河南绒毛白蜡无性系的数量分类研究

采用系统聚类分析中的最短距离法等５种方法,红绒毛白蜡１５个无性系进行系统聚类。聚类分析结果与其形态分类相吻合,其中５种方法中以离差平方和法和最长距离法为最佳,从而为进行绒毛白绒毛白蜡种下系统分类和无性系研究,提供了新的手段和科学依据。     

种子萌发期4种植物对干旱胁迫的响应及其抗旱性评价研究

用不同浓度PEG-6000的1/2Hoagland溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,对沙枣、柠条、杠柳、白蜡4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数进行研究.结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数呈下降趋势,且白蜡下降幅度最大,但柠条、沙枣、杠柳的抗旱指数显著高于白蜡;(2)4种植物种子的逐日萌发率和胚根日变化表明:低浓度PEG-6000对柠条和杠柳的种子萌发具有较好的诱发作用,白蜡和杠柳种子萌发比较集中,沙枣和柠条相对比较分散;沙枣、柠条和白蜡胚根生长呈线性增长,而杠柳呈指数式增长;(3)采用隶属函数法对干旱胁迫下4种植物的相对萌发率、相对鲜重、抗旱指数、相对活力指数进行综合评价的结果显示,4种植物种子萌发阶段的抗旱性次序为:柠条>沙枣>杠柳>白蜡.     

绒毛白蜡的核型分析

应用根尖压片法对木樨科白蜡属绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明:绒毛白蜡体细胞染色体数目为2n=22,核型公式为:K(2n)=22=20m 2 sm,属于"1A"类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=4L 10M2 8M1。     

盐碱地绒毛白蜡和苦楝种子抗盐萌发机理

将盐碱地和正常地上采集的绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)和苦楝(Melia azedarach)种子在不同盐浓度下做发芽实验, 测定两类种子的发芽指标和幼苗的生理生化指标, 比较两种种子在不同盐胁迫下的发芽情况、幼苗保护性酶活性、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的差异。结果表明: 绒毛白蜡比苦楝种子抗盐萌发能力强, 比较适合在盐碱地上种植。正常地上采集的两类种子的各项发芽指标高于盐碱地上采集的相应种子, 产自正常地的绒毛白蜡种子活力随盐胁迫的增强而逐渐增大, 苦楝却相反。盐碱地上采集的两类种子形成的幼苗的保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量高于正常地上采集的相应种子形成的幼苗, 以绒毛白蜡幼苗为最高; 丙二醛含量则是产自盐碱地的幼苗低于正常地幼苗, 以绒毛白蜡为最低。     

绒毛白蜡的核型分析

应用根尖压片法对木樨科白蜡属绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明:绒毛白蜡体细胞染色体数目为2n=22,核型公式为:K(2n)=22=20m+2 sm,属于"1A"类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=4L+10M₂+8M₁。     

盐碱地绒毛白蜡和苦楝种子抗盐萌发机理

将盐碱地和正常地上采集的绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)和苦楝(Melia azedarach)种子在不同盐浓度下做发芽实验,测定两类种子的发芽指标和幼苗的生理生化指标,比较两种种子在不同盐胁迫下的发芽情况、幼苗保护性酶活性、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的差异.结果表明:绒毛白蜡比苦楝种子抗盐萌发能力强,比较适合在盐碱地上种植.正常地上采集的两类种子的各项发芽指标高于盐碱地上采集的相应种子,产自正常地的绒毛白蜡种子活力随盐胁迫的增强而逐渐增大,苦楝却相反.盐碱地上采集的两类种子形成的幼苗的保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量高于正常地上采集的相应种子形成的幼苗,以绒毛白蜡幼苗为最高;丙二醛含量则是产自盐碱地的幼苗低于正常地幼苗,以绒毛白蜡为最低.     

盐胁迫对荆条、白蜡、沙枣种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl、Na₂CO₃混合盐胁迫梯度,对荆条、白蜡和沙枣种子进行了种子萌发实验,观察了3个物种在盐胁迫下的发芽率、发芽速度和胚根生长,比较了光照和黑暗条件下3种植物种子的萌发差异。结果表明：光照对3种植物种子的萌发有明显的促进作用,但对胚根生长的影响却各不相同。低浓度混合盐溶液对荆条、白蜡种子萌发有促进作用,对沙枣有轻度抑制。当盐胁迫浓度超过0.8%,3种植物种子的萌发均受到不良影响,尤其对荆条的影响较大。3种植物均能在盐渍化生境中生长,3者均可作为园林植物在天津试验栽培。沙枣在天津塘沽地区盐碱地上进行广泛种植完全具有可行性。     

3种园林树木种子萌发期耐盐性研究

以杠柳、白蜡和孩儿拳3种绿化树种为材料,在室内设置5个NaCl胁迫梯度,系统测定了其种子的萌发、生长和生理生化指标及其耐盐临界值,并用隶属函数法综合评价了它们在种子萌发期的耐盐性.结果表明:随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,杠柳、白蜡和孩儿拳种子的萌发率、萌发指数、胚根生长速率、胚轴生长速率、种子活力指数和相对含水量均呈逐渐下降趋势,且相同盐处理的指标值及各指标的耐盐临界值均表现为杠柳>白蜡>孩儿拳;随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,杠柳和白蜡的SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量分别呈现先降后升、先升后降和保持较低水平的趋势,而孩儿拳则分别表现出先升后降、持续下降和大幅先降再升的趋势;各树种隶属函数法综合评价的耐盐性依次为杠柳>白蜡>孩儿拳.可见,各树种种子萌发和生长均受到不同程度盐胁迫伤害,杠柳的耐盐性明显强于白蜡和孩儿拳.     

花曲柳窄吉丁的寄主植物范围、危害和防治对策

花曲柳窄吉丁(emerald ash borer, EAB) Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire是木犀科（Oleaceae）梣属Fraxinus植物树木的毁灭性蛀干害虫,目前发现其主要危害欧梣亚属Subgen. Fraxinus欧梣组(Section Fraxinus)和象蜡树组（Section Meliodes）的一些树木种类,如美国白蜡Fraxinus americana、洋白蜡F. pennsylvanica var subintegerrima、绒毛白蜡F. velutina、黑白蜡F. nigra和水曲柳F. mandshurica等。与早期文献上的记载不同,很少发现花曲柳窄吉丁对苦枥木亚属Subgen. Ornus白蜡树组(Section Ornaster)的白蜡树F. chinensis Roxb和花曲柳F. rhynchophylla造成危害。不同寄主白蜡树对花曲柳窄吉丁的敏感性不同,洋白蜡、绒毛白蜡等北美白蜡树种受其危害重于亚洲的水曲柳。这可能是由于长期的适应进化,分布在亚洲地区的梣属寄主树木发展了对花曲柳窄吉丁的抗虫性。中国部分地区发生的花曲柳窄吉丁灾害应该归属于引进的北美白蜡树种对本地害虫敏感所致。在天津、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、山东、四川、台湾、内蒙古和新疆等省市和自治区,都曾发现花曲柳窄吉丁的危害或分布。白蜡属树木广泛分布于我国除了青藏地区和海南省之外的大部分地区,其中大面积引种北美白蜡树种的北方和西北地区,以及近年来种植发展水曲柳的东北地区都是花曲柳窄吉丁这种毁灭性蛀干害虫的潜在发生地。花曲柳窄吉丁在我国部分地区为检疫性林业害虫,做好检疫是杜绝其扩散蔓延的首要方法。我国局部地区出现花曲柳窄吉丁灾害说明,北美白蜡树种在我国的适应性还需要进行更进一步科学的全面的风险评估,在我国生态建设中应重视利用我国本地的白蜡树种。在花曲柳窄吉丁灾害的治理中,可采用营造混交林以降低蔓延的速度和发挥自然控制能力,加强肥水管理以增强树木的抗虫能力,清除被害木消灭虫源,以及幼虫期树干注射、成虫期喷洒化学农药等防治措施。     

北方泥质海岸防护林生态工程的研究

对泥质海岸防护林体系建设中造林树种选择、土壤改良和生态工程造林技术措施的分析表明,在轻度盐碱地可栽植绒毛白蜡、群众杨、刺槐、109柳;在中度盐碱地修台田并压沙后可栽植沙枣、群众杨、刺槐、绒毛白蜡及辽河杨耐盐品系;在苏打盐渍土地修台田压稻乱后栽植沙枣、辽河杨耐盐品系;在重盐土地上进行土壤改良及工程措施后栽植柽柳、沙枣.     

白蜡属种间杂交子代木质素含量变异及FmPAL核苷酸多态性关联分析

研究水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）×大叶白蜡（Fraxinus rhynchophylla）、水曲柳×小叶白蜡（Fraxinus sogdiana）和水曲柳×绒毛白蜡（Fraxinus velutina）的3个杂交组合与母本自由授粉子代木质素含量的遗传变异及FmPAL核苷酸多态性相关性,为水曲柳遗传育种和定向改良奠定基础。以东北林业大学帽儿山林场白蜡属种间杂交组合及母本自由授粉子代共176个无性系的水曲柳当年新生枝为材料,测定木质素的含量,进行木质素含量差异、变异参数及均值比较分析,并对木质素及其合成相关基因PAL进行分子水平的联合分析。结果表明：白蜡属各杂交组合间木质素含量差异极显著,各杂交组的木质素含量均与母本自由授粉子代水曲柳差异显著。其中大多数杂交子代水曲柳的木质素含量高于母本水曲柳木质素平均含量。本研究中的水曲柳群体的PAL基因单倍体多样性值达到了0.999 7,属高水平,证实了FmPAL基因具有较高的变异,且存在3个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点与木质素含量显著相关。主要结论：水曲柳各杂交组合的木质素含量存在显著性差异,FmPAL基因中SNP位点与木质素含量显著相关。     

Vulnerability to xylem cavitation and the distribution of Sonoran Desert vegetation

We studied 15 riparian and upland Sonoran desert species to evaluate how the limitation of xylem pressure (Ψ(x)) by cavitation corresponded with plant distribution along a moisture gradient. Riparian species were obligate riparian trees (Fraxinus velutina, Populus fremontii, and Salix gooddingii), native shrubs (Baccharis spp.), and an exotic shrub (Tamarix ramosissima). Upland species were evergreen (Juniperus monosperma, Larrea tridentata), drought-deciduous (Ambrosia dumosa, Encelia farinosa, Fouquieria splendens, Cercidium microphyllum), and winter-deciduous (Acacia spp., Prosopis velutina) trees and shrubs. For each species, we measured the "vulnerability curve" of stem xylem, which shows the decrease in hydraulic conductance from cavitation as a function of Ψ(x) and the Ψ(crit) representing the pressure at complete loss of transport. We also measured minimum in situ Ψ(x)(Ψ(xmin)) during the summer drought. Species in desert upland sites were uniformly less vulnerable to cavitation and exhibited lower Ψ(xmin) than riparian species. Values of Ψ(crit) were correlated with minimum Ψ(x). Safety margins (Ψ(xmin)-Ψ(crit)) tended to increase with decreasing Ψ(xmin) and were small enough that the relatively vulnerable riparian species could not have conducted water at the Ψ(x) experienced in upland habitats (-4 to -10 MPa). Maintenance of positive safety margins in riparian and upland habitats was associated with minimal to no increase in stem cavitation during the summer drought. The absence of less vulnerable species from the riparian zone may have resulted in part from a weak but significant trade-off between decreasing vulnerability to cavitation and conducting efficiency. These data suggest that cavitation vulnerability limits plant distribution by defining maximum drought tolerance across habitats and influencing competitive ability of drought tolerant species in mesic habitats.     

基于响应面法的白蜡属花粉离体萌发培养基优化

基于Box-Behnken设计(Box-Behnken design, BBD)的响应面法, 对绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)、新疆小叶白蜡(F. sogdiana)和美国白蜡(F. americana)3个树种花粉的离体萌发培养基成分进行了研究。以花粉萌发率为响应指标, 建立了3种培养基成分(蔗糖、CaCl₂和H₃BO₃)与花粉萌发率间的响应关系模型。在此基础上, 通过无约束优化设计得到了3个树种花粉的最佳萌发条件。 结果表明, 蔗糖是影响花粉萌发的最主要因素, 当蔗糖浓度一定时, CaCl₂和H₃BO₃之间交互作用明显。同时还对响应面建模优化后得到的最佳萌发培养基进行了验证, 结果表明: 上述3种花粉的实际萌发率依次为58.33%、69.71%和59.42%, 均与优化得到的理论响应值相吻合, 同时也验证了基于BBD响应面模型进行花粉离体萌发条件优化方法的有效性。     

Encounter with New Resources Causes Polarized Growth of the Cord-Forming Basidiomycete Phanerochaete velutina on Soil

Abstract The development and physiology of cord-forming saprotrophic basidiomycetes, which form extensive and persistent mycelial networks in woodland ecosystems, can be conveniently studied on non-sterile soil in laboratory microcosms mimicking field conditions. Morphological responses of Phanerochaete velutina mycelial systems to resource encounters, and decay partitioning following encounters, varied according to whether simulated woody litter was unsterile or autoclaved and on whether encounter took place at the mycelial foraging front or behind the margin (simulating litter fall onto established systems in the field). Results show that encounter of discrete resources by P. velutina is rapidly communicated to the entire mycelial system; that resource capture takes high priority at the expense of continued system extension and decay-derived carbon reallocation; and that polarized growth toward newly encountered resources, previously considered to occur infrequently with this species, may be readily detected using image analysis techniques. Potential advantages of polarized development of P. velutina are discussed.     

黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

为探讨黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,通过高通量测序技术分析比较了刺槐白蜡混交林及刺槐纯林、白蜡纯林土壤细菌群落结构及多样性。结果表明:(1)混交林与两种纯林土壤细菌群落共36门。酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门(相对丰度大于10%)为刺槐白蜡混交林与两种纯林土壤中共有的优势菌群;硝化螺旋菌门为刺槐纯林土壤中的优势菌群。不同人工林土壤中各门细菌相对丰度差异显著。(2)混交改变了土壤细菌群落结构,提高了细菌多样性。刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌物种数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数分别为1934.5、2629.1、9.1,显著高于两种纯林。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤含水量与放线菌门细菌呈显著正相关;pH与芽单胞菌门细菌呈极显著正相关,与酸杆菌门细菌呈显著负相关。细菌多样性与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与速效钾、有机质含量呈显著负相关。研究表明,刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌群落结构与两种纯林之间有一定差异,多样性差异显著,刺槐白蜡混交改变细菌群落结构,提高细菌多样性。     

Drought and shade deplete nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in seedlings of five temperate tree species

Plants that store nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) may rely on carbon reserves to survive carbon‐limiting stress, assuming that reserves can be mobilized. We asked whether carbon reserves decrease in resource stressed seedlings, and if NSC allocation is related to species' relative stress tolerances. We tested the effects of stress (shade, drought, and defoliation) on NSC in seedlings of five temperate tree species (Acer rubrum Marsh., Betula papyrifera Marsh., Fraxinus americana L., Quercus rubra L., and Quercus velutina Lam.). In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings were subjected to combinations of shade, drought, and defoliation. We harvested seedlings over 32–97 days and measured biomass and NSC concentrations in stems and roots to estimate depletion rates. For all species and treatments, except for defoliation, seedling growth and NSC accumulation ceased. Shade and drought combined caused total NSC decreases in all species. For shade or drought alone, only some species experienced decreases. Starch followed similar patterns as total NSC, but soluble sugars increased under drought for drought‐tolerant species. These results provide evidence that species deplete stored carbon in response to carbon limiting stress and that species differences in NSC response may be important for understanding carbon depletion as a buffer against shade‐ and drought‐induced mortality.     

Cover Caption

Vespa velutina is the first Vespidae predator of honeybees to be accidentally introduced into Europe from Asia. This invasive hornet species typically hunts domestic honeybees by hovering at the hive entrance. Our capture‐markrecapture study shows that within the apiary, the distribution of V. velutina is heterogeneous. This is not related to the honeybee colony size but could reflect the variability in defensiveness between colonies (see pages 765–774). Photoed by Karine Monceau.     

表面活性剂对长柔毛委陵菜(Potentilla griffithii var. velutina)修复重金属污染的促进作用

研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(TritonX-100)等不同离子类型的表面活性剂对水稻土中重金属的解吸效果,并采用盆栽实验研究了上述3种表面活性剂对Zn超富集植物长柔毛委陵菜(Potentilla griffithii var. velutina)的生物量、吸收和富集重金属的影响.结果表明:CTAB对水稻土中Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu的解吸效果好于SDBS和TritonX-100,而且3种表面活性剂对各重金属的解吸率大小都为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb.3种表面活性剂促进长柔毛委陵菜叶、柄和根的生物量增加了0.2～2.5倍,并且长柔毛委陵菜各部位的生物量大小为叶>柄>根.3种表面活性剂都增加了长柔毛委陵菜各部位对Zn、Cd吸收及其叶和柄对Pb、Cu的吸收,同时显著促进Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu从植物根部向地上部转运,从而增加了Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu在长柔毛委陵菜地上部的提取量和分布以及长柔毛委陵菜对Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu的富集能力;因此3种表面活性剂都提高了长柔毛委陵菜修复重金属污染土壤的效率.