Bialaphos stimulates shoot regeneration from hairy roots of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Hairy roots of snapdragon (Antirrhinum ma-jus L.: Scrophulariaceae) induced by a wild-type strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were cultured on media containing various concentrations of a phosphinothricin-based herbicide, bialaphos, or plant growth regulators (PGRs). Adventitious shoot regeneration from hairy roots was observed with a low frequency (10%) on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium. Addition of α-naphthalene-acetic acid in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine, thidiazuron, or zeatin to the medium had no effect on shoot regeneration from hairy roots. Although bialaphos at 0.9 mg l^–1 or more was toxic to hairy roots, it significantly increased the shoot regeneration frequency up to 56% at 0.5 mg l^–1. In contrast, non-transformed roots and leaves regenerated no shoots on media with or without bialaphos. Regenerated shoots detached from host roots readily developed roots on gellan-gum-solidified medium. Regenerated plants were successfully transferred to the greenhouse, but did not produce seed. Received: 24 February 1997 / Revision received: 10 July 1997 / Accepted: 28 July 1997     

Transformation of potato using mannopine and cucumopine strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Mannopine and cucumopine strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were used for genetic transformation in two cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). An overnight pretreatment of stem fragments with NAA prior to bacterial infection was necessary to induce root formation, otherwise very few roots were produced. Whatever the potato cultivar used, rhizogenesis induced by NAA pretreament depended on the bacterial strain. In fact, when explants from both potato cultivars were pretreated with 26.5 M NAA, on average 84.4% and 71.9% produced roots after inoculation with the strains 2659 and 2659 GUS respectively. On the contrary, few rhizogenic responses (2.0–17.0%) or no response at all (0.0%) were obtained with the strains 15834 and 8196 GUS whatever NAA concentration used. Tests for confirming stable transformation of plant explants by examining both -glucuronidase activity and the presence of opines showed that 85% of the selected roots were cotransformed. Most of the transformed roots were highly branched and grew rapidly, compared to non-transformed roots with no branching and poor growth. Transgenic plants were readily regenerated with a frequency reaching 80% of total explants tested for both potato cultivars.Abbreviations BA 6-benzyladenine - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - df degree of freedom - F F distribution - GA₃ gibberellic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog basal medium - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - P probability - T-DNA transferred DNA     

Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9) has been highly purified from the plant fraction of soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr. cv Williams) nodules. The purified enzyme gave a single polypeptide band following sodium docecyl sulphate polyacryla-mide gel electrophoresis, but was resolved into three bands of activity in non-denaturing gels. The enzyme appeared to be a monomer of molecular weight between 30 and 40 kDa. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase had optimum activity at pH 8.5 and displayed typical hyperbolic kinetics. The enzyme had a requirement for divalent metal ions, and was highly specific for the substrates pyrophosphate and UDP-glucose in the pyrophosphorolysis direction, and glucose-1-phosphate and UTP in the direction of UDP-glucose synthesis. The K_m values were 0.19 m M and 0.07 m M for pyrophosphate and UDP-glucose, respectively, and 0.23 m M and 0.11 m M for glucose-1-phosphate and UTP. The maximum velocity in the pyrophosphorolysis direction was almost double that for the reverse reaction. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase did not appear to be subject to a high degree of fine control, and activity in vivo may be regulated mainly by the availability of the substrates.     

发根农杆菌A4菌株转化苜蓿悬浮培养物

将苜蓿无菌苗下胚轴切割后,在附加２ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４Ｄ的ＭＳ培养基上诱导愈伤组织。愈伤组织在附加０５ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４Ｄ的ＳＨ培养基中悬浮培养。悬浮培养物在用于转化之前,用０４５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ甘露醇处理１ｈ,然后用０１６ｍｏｌ／ＬＣａＣｌ２·２Ｈ２Ｏ洗涤两次。预处理后的悬浮培养物用ＳＨ培养基悬浮（１０ｍｌ／ｇ悬浮培养物）,再加０２ｍｌ农杆菌悬浮液,于２５±２℃共培养２ｄ。共培养的悬浮培养物洗涤后在附加０５ｍｇ／Ｌ羧苄青霉素的无激素培养基上选择培养。悬浮培养天数、悬浮培养基激素组成和选择培养基种类明显影响转化频率。纸电泳分析表明７０％的转化体可以合成农杆碱和甘露碱。染色体观察显示转化组织细胞存在严重的数目和结构变异     

Transformation of the monocot Alstroemeria by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

An efficient procedure is described for transformation of calli of the monocotyledonous plant Alstroemeria by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Calli were co-cultivated with A. rhizogenes strain A13 that harbored both a wild-type Ri-plasmid and the binary vector plasmid pIG121Hm, which included a gene for neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) under the control of the nopaline synthase (NOS) promoter, a gene for hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, and a gene for -glucuronidase (GUS) with an intron fused to the CaMV 35S promoter. Inoculated calli were plated on medium that contained cefotaxime to eliminate bacteria. Four weeks later, transformed cells were selected on medium that contained 20 mg L^–1 hygromycin. A histochemical assay for GUS activity revealed that selection by hygromycin was complete after eight weeks. The integration of the T-DNA of the Ri-plasmid and pIG121Hm into the plant genome was confirmed by PCR. Plants derived from transformed calli were produced on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L^–1 GA₃ after about 5 months of culture. The presence of the gusA, nptII, and rol genes in the genomic DNA of regenerated plants was detected by PCR and Southern hybridization, and the expression of these transgenes was verified by RT-PCR.     

中药植物黄山药发根基因的遗传转化

以发根农杆菌菌株A4转染已预培养1d的黄山药茎段后,共感染3d,其转化效果最佳;转化毛状根在无生长调节物质的MS培养基上培养可获得丛状芽,并发育成植株。     

发根农杆菌介导的药用植物遗传转化

就药用植物外植体的选择、转化方法、转化毛状根的鉴定、影响植物遗传化的因素、毛状根培养与次生代谢产物的产生以及转基因药用植物的获得等方面作一综述。     

Genetic Transformation of Cucumis sativus by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Hairy roots were obtained in vitro 10 days after inoculation of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. ) cotyledon explants with the strains of Agrobacterium rhiwgenes R1000 and R1601. The frequency of the cotyledon explants transformed by R1000 and R1601 was up to 87.5% and 88.9%, respectively. All hairy roots induced by the strains of R1000 and R1601 grew rapidly on solid hormone-free MS medium. The roots incited by A. rhizogenes R1000 could be divided into three phenotypes. The roots of phenotype Ⅰ were similar to the normal ones, but had more numerous lateral roots. Roots of phenotype m were much stouter and shorter, they elongated very slowly and were more highly branched than roots of phenotype Ⅰ . Roots of phenotype Ⅱ were of intermediate in appearance. However, the roots incited by A. rhizogenes R1601 appeared similar to phenotype Ⅰ roots incited by A. rhizogenes R1000. Transformation was confirmed by opine detection.     

Factors influencing the efficiency of T-DNA transfer during co-cultivation of Antirrhinum majus with Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Summary The effects of varying the pH of the cocultivation medium, additons of vir-inducing phenolic compounds and the strains of wild-type agrobacteria on transformation rates of a number of different varieties of Antirrhinum majus were studied. In general, optimal transformation was found with strains C58 or A281 and was favoured by low pH and the inclusion of acetosyringone in the co-cultivation medium. However, maximal transformation of the least susceptible variety was achieved at high pH and in the presence of syringaldehyde. This demonstrates the need for the optimization of a wide range of culture conditions when working with new genotypes and offers a rational approach towards the development of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of new species or varieties.Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - MS Murashige and Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) - NOA naphthoxyacetic acid     

Die Aurea-Sippen von Antirrhinum majus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Transformation of Solanum nigrum L. protoplasts by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Summary Solanum nigrum protoplasts were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring agropine-type Ri plasmid (pRi15834). A large number of transformed calli were obtained on Murashige and Shoog's (MS) medium lacking plant growth regulators. Frequency of transformation was about 3.5×10^–3. In most of the calli, hairy roots appeared on MS medium without plant growth regulator. When the hairy roots were cut into segments and subcultured on MS medium lacking plant growth regulators, calli were readily formed. Plantlets were regenerated by transferring those calli to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l zeatin and 0.2 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid. Frequency of plant regeneration was about 70%.     

Genetic transformation of gentian using wild-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Leaf sections of greenhouse-grown Miscanthus x ogiformis Honda 'Giganteus' plants and leaf sections or shoot apices of in vitro shoot cultures were grown on Murashige and Skoog medium containing various concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. On leaf sections, the callus induction decreased with increasing BA concentration. The percentage of embryogenic callus was increased, the percentage of root-forming callus decreased, and a new shoot-forming callus type was formed by inclusion of BA during callus induction. A higher percentage of shoot-forming callus was formed on shoot apices compared with leaf sections of in vitro-grown shoots when cultured on 0.4 μM BA. The largest number of plants per callus piece was regenerated from shoot-forming callus, but maintenance of the high regeneration capacity proved difficult. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gonenkonkurrenz bei Antirrhinum majus L.

Zusammenfassung Die Gonenkonkurrenz (Selektion in der Haplophase) wurde bei Antirrhinum majus anhand der Spaltung in der Nachkommenschaft von Heterozygoten cae/+^cae(Farbe des Schiundflecks) untersucht. Es sollte die Frage entschieden werden, ob diese Gonenkonkurrenz eine Wirkung des Locus caeca ist oder ob ein gametophytisch wirksamer Locus in derselben Koppelungsgruppe angenommen werden muß. Es lassen sich 3 Typen von Nachkommenschaften unterscheiden: Normale Mendel-Spaltung, statistisch gesicherter Überschuß von gelb bzw. blaß. Die Hypothese Die Wirkung geht vom Locus cae aus kann auf Grund dieser Daten abgelehnt werden. Es wird die Anwesenheit eines gametophytisch wirksamen Locus ga angenommen. Aus der Sippe fim del cae stammt ga ⁺, ga^–aus Sippe 50. Den Gameten mit dem Allel ga ⁺kommt eine größere Befruchtungswahrscheinlichkeit zu als denjenigen mit ga ^–. Die Gonenkonkurrenz ist sowohl in den Pollen als auch in den Eizellennachkommenschaften festzustellen. Entweder wirkt ein Genlocus in beiden Geschlechtern gleichartig, oder es sind in der gram- Koppelungsgruppe zwei eng gekoppelte Loci vorhanden, die gleichartig auf die Gonenkonkurrenz in je einem Geschlecht einwirken. Der Locus ga ist entweder zwischen cae und del oder distal von cae zu lokalisieren.

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Competition in Antirrhinum majus L.

Summary In Antirrhinum majus selection in the haplophase is investigated, using the segregation in the backcrossprogeny of heterozygotes cae/+^cae(color of petal-spot).An attempt was made to determine whether the competition depends on gene-action of the locus caeca itself or on a gametophytic gene located in the same chromosome. Three types of progenies can be distinguished: Normal mendelian segregation, or statistically significant deviations with a surplus of yellow spot or a surplus of light, nearly colorless spot respectively. The hypothesis of an action of the locus cae in the haplophase can be rejected on the basis of these data.The location of a gametophytic gene in the gram-chromosome is assumed. The allele ga ⁺ comes from the line fim del cae, the allele ga ^–from the standard line S 50. Gametes with the allele ga ⁺have a greater chance for fertilization than gametes with ga ^–. The competition is found in the progeny of pollen and of egg cells. Two explanations are possible: one gene, which acts in the haplophase irrespective of the sex, or two closely coupled loci, which act in a similar way in the haplophase of each sex respectively. The locus ga is located either between cae and del or distal from cae.

     

发根土壤杆菌对葛属药用植物的遗传转化

葛根是传统中药。利用发根土壤杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｒｈｉｚｏｇｅｎｅｓ （Ｒｉｋｅｒ ｅｔ ａｌ．）Ｃｏｎｎ）Ｒ１６０１转化野葛（Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉａ ｌｏｂａｔａ（Ｗｉｌｌｄ．）Ｏｈｗｉ）、山葛（Ｐ．ｌｏｂａｔａ ｖａｒ．ｍｏｎｔａｎａ）和三裂叶野葛（Ｐ．ｐｈａｓｅｏｌｏｉｄｅｓ（Ｒｏｘｂ．）Ｂｅｎｔｈ．）离体叶片,在叶片表面直接形成毛状根。毛状根的诱导频率分别为１６．６％、１６．２％和     

发根农杆菌介导的药用植物遗传转化研究

利用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)诱导药用植物产生的毛状根具有生长迅速,合成能力强和遗传性稳定等优点,已成为一种新的培养系统。就影响发根农杆菌介导的药用植物遗传转化的因素作一概述。     

The Genetic Transformation of Pueraria as Medicinal Plant by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Pueraria radix (the dried root of Pueraria plant) is known as a traditional Chinese drug. Hairy roots of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, P.lobata var. montana and P. phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al .) Conn R1601 were developed directly from the surface of sterile leaves in vitro . The transformation frequency was 16.6%, 16.2% and 26.6%, respectively. All hairy roots in the three species displayed the typical phenotypes of rapid growth, highly branched and plagiotropism, and also exhibited hormone autotrophy and resistance to kanamycin.The genetic transformations were confirmed by opine paper electrophoretic analysis, rol gene PCR amplification and molecular hybridization.     

Environmental control of flowering time in Antirrhinum majus

The effect of different environmental conditions on flowering time and the number of leaves produced before the first flower is formed has been investigated in Antirrhinum majus L. The effect of light quality has been tested by decreasing the red/far‐red ratio, generally resulting in a reduced flowering time and leaf number. Furthermore, it could be shown that photoperiod, temperature and light intensity are inversely correlated with flowering time and leaf number. However, lowering the temperature from 15 to 12°C resulted in a reduction of flowering time. This observation shows that Antirrhinum can be vernalised.
Using defined combinations of the four environmental factors we have been able to reduce flowering time to only 42 days or to delay flowering for at least 2 years. The results obtained allow an optimisation of the screening conditions for identifying flowering time mutants in Antirrhinum .     

Transformation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Summary Transgenic cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L., cv. Straight Eight) were regenerated from roots induced by inoculation of inverted hypocotyl sections with Agrobacterium rhizogenes containing the vector pARC8 in addition to the resident Ri-plasmid. The DNA transferred to the plant from the vector (T-DNA) included a gene which encoded the enzyme neomycin phosphotransferase II, and thus conferred on the plant cells resistance to kanamycin. The transgenic plants looked normal and were positive for the neomycin phosphotransferase II. Southern blot analysis of the transgenic plants revealed that all plants contained vector DNA, but only some of them contained DNA from the Ri plasmid.     

发根农杆菌Ri质粒研究进展

就发根农杆菌Ri质粒的研究进展进行了综述和展望。包括Ri质粒的特性,转化机制及转化方法,影响农杆菌转化成功的因素以及发根农杆菌的应用。