昆虫进化与植物的关系

<正> 地球在大约35亿年前开始出现生物。到目前,在地球上生存的生物约在200万种以上。它们都是过去绝灭种类的后代,渊源于共同的祖先,经历了从无到有、从少到多、从低级到高级的发展演变过程。不同种类之间常存在着相互适应,关联进化的现象,当今地球上最为繁盛的昆虫种群就与植物存在着互适进化的关系。     

虫媒植物与传粉昆虫的协同进化

虫媒植物与传粉昆虫的协同进化史刚荣（甘肃省陇西师范学校,７４８１００）地球上大约在３５亿年前就开始出现生物。目前,已经过鉴定的全球生存的生物约在１７０多万种以上（世界资源报告,１９８６）,其中被子植物就有２０万种以上,在这些开花的被子植物中,有８０％...     

漫谈昆虫进化与植物的关系

一、昆虫进化的历程以三叶虫为祖先的节肢动物,是自距今约六亿年的寒式纪从环节动物的祖先分化而来,这可以从解剖学和比较形态学的研究结果来证明,节肢动物的循环系统位于消化道的背面,神经系统则位于消化道的腹面,;而且,低等的节肢动物其附肢分化也不明显,极似于环节动物的疣足。现今的许多研究也表明,节肢动物至少是由类似于环节动     

植物与昆虫的协同进化

据统计地球上的植物约30万种,而以植物为食的昆虫约48万种,几乎没有一种植物能免受昆虫的危害。也许人们很容易认为,植物不能运动,对取食者毫无招架之功,只能充当随时光顾的昆虫的美餐。事实上植食性昆虫可谓冒着“杀身之祸”顶着巨大的选择压力、和植物共同经历了上亿年的发展进化才“保住”了今日的饭     

食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间的相互作用和协同进化关系

食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间是捕食和被捕食的关系,夜行性昆虫是食虫蝙蝠主要的食物来源。在漫长的协同进化中,蝙蝠施加的捕食压力导致夜行性昆虫一系列特征的进化,其中一部分昆虫进化出能听到蝙蝠的超声波信号并采取逃跑行为或者能通过其它方式躲避蝙蝠,同时昆虫的适应性特征同样影响着蝙蝠的回声定位和捕食策略。本文从蝙蝠捕食昆虫的种类、昆虫对蝙蝠捕食的反应和食虫性蝙蝠对昆虫防卫的适应对策等三个方面对食虫蝙蝠与昆虫之间的相互关系进行了概述。     

昆虫唾液成分在昆虫与植物关系中的作用

近年来,人们对于植食性昆虫唾液的深入研究,揭示出其在昆虫与植物的相互关系和协同进化中起到非常重要的作用。植食性昆虫唾液中含有的酶类和各种有机成分,能诱导植物的一系列生化反应,而且这些反应有很强的特异性,与为害的昆虫种类甚至龄期有关。鳞翅目幼虫口腔分泌物（或反吐液）中含有的β-葡糖苷酶、葡萄糖氧化酶等酶类和挥发物诱导素等有机成分,已经证明可以诱导植物的反应; 刺吸式昆虫的取食也可以刺激植物产生反应,但其唾液内的酶类,如烟粉虱的碱性磷酸酶, 蚜虫的酚氧化酶、果胶酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶, 蝽类的寡聚半乳糖醛酸酶等是否发挥作用,目前还没有直接的证据。寄主植物对昆虫的唾液成分也有很大的影响,可能是昆虫对不同植物营养成分和毒性成分的适应方式。对昆虫唾液蛋白的分析表明,具有同样类型口器、食物类型接近的昆虫,唾液成分有更多的相似性。研究植食性昆虫的唾液成分,对于阐明昆虫和植物的协同进化关系、昆虫生物型的形成机理、害虫的致害机理,以及指导害虫防治等,有着一定的理论和实际意义。     

虫害诱导的植物挥发物:植物与植食性昆虫及其天敌相互作用的进化产物

综述了植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌相互作用的进化过程。虫害诱导的植物挥发物的特征和功能是植物-植食性昆虫-天敌之间长期进化的结果。在植物、植食性昆虫与天敌相互作用的进化过程中,3个不同营养级,包括植物、植食性昆虫和天敌有着各自的调节和利用虫害诱导的植物挥发物的策略。但有一些问题,如通过实验研究得出的诱导防御在田间是否真正能起到保护作用等需进一步研究、阐明。     

次生物质在植物与昆虫协同进化中的意义

次生物质是植物次级低谢的产物,它在植物与昆虫协同进化中起着主导作用。本文通过介绍次生物质在植物化学防御中的作用,昆虫对次生物质的适应及其利用等内容,阐述了次生物质在植物与昆虫协同进化中的意义。     

昆虫植食对植物有性生殖的影响

植物在个体发育的各个阶段都与不同的群落成员相互作用,如竞争的植物、有益的传粉者和敌对的植食动物。昆虫植食在各类生态系统中普遍存在,并可能对植物有性生殖产生各种影响。植食昆虫可通过对植物有性生殖结构的消耗直接对植物生殖产生影响,也可通过影响植物资源分配和花性状等改变传粉者服务,从而间接对植物有性生殖带来正面、负面或中性的影响。同一植物的植食昆虫和传粉者往往对植物的吸引性状 （如花大小、气味、颜色等）有相同的偏好,因此植食者与传粉者均能对植物有性生殖性状施加选择压力。本文从昆虫植食对植物有性生殖的直接影响、间接影响以及植食昆虫对植物有性生殖性状选择的影响三个方面进行综述,以期为昆虫植食和生物资源多样性保护相关研究提供参考。     

THE GEOGRAPHICAL MOSAIC OF COEVOLUTION IN A PLANT–POLLINATOR MUTUALISM

Although coevolution is widely accepted as a concept, its importance as a driving factor in biological diversification is still being debated. Because coevolution operates mainly at the population level, reciprocal coadaptations should result in trait covariation among populations of strongly interacting species. A long-tongued fly ( Prosoeca ganglbaueri ) and its primary floral food plant ( Zaluzianskya microsiphon ) were studied across both of their geographical ranges. The dimensions of the fly's proboscis and the flower's corolla tube length varied significantly among sites and were strongly correlated with each other. In addition, the match between tube length of flowers and tongue length of flies was found to affect plant fitness. The relationship between flower tube length and fly proboscis length remained significant in models that included various alternative environmental (altitude, longitude, latitude) and allometric (fly body size, flower diameter) predictor variables. We conclude that coevolution is a compelling explanation for the geographical covariation in flower depth and fly proboscis length.     

中国农业生态系统昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值评估

所有开花植物中大约有80%的物种需要动物作为授粉媒介。系统介绍了中国重要栽培作物花的结构和类型,授粉过程、媒介和方式,作物对昆虫授粉的依赖程度,昆虫授粉功能与服务的概念,以及昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值量的评估方法;同时评估了我国各省农业生态系统中昆虫对重要作物的授粉功能量与服务价值量。结果表明:粮食作物、水果作物、蔬菜作物和经济作物不同程度的依赖昆虫授粉。根据2015年主要农作物产量、作物产品价格、昆虫授粉依赖程度等数据,计算得出昆虫对我国22类主要农作物的授粉功能量为1.8亿吨农产品产量和授粉服务价值为8860.5亿元(占当年GDP的1.3%),具有巨大的经济价值。2015年昆虫对主要栽培作物的授粉功能量和服务价值排在前五名的都是山东、河南、河北、陕西和新疆,年授粉服务价值均大于500亿元,反映出这5个省的主要农作物对昆虫授粉依赖程度较高。昆虫对作物的授粉功能量评价有助于了解昆虫对作物生物量或产量的生物学和生态学效应以及作物对昆虫授粉的需求。昆虫对作物的授粉服务价值评估有助于掌握昆虫授粉为人类所带来的经济效应或经济价值,并帮助决策维持或增强授粉昆虫多样性和种群数量的人力、物力和财力投入。     

Do multiple herbivores maintain chemical diversity of Scots pine monoterpenes?

A central issue in our understanding of the evolution of the diversity of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) is whether or not compounds are functional, conferring an advantage to the plant, or non-functional. We examine the hypothesis that the diversity of monoterpene PSMs within a plant species (Scots pine Pinus sylvestris) may be explained by different compounds acting as defences against high-impact herbivores operating at different life stages. We also hypothesize that pairwise coevolution, with uncorrelated interactions, is more likely to result in greater PSM diversity, than diffuse coevolution. We tested whether up to 13 different monoterpenes in Scots pine were inhibitory to herbivory by slugs (Arion ater), bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), each of which attack trees at a different life stage. Plants containing more α-pinene were avoided by both slugs and capercaillie, which may act as reinforcing selective agents for this dominant defensive compound. Herbivory by red deer and capercaillie were, respectively, weakly negatively associated with δ(3)-carene, and strongly negatively correlated with the minor compound β-ocimene. Three of the four herbivores are probably contributory selective agents on some of the terpenes, and thus maintain some, but by no means all, of the phytochemical diversity in the species. The correlated defensive function of α-pinene against slugs and capercaillie is consistent with diffuse coevolutionary processes.     

Do major host shifts spark diversification in butterflies?

The Escape and Radiate Hypothesis posits that herbivorous insects and their host plants diversify through antagonistic coevolutionary adaptive radiation. For more than 50 years, it has inspired predictions about herbivorous insect macro‐evolution, but only recently have the resources begun to fall into place for rigorous testing of those predictions. Here, with comparative phylogenetic analyses of nymphalid butterflies, we test two of these predictions: that major host switches tend to increase species diversification and that such increases will be proportional to the scope of ecological opportunity afforded by a particular novel host association. We find that by and large the effect of major host‐use changes on butterfly diversity is the opposite of what was predicted; although it appears that the evolution of a few novel host associations can cause short‐term bursts of speciation, in general, major changes in host use tend to be linked to significant long‐term decreases in butterfly species richness.     

Evolution of insect-plant relationships — a devil''s advocate approach

Most hypotheses concerning the evolution of insect-plant relationships are based on the assumptions that, (1) phytophagous insects reduce plant fitness, and that (2) insect-plant relationships are the result of unconstrained selection. It can be shown, however, that there is little evidence to support these assumptions. As an alternative, it is proposed that the evolution of insect-plant relationships results primarily from autonomous evolutionary events; namely from heritable functional changes within the insects' nervous system that determine plant recognition and ultimately host plant specificity. These changes cannot be evoked by selective ecological agents. They originate from intrinsic changes (mutationssensu lato) within the insect genome. Ecological factors play a secondary role: by either supporting or preventing the establishment of the new genotype with the novel food preference. This paper has been dedicated in warm friendship to Professor Louis M. Schoonhoven, the leading scientist in sensory physiology of phytophagous insects, on the occasion of his 60th birthday.     

基于VOSviewer和CiteSpace的昆虫肠道微生物领域可视化分析

【背景】近年来,昆虫肠道微生物领域受到科研工作者的广泛关注,相应发表了大量的科研论文和著作。然而目前尚缺乏对昆虫肠道微生物全面、系统的文献计量分析。【目的】了解国内外昆虫肠道微生物领域的历史、研究热点和新兴趋势。【方法】以昆虫肠道微生物为搜索主题对中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)数据库和Web of Science (WOS)数据库进行检索,利用文献计量工具VOSviewer和Cite Space对关键词进行分析。【结果】1991-2022年间该领域全球研究发文量整体呈现上升趋势,国内外对昆虫肠道微生物领域的关注点和研究方向逐渐扩大。关键词聚类锚定了3个新兴研究领域：昆虫饮食(insect meal)、次生代谢物(secondary metabolites)和生物降解(biodegradation)。【结论】基于文献计量学研究的发现提供了昆虫肠道微生物领域的现状和趋势,可能有助于确定该领域的热点话题和探索新的方向。