羊草和大针茅群落暗呼吸速率与温度关系的研究

在植物生产过程中,呼吸作用是必不可缺的一环。暗呼吸与光合量之比是植物光合物质生产效率的重要标志之一。因此在研究羊草和大针茅群落日光合生产量的同时,也研究了夜间的暗呼吸速率,借以从光合产物的消耗比率这个侧面进一步分析草原群落光合物质生产的整个过程。     

九连小檗悬浮培养细胞生理生化特性的研究 Ⅴ．细胞生长与呼吸作用及对主要营养元素吸收、消耗的关系

叙述了九连小檗细胞悬浮培养中细胞生长与呼吸作用及对主要营养元素吸收消耗的关系。细胞接种于新鲜培养液中,呼吸作用强度和对主要营养元素的吸收、消耗便迅速增加。接种后第６天,培养液中ＰＯ４３－几乎被耗尽,Ｋ＋和ＮＯ３－的浓度也减少一半,细胞生长由延迟期进入起始生长期。至第８天呼吸强度达到高峰,细胞生长加速,但细胞生长高峰延迟于呼吸高峰。随后,营养物质的消耗减少,呼吸降低,生长减慢。至静止期细胞生长停止,呼吸作用微弱。这些结果为优化培养条件,改进培养基组成,调控细胞生长和代谢提供了参考。     

线粒体呼吸链膜蛋白复合体的结构

线粒体作为真核细胞的重要“能量工厂”,是细胞进行呼吸作用的场所,呼吸作用包括柠檬酸循环和氧化磷酸化两个过程,其中氧化磷酸化过程的电子传递链（又称线粒体呼吸链）位于线粒体内膜上,由四个相对分子质量很大的跨膜蛋白复合体（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、和Ⅳ）、介于Ⅰ／Ⅱ与Ⅲ之间的泛醌以及介于Ⅲ与Ⅳ之间的细胞色素c共同组成。线粒体呼吸链的功能是进行生物氧化,并与称之为复合物V的ATP合成酶（磷酸化过程）相偶联,共同完成氧化磷酸化过程,并生产能量分子ATP。线粒体呼吸链的结构生物学研究对于彻底了解电子传递和能量转化的机理是至关重要的,本文分别论述线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的结构,并跟踪线粒体呼吸链超复合体的结构研究进展。     

锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量特征及源区分布

为探究草原生态系统固碳能力,利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台2018—2021年的涡动相关资料分析了锡林浩特草原生态系统CO₂通量的变化特征以及环境因子对CO₂通量的影响,并对通量源区分布进行了探讨。结果表明：研究区全年盛行西南风,生长季的源区面积大于非生长季,大气稳定条件下的源区面积大于不稳定条件;90%贡献率的源区最大长度接近400 m,与经典法则估算的长度一致。锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)具有明显的日变化和季节变化,生长季白天为碳汇,夜间为碳源,非生长季白天和夜间均为弱碳源。2018—2021年,年总NEE分别为-15.59、-46.28、-41.94和-78.14 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均值为-45.49 g C·m^-2·a^-1,表明锡林浩特草原有较强的固碳能力。饱和水汽压差和光合有效辐射有助于草原生态系统吸收大气中CO₂;夜间,当温度高于0℃时,气温和土壤温度升高会促进植被呼吸作用释放CO₂。     

植物叶绿体片层膜上腺三磷酶的检定

光合磷酸化反应的发现已有二十五年历史,而关于能量转导机制并未完全澄清。近年来对于氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化的偶联因子(F_I和CF_1)结构和功能研究,使得逐步明确了它们在能量转导中的作用,特别近年Kagawa对线粒体偶联因子复合体的细致解析和重组工作,进一步使人们认识到偶联因子在磷酸化反应中的重要意义。也引起对     

内蒙古草原植物的生态替代及其对全球变化了草原动态的指示

在内蒙古草原区,从荒漠草原带到森林草原带,沿气候干燥度变化的方向调查了１１９个草原样地的植被与环境特征,依此定量分析了植被－环境关系。根据表述环境因子取样质量的环境因子墒值及环境因子与出现频率最高的５０个植物种间的平均相互信息,分析了所调查３０个环境因子在决定植被组成中的作用优势度。结果表明,气候因子的影响是占绝对优势的,而地形和管理因子的作用是次一级的,或是地区性的。群落的物种组成与其第一优势种关联极好,因而依群落第一优势种识别的植物群落类型是组成和结构相对稳定的群落单位。基于植物种在降水和气温梯度上最适区域的计算及依此在植物降水－气温平面上的直接排序,揭示出广泛的草原植物在气候梯度上的生态替代。这种替代,尤其是包括针茅属（Ｓｔｉｐａ）植物在内的草原优势植物的替代,导致了针茅草原的生态替代。本研究也定量刻划了内蒙古主要草原植物群落的植被特征,及其在气候、土壤和人为影响梯度上的分布幅度和生态适宜区域。草原植物种和植物群落在气候和放牧梯度上的直接排序提供了气候和土地利用变化后草原植被动态的可能图景。     

内蒙古草原植物的生态替代及其对全球变化下草原动态的指示（英）

在内蒙古草原区,从荒漠草原带到森林草原带,沿气候干燥度变化的方向调查了119个草原样地的植被与环境特征,依此定量分析了植被—环境关系。 根据表述环境因子取样质量的环境因子墒值及环境因子与出现频率最高的50个植物种间的平均相互信息,分析了所调查30个环境因子在决定植被组成中的作用优势度。结果表明,气候因子的影响是占绝对优势的,而地形和管理因子的作用是次一级的,或是地区性的。群落的物种组成与其第一优势种关联极好,因而依群落第—优势种识别的植物群落类型是组成和结构相对稳定的群落单位。基于植物种在降水和气温梯度上最适区域的计算及依此在植物降水-气温平面上的直接排序,揭示出广泛的草原植物在气候梯度上的生态替代。这种替代,尤其是包括针茅属(Stipa)植物在内的草原优势植物的替代,导致了针茅草原的生态替代。本研究也定量刻划了内蒙古主要草原植物群落的植被特征,及其在气候、土壤和人为影响梯度上的分布幅度和生态适宜区域。草原植物种和植物群落在气候和放牧梯度上的直接排序提供了气候和土地利用变化后草原植被动态的可能图景。     

水热因子对退化草原羊草恢复演替群落土壤呼吸的影响

 对内蒙古锡林郭勒白音锡勒牧场退化恢复羊草（Leymus chinensis）草原生态系统土壤呼吸作用的主要影响因子分析表明,环境因子对土壤呼吸作用的影响程度依次表现为：土壤水分>温度;水分对土壤呼吸作用的影响可分成3段,即<7.5%、7.5%～18.4%和>18.4%。当0～10cm土壤含水量＜7.5%时,土壤温度是土壤呼吸作用的主导控制因子,土壤呼吸作用与5cm土壤温度呈幂函数关系;而当0～10cm土壤含水量＞7.5%时,土壤呼吸作用受土壤水分和土壤温度的共同作用。研究还表明：在植物生长季内,当土壤水分接近羊草草原土壤萎蔫系数6.0%时所测得土壤呼吸作用为植被在干旱胁迫下的土壤呼吸作用,而当土壤水分大于羊草草原土壤萎蔫系数6.0%时,土壤呼吸作用的增加主要是由于植物生长及其引起的根系活动和微生物数量、组成及其活性共同影响的,进而可以解释不同水分条件下土壤及植物根系在土壤呼吸作用中的不同贡献,为建立土壤呼吸作用模型及正确地理解陆地碳收支及其固碳潜力提供依据。     

锡林河流域两类植物群落土壤呼吸特征的比较

采用碱液吸收法对锡林河流域一个半干旱典型草原群落的土壤呼吸进行了5个月的野外测定,并对其与气候因子和生物量之间的关系进行了分析.另选择了锡林河岸边的一个沼泽化草甸群落作为对比来研究土壤湿度和植被类型对土壤呼吸的影响.主要结果包括:1)两个群落土壤呼吸的季节动态基本一致,均出现了两个峰值,其中草原群落和草甸群落土壤呼吸速率的变化范围分别为312.8～1 738.9mgC@m-2@d-1和354.6～2 235.6 mg C@m -2@d-1.草甸群落的土壤呼吸速率明显高于草原群落,它们的日平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1 349.6 mg C@m-2@d-1和785.9mg C@m-2@d1;2)在草原群落中,土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度的相关性比其与温度的关系更加显著,而在草甸群落正好相反,反映出这两种气候因子在不同生境中起着不同的作用.根据土壤呼吸与气温之间的同归关系外推出2001年生长季草原群落和草甸群落的土壤呼吸量分别为142.4 g C/m2和236.1 g C/m2;3)在草甸群落中,地上总生物量与土壤呼吸速率之间没有显著的相关关系,而地上部活体生物量与土壤呼吸速率之间则存有很显著的幂函数关系.在草原群落中,土壤呼吸速率与地上活体生物量或地上总生物量的相关性均很弱.     

黄土高原地区植物气候生产力

一、前言植物气候生产力系指在一定气候条件下,每年在单位面积土地上可能生产的有机干物质,它相当于植物的净生产量(NEP),即植物通过光合作用形成的粗生产量(GPP)减去呼吸作用消耗量(Ra)和枯枝落叶量(Rn)后的生物量。     

羊草呼吸作用与温度、光照和土壤水分的关系

本文报道了两种土壤水分条件下羊草明呼吸速率与光照和温度的关系,以及暗呼吸速率与温度的关系。结果表明,羊草的明呼吸速率与光强呈非线性函数关系。在低光强下,明呼吸速率随光强升高而有较快的增加;随着光强的增高,其增加速度减慢。在温度低于羊草光合的高温补偿点的条件下,明呼吸速率在一定温度范围内随温度升高而增大;当温度达到一定限度时,有一个下降阶段,而后又回升。羊草的暗呼吸速率随温度增加而升高,且在一定限度内,其升高速度随温度增高而加快。当土壤干旱时,明呼吸速率显著降低,而暗呼吸速率仅略有减小。     

羊草呼吸作用与湿度、光照和土壤水分的关系

本文报道了两种土壤水分条件下羊草明呼吸速率与光照和温度的关系,以及暗呼吸速率与温度的关系。结果表明,羊草的明呼吸速率与光强呈非线性函数关系。在低光强下,明呼吸速率随光强升高而有较快的增加;随着光强的增高,其增加速度减慢。在温度低于羊草光合的高温补偿点的条件下,明呼吸速率在一定温度范围内随温度升高而增大;当温度达到一定限度时,有一个下降阶段,而后又回升,羊草的暗呼吸速率随温度增加而升高,且在一定限度内,其升高速度随温度增高而加快。当土壤干旱时,明呼吸速率显著降低,而暗呼吸速率仅略有减小。     

Carbon exchange in biological soil crust communities under differential temperatures and soil water contents: implications for global change

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are an integral part of the soil system in arid regions worldwide, stabilizing soil surfaces, aiding vascular plant establishment, and are significant sources of ecosystem nitrogen and carbon. Hydration and temperature primarily control ecosystem CO₂ flux in these systems. Using constructed mesocosms for incubations under controlled laboratory conditions, we examined the effect of temperature (5–35 °C) and water content (WC, 20–100%) on CO₂ exchange in light (cyanobacterially dominated) and dark (cyanobacteria/lichen and moss dominated) biocrusts of the cool Colorado Plateau Desert in Utah and the hot Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico. In light crusts from both Utah and New Mexico, net photosynthesis was highest at temperatures >30 °C. Net photosynthesis in light crusts from Utah was relatively insensitive to changes in soil moisture. In contrast, light crusts from New Mexico tended to exhibit higher rates of net photosynthesis at higher soil moisture. Dark crusts originating from both sites exhibited the greatest net photosynthesis at intermediate soil water content (40–60%). Declines in net photosynthesis were observed in dark crusts with crusts from Utah showing declines at temperatures >25 °C and those originating from New Mexico showing declines at temperatures >35 °C. Maximum net photosynthesis in all crust types from all locations were strongly influenced by offsets in the optimal temperature and water content for gross photosynthesis compared with dark respiration. Gross photosynthesis tended to be maximized at some intermediate value of temperature and water content and dark respiration tended to increase linearly. The results of this study suggest biocrusts are capable of CO₂ exchange under a wide range of conditions. However, significant changes in the magnitude of this exchange should be expected for the temperature and precipitation changes suggested by current climate models.     

Remarks on mixotrophic and autotrophic carbon nutrition of Vitis plantlets cultured in vitro

Two Vitis species were cultured in vitro under photoautrophic (sucrose-free culture medium) and photomixotrophic (sucrose 15 g l^-1) conditions during the period following microcutting rooting (day 34 to day 120). Several parameters were measured at the end of the culture: growth, plant dry weight, carbohydrate uptake from the medium and rates of photosynthesis and dark respiration. The two species behaved very differently. Under photoautotrophic conditions, dark respiration, net photosynthesis and daily CO₂ fixation were higher in Vitis vinifera than in Vitis rupestris. Culture under mixotrophic conditions caused increase in growth, respiration and photosynthesis in Vitis rupestris. In contrast, photosynthesis decreased in Vitis vinifera under the same conditions.     

Leaf temperatures mediate alpine plant communities’ response to a simulated extended summer

We use a quantitative model of photosynthesis to explore leaf‐level limitations to plant growth in an alpine tundra ecosystem that is expected to have longer, warmer, and drier growing seasons. The model is parameterized with abiotic and leaf trait data that is characteristic of two dominant plant communities in the alpine tundra and specifically at the Niwot Ridge Long Term Ecological Research Site: the dry and wet meadows. Model results produce realistic estimates of photosynthesis, nitrogen‐use efficiency, water‐use efficiency, and other gas exchange processes in the alpine tundra. Model simulations suggest that dry and wet meadow plant species do not significantly respond to changes in the volumetric soil moisture content but are sensitive to variation in foliar nitrogen content. In addition, model simulations indicate that dry and wet meadow species have different maximum rates of assimilation (normalized for leaf nitrogen content) because of differences in leaf temperature. These differences arise from the interaction of plant height and the abiotic environment characteristic of each plant community. The leaf temperature of dry meadow species is higher than wet meadow species and close to the optimal temperature for photosynthesis under current conditions. As a result, 2°C higher air temperatures in the future will likely lead to declines in dry meadow species’ carbon assimilation. On the other hand, a longer and warmer growing season could increase nitrogen availability and assimilation rates in both plant communities. Nonetheless, a temperature increase of 4°C may lower rates of assimilation in both dry and wet meadow plant communities because of higher, and suboptimal, leaf temperatures.     

Predominant role of water in regulating soil and microbial respiration and their responses to climate change in a semiarid grassland

Climate change can profoundly impact carbon (C) cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to examine responses of total soil and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass to experimental warming and increased precipitation in a semiarid temperate steppe in northern China since April 2005. We measured soil respiration twice a month over the growing seasons, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) once a year in the middle growing season from 2005 to 2007. The results showed that interannual variations in soil respiration, MR, and microbial biomass were positively related to interannual fluctuations in precipitation. Laboratory incubation with a soil moisture gradient revealed a constraint of the temperature responses of MR by low soil moisture contents. Across the 3 years, experimental warming decreased soil moisture, and consequently caused significant reductions in total and microbial respiration, and microbial biomass, suggesting stronger negatively indirect effects through warming‐induced water stress than the positively direct effects of elevated temperature. Increased evapotranspiration under experimental warming could have reduced soil water availability below a stress threshold, thus leading to suppression of plant growth, root and microbial activities. Increased precipitation significantly stimulated total soil and microbial respiration and all other microbial parameters and the positive precipitation effects increased over time. Our results suggest that soil water availability is more important than temperature in regulating soil and microbial respiratory processes, microbial biomass and their responses to climate change in the semiarid temperate steppe. Experimental warming caused greater reductions in soil respiration than in gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). In contrast, increased precipitation stimulated GEP more than soil respiration. Our observations suggest that climate warming may cause net C losses, whereas increased precipitation may lead to net C gains in the semiarid temperate steppe. Our findings highlight that unless there is concurrent increase in precipitation, the temperate steppe in the arid and semiarid regions of northern China may act as a net C source under climate warming.     

Impact of climate change on crop nutrient and water use efficiencies

Implicit in discussions of plant nutrition and climate change is the assumption that we know what to do relative to nutrient management here and now but that these strategies might not apply in a changed climate. We review existing knowledge on interactive influences of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, temperature and soil moisture on plant growth, development and yield as well as on plant water use efficiency (WUE) and physiological and uptake efficiencies of soil-immobile nutrients. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase leaf and canopy photosynthesis, especially in C3 plants, with minor changes in dark respiration. Additional CO₂ will increase biomass without marked alteration in dry matter partitioning, reduce transpiration of most plants and improve WUE. However, spatiotemporal variation in these attributes will impact agronomic performance and crop water use in a site-specific manner. Nutrient acquisition is closely associated with overall biomass and strongly influenced by root surface area. When climate change alters soil factors to restrict root growth, nutrient stress will occur. Plant size may also change but nutrient concentration will remain relatively unchanged; therefore, nutrient removal will scale with growth. Changes in regional nutrient requirements will be most remarkable where we alter cropping systems to accommodate shifts in ecozones or alter farming systems to capture new uses from existing systems. For regions and systems where we currently do an adequate job managing nutrients, we stand a good chance of continued optimization under a changed climate. If we can and should do better, climate change will not help us.     

短期增温和增加降水对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

利用红外辐射增温装置模拟短期持续增温和降水增加交互作用对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸作用的影响, 结果表明: 土壤含水量对月土壤呼吸的影响显著大于土壤温度增加的影响, 生长旺季的月土壤呼吸显著大于生长末季; 土壤温度和水分增加都显著影响日土壤呼吸, 但二者的交互作用对土壤呼吸无显著影响。荒漠草原7‒8月平均土壤呼吸速率为1.35 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 7月份为2.08 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 8月份为0.63 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1。土壤呼吸与地下各层根系生物量呈幂函数关系, 0‒10 cm土层的根系生物量对土壤呼吸的解释率(79.2%)明显高于10‒20 cm土层的解释率(31.6%)。0-10 cm土层的根系生物量是根系生物量的主体, 根系生物量对土壤呼吸的影响具有层次性。在未来全球变暖和降水格局变化的情景下, 荒漠草原土壤水分含量是影响生物量的主导环境因子, 而根系生物量的差异是造成土壤呼吸异质性的主要生物因素, 土壤含水量可通过影响根系生物量控制土壤呼吸的异质性。     

Responses of soil respiration to simulated precipitation pulses in semiarid steppe under different grazing regimes

Aims Precipitation pulses and different land use practices (such as grazing) play important roles in regulating soil respiration and carbon balance of semiarid steppe ecosystems in Inner Mongolia. However, the interactive effects of grazing and rain event magnitude on soil respiration of steppe ecosystems are still unknown. We conducted a manipulative experiment with simulated precipitation pulses in Inner Mongolia steppe to study the possible responses of soil respiration to different precipitation pulse sizes and to examine how grazing may affect the responses of soil respiration to precipitation pulses.Methods Six water treatments with different precipitation pulse sizes (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mm) were conducted in the ungrazed and grazed sites, respectively. Variation patterns of soil respiration of each treatment were determined continuously after the water addition treatments.Important findings Rapid and substantial increases in soil respiration occurred 1 day after the water treatments in both sites, and the magnitude and duration of the increase in soil respiration depended on pulse size. Significantly positive relationships between the soil respiration and soil moisture in both sites suggested that soil moisture was the most important factor responsible for soil respiration rate during rain pulse events. The ungrazed site maintained significantly higher soil moisture for a longer time, which was the reason that the soil respiration in the ungrazed site was maintained relatively higher rate and longer period than that in the grazed site after a rain event. The significant exponential relationship between soil temperature and soil respiration was found only in the plots with the high water addition treatments (50 and 100 mm). Lower capacity of soil water holding and lower temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the grazed site indicated that degraded steppe due to grazing might release less CO₂ to the atmosphere through soil respiration under future precipitation and temperature scenarios.