(1)同种和异种干扰竞争均显著降低了花鼠在高竞争区内的贮藏比例;(2)同种个体存在时,雌性花鼠显著降低了在高竞争区内的贮藏比例,雄性花鼠则显著增加了在中竞争区的埋藏比例.结果表明,花鼠贮藏食物时会避开高竞争区域以降低同种或异种的盗食损失,同时雌雄个体对同种竞争干扰的响应有所差异.     

繁殖期高原鼠兔的攻击行为

通过室内配对实验对高原鼠兔（Ｏｃｈｏｔｏｎａ ｃｕｒｚｏｎｉａｅ）繁殖期的攻击行为进行了研究。结果表明,雌雄动物的攻击水平相同,同性个体间的攻击性明显高于异性个体间。雌雄动物具有不同的攻击模式。雌性个体遇到陌生个体首先以攻击中的进攻和追逐为主,然后通过相互接触确定个体的性别,若为同性个体,以防御为主,若为异性个体,则有防御和亲昵两种选择;雄性动物遇到陌生个体同样首先以攻击为主,相互接触后,若为异性     

贮藏点深度、大小及基质含水量对花鼠找寻红松种子的影响

2012年8-10月,在黑龙江省伊春市带岭林业局东方红林场,通过人工围栏控制实验,研究了贮藏点深度、大小及基质含水量对花鼠找寻红松种子的影响。发现：(1) 埋藏深度显著影响花鼠对贮藏点的找寻率,埋藏深度为 1 cm 和 2 cm 的找寻率显著高于 4 cm 和 6 cm。(2) 埋藏点大小对花鼠发现种子也有显著影响,埋藏点越大,花鼠发现贮藏点的比例越高。(3) 高的基质含水量利于花鼠找寻贮藏点。结果表明,围栏条件下食物贮藏点深度、大小及基质含水量的改变能显著影响花鼠对贮藏点的找寻。     

非人灵长类的杀婴行为及其适应意义

杀婴现象普遍存在于非人灵长类种类中,本文通过综述目前已知的21 种非人灵长类的69 例杀婴行为记
录,探讨了非人灵长类杀婴行为的适应性意义。大多数雄性杀婴行为符合雄性繁殖策略假说,既满足以下3 个
条件:(1)杀婴雄性与受害婴仔没有父子关系;(2)失去婴猴的母亲会提前进入发情状态;(3)受害雌性随后
可能与杀婴雄性交配。不过有些个别的杀婴现象与雄性繁殖利益无关,文中进一步介绍了误伤假说、减少未来
竞争者假说、肉食假说和病态行为假说。杀婴无疑会对受害母亲造成巨大的损失。雌性防范杀婴的策略包括直
接抵抗、回避接触雄性、积极发情、依靠保护雄性和改变繁殖群组成等多种方式。但是雄性杀婴现象不会完全
消失,因为出现该行为的根本原因是雌性防范雄性杀婴的难度较大,而雄性实施杀婴行为的风险较低、利益较
高。     

季节、性别和群体大小对鹅喉羚警戒行为的影响

动物通过集群降低个体警戒时间,从而增加采食等行为时间,这种现象被称为" 群体效应" 。除群体大小
外,社会及环境因子如季节与性别也可能影响个体警戒水平。本文于2007 年至2009 年在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类
野生动物保护区采用焦点动物取样法,通过测定鹅喉羚警戒行为比例、平均每次警戒持续时间及10 min内警戒频
率,研究了季节、性别及群体大小对鹅喉羚个体警戒水平的影响,并验证群体效应。结果表明:由于季节更替
而产生的生物量的变化对鹅喉羚个体警戒水平无显著影响;在秋冬季除雄性外,鹅喉羚个体警戒水平均有随群
体增大而降低的趋势,但这种趋势并不十分明显。性别则显著影响其警戒水平,夏季由于雌性羚羊处于哺乳期,
因而其警戒水平显著高于雄性(P < 0.05);受繁殖行为影响,冬季雄性比雌性警觉性更高(P > 0. 05);春秋季
两性间警戒水平没有差异(P >0.05)。不同生理周期是导致鹅喉羚育幼期雌性及繁殖期雄性个体警戒水平发生
显著变化的重要因子。     

非繁殖期大仓鼠对同种气味的反应和个体间的行为关系

在实验室通过对陌生成年大仓鼠（Ｃｒｉｃｅｔｕｌｕｓｔｒｉｔｏｎ）非繁殖期的气味偏好,性别选择和两鼠间的行为关系的实验研究表明,用Ｙ－型迷宫进行选择测试时,与空白组比较,大仓鼠了同种个体鼠垫的气味,在雌雄巢垫气味之间,雌鼠偏好雄性巢垫的气味,雄鼠不表现性别偏好,与空白组比较,被试鼠选择同种个体;在雌雄个体之间,雄性大仓鼠选择同性个体,雌性不表现性别偏好,在观察箱内,无论同性相遇还是异性相遇,两鼠间攻     

红松天然林种内和种间竞争关系的研究

基于穆棱林业局3块红松天然林标准地调查数据,采用竞争区域动态半径的概念确定了林分中有效竞争木,并利用Hegyi竞争指数对红松天然林的种内、种间竞争强度进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：红松的种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度的18.0%和82.0%,说明红松天然林种内竞争小,主要竞争来自种间。色木、云杉、冷杉林木个体高大,数量较多,在群落中占据一定优势,对红松的竞争压力较大。红松对象木胸径与竞争指数之间呈幂函数关系,随着红松胸径的增大,受到的竞争强度逐渐减小。当红松胸径小于25 cm时,所受到的竞争压力较大;当胸径大于25 cm时,竞争指数较小,并维持稳定。     

棕色田鼠两个地域野生种群的行为比较

小型哺乳动物能够通过行为策略的进化适应周围的环境。其中,种内社会组织也可随环境参数的变化而变化。河南灵宝程村气候干燥、海拔高,而新郑则气候湿润、海拔低。来自河南灵宝程村的棕色田鼠种群和来自新郑的种群是否在社会行为、情绪、以及性二型上有所差别,目前还不清楚。本研究中,我们通过旷场实验
和熟悉选择试验比较了两个种群的情绪、运动能力以及对熟悉鼠和陌生鼠的选择。统计结果表明,程村种群的雌性个体比雄性个体重,而新郑种群的雄性体重比程村种群的重。在旷场实验中,程村种群比新郑种群表现出较多的焦虑样行为。配偶选择实验中,新郑种群不论雌雄都表现出了对陌生异性的喜好。程村种群雄性则更愿意选择熟悉的个体。而且,程村的雌性待在陌生箱攻击陌生鼠的时间远大于熟悉鼠。以上结果表明,两个野生种群在体重、情绪以及对熟悉鼠和陌生鼠选择上都表现出了明显的种群间差异。     

卡麦角林对雄性黄毛鼠社会行为的影响

不育控制既可直接降低害鼠种群的生育率,又能影响个体的社会行为,引起种群内等级关系和社群结构的变化,进而干扰种群繁殖。为探究不同剂量卡麦角林对雄鼠行为的影响和持效时间,选取健康雄性黄毛鼠使用50mg/kg和100 mg/kg卡麦角林灌胃给药,并于给药后第1 d和第18 d与正常雄鼠遭遇,第4 d和第21 d与正常雌鼠遭遇,比较给药前（卡麦角林灌胃前4 d和前1 d 时分别与正常雄鼠和雌鼠遭遇）和给药后个体行为的差异。结果显示：卡麦角林降低了雄鼠对正常雄鼠的探究、攻击时间,降低雄鼠对正常雌鼠的攻击时间和频次;100 μg/kg卡麦角林降低雄鼠对正常雌鼠的探究频次,且雄鼠自身修饰和休息频次显著减少。这表明卡麦角林可干扰黄毛鼠对同性和异性个体间的社会行为。此外,药物处理后第18 d和第21 d,雄性个体与同性和异性个体的社会行为与处理前无显著差异,表明停药后药物对行为的影响会随着时间的延长逐渐消失。       

浙江天台山甜槠种内与种间竞争研究

采用Hegyi的单木竞争指数模型对天台山的甜槠种内、种间的竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明 ,甜槠种内竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小 ,种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈。甜槠种内、种间竞争强度的顺序为 :甜楮 >木荷 >马尾松 >尾叶冬青 >虎皮楠 >短柄木包 >珍珠栗。竞争木对对象木的竞争强度与对象木的个体大小服从幂函数关系 ,竞争强度和对象木个体的大小呈极显著的负相关关系。当甜槠胸径达到 30cm后 ,竞争强度变化不明显 ,说明此时该生态系统已基本达到稳定状态。     

Effects of habitat and season on removal and hoarding of seeds of wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) by small rodents

The wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca) is widely distributed in the Donglingshan Mountains of Mentougou District of Beijing, China, where its seeds may be an important food resource for rodents. Predation, removal and hoarding of seeds by rodents will inevitably affect the spatio-temporal pattern of seed fate of wild apricot in this area. By marking and releasing tagged seeds of wild apricot, we investigated seeds survival, scatter-hoarding, cache size and seedling establishment, and the preference of micro-habitats used by rodents to store seeds. The results showed that: (1) rodents in this area hoarded food intensively in autumn, as well as in spring and summer. (2) There were significant effects of habitat and season on removal rate of tagged seeds at releasing plots. In both two types of habitats, Low and High shrub, tagged seeds were removed most rapidly by rodents in autumn, at intermediate rates in spring and least rapidly in summer. (3) During three seasons, mean dispersal distance of scatter-hoarded seeds in Low shrub habitat was greater than that in High shrub. Most removed seeds were buried within 21.0 m of the releasing plots. (4) In both two types of habitats, Low and High shrub, rodents tended to carry seeds to US (Under shrub) and SE (Shrub edge) microhabitats for scatter-hoarding or predation. (5) Among the caches made by rodents, most caches contained only one seed, but up to three seeds were observed; caches of 2–3 seeds were common in autumn. (6) By comparing dental marks, we determined that large field mice (Apodemus peninsulae) and David’s rock squirrels (Sciurotamias davidianus) contributed to removal and predation of released tagged seeds. However, only the large field mice exerted a pivotal and positive role on the burial of dispersed seeds. (7) Establishment of three seedlings originated from seeds buried by rodents was documented in High shrub habitat.     

`Little Chipmunk' Syndrome? Male Body Size and Dominance in Captive Yellow‐Pine Chipmunks (Tamias amoenus)

In mammals, large males are often assumed to have higher mating success because they have greater success at contest competition. This relationship is often used to explain the prevalence of male-biased sexual size dimorphism in mammals. However, in many small vertebrates, large individuals are not always dominant. Using staged dyadic encounters, we examined the relationship between male body size and social dominance in captive male yellow-pine chipmunks ( Tamias amoenus ), a species with female-biased sexual size dimorphism. The yellow-pine chipmunk has a mating system in which males participate in mating chases and dominant males may have an advantage in acquiring matings with oestrous females. Captive male chipmunks were aggressive in only 28% of 144 paired encounters; however, several lines of evidence indicated that smaller chipmunks were dominant over large chipmunks: (1) small males were dominant in more dyads than large males; (2) within dyads, dominant males were smaller than subordinate males; and (3) small males performed more aggressive behaviour than large males. These results are not consistent with the prediction that large males are typically dominant. If large chipmunks are able to gain matings with females because of qualities other than dominance (such as the ability to successfully find and/or chase receptive females), then the costs of aggression to large chipmunks may outweigh any potential benefits. Small males, but not large males, may improve their mating success by being aggressive.     

Repeated radicle pruning of Quercus mongolica acorns as a cache management tactic of Siberian chipmunks

Many rodents hoard seeds as a means of ensuring food availability during scarcity. Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) feed on acorns of white oak Quercus mongolica and hoard them for future use. Such caches may deteriorate due to the early germination of the acorns in autumn, which can be inhibited by radicle pruning or embryo excision. Siberian chipmunks are found to frequently prune the radicles of germinated acorns of Q. mongolica; however, whether this behavior is a kind of cache management tactic remains unclear. Here, we performed semi-natural enclosure and field experiments to test the role of radicle pruning in cache management of T. sibiricus. We found that T. sibiricus preferred non-germinated acorns and tended to prune radicles of germinating acorns when scatter-hoarding them, but did not perform the behavior of embryo excision by squirrels. Both semi-natural enclosure and field experiments showed that T. sibiricus not only pruned radicles repeatedly but removed radicles varied in length from acorns, which significantly postponed acorn germination and radicle growth. These observations suggest that radicle pruning would be an evolutionary tactic for cache management of Siberian chipmunks.     

Can forest fragmentation disrupt a conditional mutualism? A case from central Amazon

This is the first study to investigate whether scatter-hoarding behavior, a conditional mutualism, can be disrupted by forest fragmentation. We examined whether acouchies (Myoprocta acouchy, Rodentia) and agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina, Rodentia) changed scatter-hoarding behavior toward seeds of Astrocaryum aculeatum (Arecaceae) as a consequence of a decrease in forest-patch area. Our study was conducted at the 30-year-old Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, in central Amazon, Brazil. We tested whether forest size affected the number of Astrocaryum seeds removed and scatter-hoarded (and likely dispersed) by acouchies and agoutis, as well as the distance that the seeds were hoarded. The study extended over three seasons: the peak of the rainy season (March–April), the transition between the rainy and the dry season (May–June), and the peak of the dry season (August–September). Our results revealed that the number of seeds removed was larger in smaller fragments, but that the percentage of seeds hoarded was much lower, and seeds eaten much higher, in 1-ha fragments. Moreover, fewer seeds were taken longer distances in fragments than in the continuous forest. Site affected the number of seeds removed and season affected the percentage of seeds hoarded: more seeds were removed from stations in one site than in two others, and hoarding was more important in April and September than in June. Our study reveals that scatter-hoarding behavior is affected by forest fragmentation, with the most important disruption in very small fragments. Fragmentation converts a largely mutualistic relationship between the rodents and this palm in large forest patches into seed predation in small fragments.     

Fleas community in introduced Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus Laxmann) in Forest of Sénart, France

We examined the fleas community in an introduced population of Siberian chipmunks, Tamias sibiricus, between 2005 and 2007, in the Forest of Sénart (Essonne, France). We collected and identified 383 fleas on 463 chipmunks (total: 1,891 captures on 471 chipmunks). In 2005, 120 fleas were also collected on 65 bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus, and on 25 wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus, trapped within the same area. Ceratophyllus sciurorum sciurorum formed 73.6% of the chipmunks' flea community, with an annual prevalence (P) ranging between 8 and 13% and a mean intensity (I) ranging between 1.1 and 1.6 fleas per individual. Among the six other species infecting this Sciurid, Ctenophthalmus agyrtes impavidus constituted 17.2% (P: 1.6-2.2%; I: 1.1-2.6), and Megabothris turbidus 8.1% (P: 0.8-1.9%; I: 1.0-1.4) of the flea community, respectively. These last two species represented respectively 60.8% and 36.6% of the flea community on the bank vole and the wood mouse. Originated from Asia, chipmunks did not import any flea species to Sénart, probably because they were used as pets before their release in the wild. Abundance in C. s. sciurorum increased with adult chipmunk density and with juvenile density in summer. On adult chipmunks C. s. sciurorum tented to decrease with increasing abundance of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris]. Moreover, the two other flea species mainly infected young chipmunks during the fall, and their number was not related to chipmunk density. However, the distribution of species within the flea community became more balanced with increase juvenile chipmunk density. Overall, these results indicate that the close phyletic relationship between chipmunks and red squirrels contributed in the acquisition and the spread of fleas by chipmunks. Primary and secondary hosts densities, their habitat use, and more specifically burrowing activities and tree canopy use, also played a role in the spread of fleas on chipmunks.     

Effects of burrow condition and seed handling time on hoarding strategies of Edward's long-tailed rat (Leopoldamys edwardsi)

Many hoarding rodents use burrows not only for dwelling and protection from natural enemies, but also for food storage. However, little is known how burrows used by scatter-hoarding animals influence their foraging behaviors. In addition, handling time for a given food item has a fundamental impact on hoarding strategies of these hoarding animals: food items with longer handling time are more likely to be hoarded due to increasing predation risk because the animals spend more time outside their burrows if they consumed such food. By providing with two types of artificial burrows (aboveground vs. underground) and two types of food items (i.e. seeds) with contrasting handling times, we investigated how burrow condition and handling time co-influence hoarding strategies of a key scatter-hoarding rodent, Edward's long-tailed rat (Leopoldamys edwardsi) in large enclosures in southwest China. We found that only a few animals larder-hoarded fewer seeds when only aboveground burrows were available, while over 80% of the animals preferred to use the underground burrows and hoard significantly more seeds in the burrows when both aboveground and underground burrows were provided simultaneously. We also found that seed handling time significantly affected hoarding strategies of the animals: they consumed and/or scatter-hoarded more Camellia oleifera seeds with shorter handling time outside the burrow, but consumed and larder-hoarded more Lithocarpus harlandii seeds with longer handling time in underground burrows. Our study indicates that both burrow types and seed handling time have important impacts on hoarding strategies of scatter-hoarding animals.     

食物源距离对中华姬鼠贮藏策略的影响

在围栏条件下, 检验食物源距离对中华姬鼠贮藏策略的影响,并检验根据快速隔离假说和最优贮藏空间分布模型做出的两个预测：（1）3个释放点无论距离远近,种子均先被大量分散贮藏在各个释放点周围;（2）随着释放点远离巢穴,种子被集中贮藏的比例下降。结果发现: 分散贮藏是中华姬鼠的主要贮藏方式,3个释放点种子被分散贮藏的数量无显著差异,这个结果支持预测（1）;3个种子释放点（1m,5m,13m）被集中贮藏的比例分别为(1m: 6.25%; 5m: 1.88%; 13m: 1.25%),说明被集中贮藏的种子数量随种子释放点与巢穴距离的增大而逐渐减少,这个结果支持预测（2）。本研究表明中华姬鼠应对捕食风险升高的策略是降低取食量和贮藏量。     

啮齿动物的分散贮食行为

食物贮藏是许多动物重要的适应性行为,分散贮藏的食物以植物种子为主。每个贮藏点贮藏数量不等的食物项目。啮齿动物分散贮藏食物之后,可降低食物被其他个体获取的机率,提高对食物资源的控制能力,最终有利于自身的生存和繁殖成功。植物种子被贮藏之后,可减少非贮食鼠类对种子的取食。同时,合适的微生境和埋藏有利于种子萌发、幼苗建成和植物的更新;使植物的分布区得以扩展。探讨啮齿动物的分散贮食行为,能够更好地理解食物贮藏在啮齿动物生活史中的作用,进一步认识鼠类和植物的相互关系以及不同啮齿动物在群落形成中的潜在作用。本综述了啮齿动物分散贮食的研究进展,并提出今后工作中的几点建议。     

济源太行山区鼠类对三种林木种子的扩散和贮藏

对取食种子的动物而言,种子的选择、扩散以及随后的处理是一个复杂的过程。为了解济源太行山区鼠类对不同种林木种子的选择和扩散策略的差异,于2011 年9 月10 日至11 月8 日,选取山杏、桃和栓皮栎3 种林木种子,将种子标记后,释放于次生林中,以5 d 间隔,调查并记录种子命运。结果表明: (1)大林姬鼠和岩松鼠是该地区主要的种子取食者和扩散者; (2)3 种种子的扩散速率明显不同,栓皮栎种子扩散速率最快(中位存留时间8. 6 d),其次为山杏种子(中位存留时间20. 9 d),桃种子扩散速率最慢(中位存留时间37. 5 d); (3)鼠类倾向于取食栓皮栎种子(55.0%) , 埋藏山杏种子(62. 0% ),但忽略桃种子(原地存留率99. 0% );(4)88. 6%的山杏和78. 8% 的栓皮栎种子被贮藏在灌丛下方、树干基部周围和石块旁边等生境中,而仅有4 3% 的山杏和9.1% 的栓皮栎种子被贮藏于裸地中;(5)鼠类将山杏种子搬运到更远(3. 4 ± 2. 1 m,mean± SE,n =63)处贮藏;而栓皮栎种子的搬运距离则相对较近(2. 5 ± 2. 4 m,n = 57)。结果显示:鼠类对不同种植物种子具有明显的取食、贮藏偏好和不同的贮藏策略。