一步法生产1,5-戊二胺谷氨酸棒杆菌基因工程菌的构建

1,5-戊二胺是一种重要的化工原料,发酵法生产1,5-戊二胺是一条新颖且具有潜在竞争力的生产途径。以蜂房哈夫尼菌(Hafnia alvei)AS1.1009基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增,得到大小约为2.2kb的赖氨酸脱羧酶基因ldc。以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)/谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)穿梭质粒pXMJl9为载体,将扩增得到的目的基因片段克隆至谷氨酸棒杆菌C.glutamicum TK260512,获得重组菌株C.glutamicum TK260512/pXMJl9-ldc.在摇瓶发酵水平上,通过IPTG诱导ldc基因的表达,并采用反相高效液相色谱方法测定了发酵液中1,5-戊二胺的含量,结果显示,经36h发酵,工程菌C.glutamicum TK260512/pXMJ19-ldc的1,5-戊二胺产量为0.96g/L。     

生物法合成戊二胺研究进展

随着经济快速发展,大气污染和全球变暖的趋势日益恶化。世界上每年消耗大量石化资源来源的聚酰胺,戊二胺作为聚酰胺的重要组成单体,生物法合成戊二胺具有经济学和生态学双重意义。目前,生物法合成戊二胺的工程菌主要有谷氨酸棒状杆菌和大肠杆菌,文中从微生物中戊二胺的代谢、戊二胺合成途径的关键酶和转运蛋白、戊二胺生产最佳代谢途径和戊二胺产量的预测、代谢工程研究进展等方面综述了生物法合成戊二胺的最新研究现状和进展,并对其前景进行了展望。     

产酸克雷伯氏菌赖氨酸脱羧酶的异源表达及粗酶性质

赖氨酸脱羧酶,可以催化赖氨酸脱羧生成戊二胺。戊二胺是重要的平台化合物,可以合成新型聚酰胺材料、脂肪族异氰酸酯等新材料。本研究对来自于产酸克雷伯氏菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶进行异源表达。以pUC18质粒为载体,将来源于产酸克雷伯氏菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶基因ldc克隆到大肠杆菌,得到菌株LN18。在添加0.5 mmol/L IPTG的LB培养基中,对LN18进行摇瓶培养,发酵液酶活可达到35 U/g发酵液,从发酵液制备的赖氨酸脱羧酶粗酶蛋白的酶活可以达到30 000 U/g粗蛋白。产酸克雷伯氏菌赖氨酸脱羧粗酶蛋白大小约80 kDa,粗酶的最适温度和pH值分别为55℃和5.5,与文献中报道的大肠杆菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶Cad A在pH 8.0几乎没有酶活不同,产酸克雷伯氏菌的赖氨酸脱羧酶在pH 8.0的酶活达到最优pH下酶活的30%以上。金属离子对酶活有一定的影响,Mg~(2+)对酶活有促进作用,Fe~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)有一定的抑制作用。     

腈水解酶克隆表达、固定化及分子改造的研究进展

随着基因工程技术的快速发展,通过对不同菌株腈水解酶基因的分析,将其克隆到表达菌株内,可以构建高效并且稳定的基因工程菌。对腈水解酶进行分子改造可以明显提高酶的活性、稳定性、底物耐受性和底物特异性等性能,为腈水解酶的工业化应用提供了可能。综述了腈水解酶的来源、结构、催化机制、克隆表达、固定化及分子改造等方面的研究进展。同时对腈水解酶的研究进行了展望,具有重要的指导意义。     

细菌L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶的分子机制及分子改造研究进展

L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶能够催化L-天冬氨酸生成β-丙氨酸,是泛酸代谢中的关键酶之一,对生物体中的能量代谢和脂肪代谢至关重要。细菌L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶属于丙酮酰依赖型的一类酶,具有特别的翻译后加工机制和底物失活作用,本文对L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶的分子机制和分子改造进行了综述,并对其在β-丙氨酸合成方面的应用进行了展望。     

谷氨酸脱羧酶的分子改造及酶学性质研究

以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)来源的谷氨酸脱羧酶(GadB)为研究对象,通过组合突变,获得了pH适用范围拓宽、催化活力提高和稳定性增强的组合突变体M2。与野生型GadB-WT相比,组合突变体M2的pH适用范围有效拓宽,在pH6.0时催化活力比GadB-WT提高113.43%。之后对含有M2突变体基因重组菌的发酵培养基和诱导条件进行优化,优化后单位培养基酶活力比未优化时提高了104.13%。在此基础上对M2的酶学性质进行测定,测得其最适pH为5.0,最适温度为37℃。通过稳定性测定M2的pH稳定性和热稳定性与野生型GadB-WT相比都有一定程度的增强。M2的动力学参数K_m值为7.316μmol/L,k_cat为13.387 s^-1,k_cat/K_m为1.830 L/(s·μmol)。研究获得的组合突变体M2进一步丰富了催化合成γ-氨基丁酸的GadB突变体酶库,具有良好应用前景。     

利用固定化啤酒酵母合成5'-核苷三磷酸

固定化啤酒酵母细胞由5’-核苷一磷酸(NMPs)合成5’-核苷三磷酸(NTPs)。在250mL摇瓶中加入20g固定化酵母细胞和20mL反应液(NMP 40mmol/L,葡萄糖150mmol/L,K2HPO4-KH2PO4缓冲液250 mmol/L,硫酸镁10mmol/L),pH 7.0,35℃,反应2.5h,NTP转化率达到80%。底物溶液添加NAD 后,该固定化酵母细胞可反复使用10次,NTP的转化率稳定维持在70%以上。     

苏氨酸醛缩酶的催化机理、分子改造及合成应用

苏氨酸醛缩酶催化醛和甘氨酸羟醛缩合,一步反应即可构建产物β-羟基-α-氨基酸的两个手性中心,从原子经济性和环境影响角度,是非常具有潜力的绿色合成光学纯β-羟基-α-氨基酸的方式之一.多个不同生物来源的苏氨酸醛缩酶得到分离和表征,较低的β-碳立体选择性以及反应过程中动力学和热力学控制难题,使其在合成应用中面临很大挑战.文...     

赖氨酸-尸胺反向转运蛋白cadB基因谷氨酸棒杆菌表达载体的构建及转化

旨在提高谷氨酸棒杆菌合成尸胺的能力,将CadB克隆至谷氨酸棒杆菌中,与LDC共表达,在谷氨酸棒杆菌合成尸胺的同时,帮助尸胺转运至细胞外,解除尸胺的反馈抑制作用。谷氨酸棒杆菌能够高产赖氨酸脱羧酶的底物L-赖氨酸,但不含ldc和cadB基因,因而不能够直接合成尸胺。从E.coliK12中克隆出赖氨酸-尸胺反向转运蛋白基因,与绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp融合构建成融合表达载体pXBG,并转化至谷氨酸棒杆菌进行诱导表达,结果表明表达的CadB蛋白可以正确的定位于谷氨酸棒杆菌的细胞膜上。将基因cadB连接到含有赖氨酸脱羧酶基因的pXMJ19-ldc上,构建成能够共表达赖氨酸脱羧酶和赖氨酸-尸胺反向转运蛋白的重组质粒pXLB,并转化到谷氨酸棒杆菌中。     

抗菌肽结构与功能关系及分子改造研究进展

抗菌肽是生物体产生的一种具有抗菌活性的多肽小分子,具有广谱、特异性的抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等作用。研究表明抗菌肽的正电荷含量、疏水性和肽链结构对抗菌肽的活性至关重要的。围绕以上三个方面对抗菌肽进行分子设计和改造,以期更加有效地提高抗菌肽的抗菌活性,获得到更加高效、低毒的抗菌肽产品。该文主要通过抗菌肽结构与功能的关系,介绍抗菌肽分子设计的研究进展。     

Metabolic engineering to improve 1,5-diaminopentane production from cellobiose using β-glucosidase-secreting Corynebacterium glutamicum

Microbial production of 1,5-diaminopentane (DAP) from renewable feedstock is a promising and sustainable approach for the production of polyamides. In this study, we constructed a β-glucosidase (BGL)-secreting Corynebacterium glutamicum and successfully used this strain to produce DAP from cellobiose and glucose. First, C. glutamicum was metabolically engineered to produce l -lysine (a direct precursor of DAP), followed by the coexpression of l -lysine decarboxylase and BGL derived from Escherichia coli and Thermobifida fusca YX (Tfu0937), respectively. This new engineered C. glutamicum strain produced 27 g/L of DAP from cellobiose in CGXII minimal medium using fed-batch cultivation. The yield of DAP was 0.43 g/g glucose (1 g of cellobiose corresponds to 1.1 g of glucose), which is the highest yield reported to date. These results demonstrate the feasibility of DAP production from cellobiose or cellooligosaccharides using an engineered C. glutamicum strain.     

Functional classification of amino acid decarboxylases from the alanine racemase structural family by phylogenetic studies

Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are involved in the biosynthesis of putrescine, which is the precursor of other polyamines in animals, plants, and bacteria. These pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent decarboxylases belong to the alanine racemase (AR) structural family together with diaminopimelate decarboxylase (DapDC), which catalyzes the final step of lysine biosynthesis in bacteria. We have constructed a multiple-sequence alignment of decarboxylases in the AR structural family and, based on the alignment, inferred phylogenetic trees. The phylogenetic tree consists of 3 distinct clades formed by ADC, DapDC, and ODC that diverged from an ancestral decarboxylase. The ancestral decarboxylase probably was able to recognize several substrates, and in archaea and bacteria, ODC may have retained the ability to bind other amino acids. Previously, a paralogue of ODC has been proposed to account for ADC activity detected in mammalian cells. According to our results, this appears unlikely, emphasizing the need for more caution in functional assignment made using sequence data and illustrating the continuing value of phylogenetic analysis in clarifying relationships and putative functions.     

Brain succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase: identification of reactive lysyl residues labeled with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate

An NAD+ dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from bovine brain was inactivated by pyridoxal-5'- phosphate. Spectral evidence is presented to indicate that the inactivation proceeds through formation of a Schiff's base with amino groups of the enzyme. After NaBH(4) reduction of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate inactivated enzyme, it was observed that 3.8 mol phosphopyridoxyl residues were incorporated/enzyme tetramer. The coenzyme, NAD+, protected the enzyme against inactivation by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The absorption spectrum of the reduced and dialyzed pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-inactivated enzyme showed a characteristic peak at 325 nm, which was absent in the spectrum of the native enzyme. The fluorescence spectrum of the pyridoxyl enzyme differs completely from that of the native enzyme. After tryptic digestion of the enzyme modified with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate followed by [3H]NaBH4 reduction, a radioactive peptide absorbing at 210 nm was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC. The sequences of the peptide containing the phosphopyridoxyllysine were clearly identical to sequences of other mammalian succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase brain species including human. It is suggested that the catalytic function of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase is modulated by binding of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate to specific Lys(347) residue at or near the coenzyme-binding site of the protein.     

The effect of cadaverine on the formation of anabasine from lysine in hairy root cultures of Nicotiana hesperis

Unlabelled cadaverine did not diminish the incorporation into anabasine of ¹⁴C from L-[U-¹⁴C] lysine supplied to hairy root cultures of Nicotiana nesperis, despite causing a stimulation of anabasine production. The finding is discussed in the context of previous observations indicating that free cadaverine is not an intermediate in the biosynthesis of anabasine from lysine.     

Nucleoside triphosphate metabolism in the muscle tissue of Ascaris lumbricoides (Nematoda)

Barrett J. 1973. Nucleoside triphosphate metabolism in muscle tissue of Ascaris lumbricoides (Nematoda). International Journal for Parasitology3: 393–400. Nucleosidediphosphate kinase and adenylate kinase were found to be extremely active in Ascaris muscle. Apart from adenylate kinase, no other nucleosidemonophosphate kinases could be detected. There was no measurable AMP deaminase activity or arginine or creatine phosphokinase activity in Ascaris muscle. Analysis of perchlorate extracts of freeze clamped Ascaris muscle revealed no arginine or creatine phosphate and negligible amounts of acid labile phosphate. Adenosine tri-, di- and monophosphates were the major nucleotides, constituting 93 per cent of the total, with only small amounts of inosine and guanosine di- and triphosphates being detected. The significance of these results in the energy metabolism of Ascaris muscle is discussed.     

A continual spectrophotometric assay for amino acid decarboxylases

A spectrophotometric method for assaying the activity of three amino acid decarboxylases is reported. This method makes use of the coupled reaction of the decarboxylase with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase. The assay is simple and rapid and allows continuous monitoring of the reaction progress. The kinetic parameters obtained using this method for diaminopimelate decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, and arginine decarboxylase are comparable to values obtained by radiochemical methods.     

A direct enzymatic evaluation platform (DEEP) to fine-tuning pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent proteins for cadaverine production

Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (pyridoxal phosphate, PLP) is an essential cofactor for multiple enzymatic reactions in industry. However, cofactor engineering based on PLP regeneration and related to the performance of enzymes in chemical production has rarely been discussed. First, we found that MG1655 strain was sensitive to nitrogen source and relied on different amino acids, thus the biomass was significantly reduced when PLP excess in the medium. Then, the six KEIO collection strains were applied to find out the prominent gene in deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) pathway, where pdxB was superior in controlling cell growth. Therefore, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi) targeted on pdxB in MG1655 was employed to establish a novel direct enzymatic evaluation platform (DEEP) as a high-throughput tool and obtained the optimal modules for incorporating of PLP to enhance the biomass and activity of PLP-dependent enzymes simultaneously. As a result, the biomass has increased by 55% using P_lacI promoter driven pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase (PdxH) with a trace amount of precursor. When the strains incorporated DEEP and lysine decarboxylase (CadA), the cadaverine productivity was increased 32% due to the higher expression of CadA. DEEP is not only feasible for high-throughput screening of the best chassis for PLP engineering but also practical in fine-tuning the quantity and quality of enzymes.     

Crystallographic studies of drug-nucleic acid interactions: Proflavine intercalation between the non-complementary base-pairs of cytidilyl-3′,5′-adenosine

In order to get insights into the binding of dyes and mutagens with denatured and single-stranded nucleic acids and the possible implications in frameshift mutagenesis, a 1:1 complex between the non-self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphate cytidilyl-3′,5′-adenosine (CpA) and proflavine was crystallized. The crystals belong to the tetragonal space group P4₂2₁2 with cell constants $\text{a = b = 19.38(1)}\text{A}\text{?}\text{and}\text{c = 27.10(1)}\text{A}\text{?}$. The asymmetric unit contains one CpA, one proflavine and nine water molecules by weight. The structure was determined using Patterson and direct methods and refined to an R-value of 11% using 2454 diffractometer intensities.The non-self-complementary dinucleoside monophosphate CpA forms a selfpaired parallel chain dimer with a proflavine molecule intercalated between the protonated cytosine-cytosine (C · C) pair and the neutral adenine-adenine (A · A) pair. The dimer complex exhibits a right-handed helical twist and an irregular girth. The neutral A · A pair is doubly hydrogen-bonded through the N(6) and N(7) sites (C(1′)C(1′) distance: 10.97(2) Å) and the protonated C · C pair is triply hydrogen-bonded with a proton shared between the N(3) sites (C(1′)C(1′) distance: 9.59(2) Å). To accommodate the intercalating dye, the sugars of successive nucleotide residues adopt the two fundamental conformations (5′ end: 3′-endo, 3′ end: 2′-endo), the backbone adopts torsion angle values that fluctuate within their preferred conformational domains: the PO bonds (ω, ω′) adopt the characteristic helical (gauche^?-gauche^?) conformation, the CO bonds (φ, φ′) are both in the trans domain and the C(4′)C(5′) bonds (ψ) are in the gauche⁺ region. The bases of both residues are disposed in the preferred anti domain with the glycosyl torsion angles (χ) correlated to the puckering mode of the sugar so that the cytidine residue is C(3′)-endo, low χ (12 dg), and the adenosine residue is C(2′)-endo, high χ (84 °). The intercalated proflavine stacks more extensively with the C · C pair than the A · A pair. Between 4₂-related CpA proflavine units there is a second proflavine which stacks well with both the A · A and the C · C pairs sandwiching it. Both proflavine molecules are positionally disordered. In each of its two disordered sites, the intercalated proflavine forms hydrogen-bonded interactions with only one sugar-phosphate backbone. A total of 26 water sites has been characterized of which only two are fully occupied. These hydration sites are involved in an intricate network of hydrogen bonds with both the dye and CpA and provide insights on the various modes of interactions between water molecules and between water molecules and nucleic acids.The structure of the proflavine-CpA complex shows that intercalation of planar drugs can occur between non-complementary base-pairs. This result can be relevant for understanding the strong binding of acridine dyes to denatured DNA, single-stranded RNA, and single-stranded polynucleotides. Also, the ability of proflayine to promote self-pairs of adenine and cytosine bases could provide a chemical basis for an alternative mechanism of frameshift mutagenesis.