海南岛翼手类地理分布格局的聚类分析

2007年7月～2008年7月,对海南岛翼手类动物进行了物种多样性调查。按照《世界哺乳动物名典》和Simmons的分类系统进行分类,结合考察标本记录,整理调查结果和文献资料。统计海南岛翼手类动物计37种,隶属于2亚目7科（包括采集标本,计16种,隶属于2亚目4科）。依据分布型对其组成成分进行分析,结果表明海南岛翼手类动物东洋界种类相对较多,反映出强烈的华南区的特征;岛屿的影响表现在亚种分化和缺乏某些大陆类群。依物种组成对分布区进行聚类分析,结果呈现明显的四阶现象。根据物种多样性组成和聚类分析结果,可以认为以乐东、东方和陵水为主要区域范围的尖峰岭和吊罗山两大山系是目前统计海南岛翼手类物种分布的热点区。     

退化红壤植被恢复对土壤螨类群落结构的影响

对退化红壤地区的旱生性草坡、稀疏针叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林等4种植被恢复类型及裸地、顶级常绿阔叶林等2个对照样地的土壤螨类群落进行四季调查,共捕获4亚目53科,其中隐气门亚目27科（Cryptostigmata）,前气门亚目（Prostigmata）17科,中气门亚目（Mesostigmata）8科,无气门亚目（Astigmata）1科,优势类群为矮汉甲螨科（Nanhermanniidae）和单翼甲螨科（Haplozetidae）,常见类群包括若甲螨科（Oribatulidae）、盖头甲螨科（Tectocepheidae）等16科。应用个体密度、类群数、香农多样性、密度．类群DG指数、丰富度和均匀度、甲螨群落的MGP分析和捕食性螨类MI指数,研究其中螨类的群落结构特征。研究结果表明：不同植被类型土壤螨类群落差异显著,各项指标均以常绿阔叶林为最高,其次为稀疏针叶林,显著高于其它样地（P〈0．05）,针叶林和裸地处于最低水平。甲螨群落类群结构中,各植被类型中的甲螨群落均属于M型;甲螨个体密度结构类型中,裸地属于MP型,旱生性草坡属P型,常绿阔叶林属于O型,其它均属于M型。中气门螨类的MI指数在各植被类型没有明显的变化。DCA分析将6类型分为3类：裸地、常绿阔叶林各为一类,其余各类型归为一类,这显示了土壤螨类群落对植被恢复不同类型的响应。     

孑遗植物桫椤种群遗传变异的RAPD分析

应用 RAPD标记分析了桫椤分布在海南尖峰岭及霸王岭 ,广东塘朗山、黑石顶及大西山孑遗种群的遗传变异。 2 8个引物共检测到 1 1 8个位点 ,其中多态位点 33个 ,多态位点比率 2 7.97%。Shannon多样性、Nei遗传分化和分子方差分析 ( AMOVA)结果一致显示尖峰岭种群遗传多样性最大 ,霸王岭种群次之、塘郎山种群第三 ,黑石顶种群第四 ,而大西山种群最小。种群的遗传变异主要发生在种群间 ;Shannon指数测出的种群间遗传多样性所占比率为 79.1 0 % (基于表型频率 )和 77.85 % (基于基因频率 ) ,Nei基因分化系数 ( Gst)达 80 .69% ,分子方差分析也表明种群分化极为显著 ( Φst=0 .82 86,P<0 .0 0 1 )。桫椤的种内遗传多样性水平很低 ,种内 Shannon多样性仅为 0 .0 641 (基于表型频率 )和 0 .1 1 2 4 (基于基因频率 ) ,总基因多样性只有 0 .0 770。另外 ,Jaccard相似性系数的 UPGMA分析结果显示 5个种群分为两个分支 :尖峰岭种群和霸王岭种群组成一分支 ;黑石顶、塘郎山和大西山种群组成另一分支 ,并且三者中前两者的遗传关系更为密切。聚类分析结果还得到主成分分析的支持。根据桫椤种群的遗传变异特点 ,初步探讨了保护策略。     

南岭国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性与区系研究

广东南岭国家级自然保护区位于南岭山脉中段的核心区域,在生物进化史中具有特殊的地位。对栖息微环境变化敏感的蝶类是生态环境变化的指示物种,对其进行多样性和区系的研究,可为南岭蝶类资源的保护和利用等提供科学依据。于1990-1997年,2006-2016年连续多次对该保护区蝶类进行了调查,结果显示:共记录蝴蝶11科218属501种,是国内诸保护区中蝴蝶种数最多的。分布在东洋区的蝴蝶共377种,占蝶类种数的75.2%,古北区94种,占18.8%,其它跨区系分布的只有30种,属东洋区主导的分布型;国内分布于华南、西南、华中3区的蝴蝶共391种(78.04%),其它分布区种类少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶与南岭植物一样主要属亚热带成分。从自然保护区尺度的蝴蝶区系相似性比较看出,种类数和区系相似性都随着离南岭的距离增大而减少,与海南尖峰岭相比热带成分明显减少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶组分不仅有热带向亚热带过渡的特点,而且明显表现出以南岭为核心向周边扩散,暗示了南岭中段可能为我国蝴蝶的起源和分化中心。弄蝶是蝶类中系统发育过程中最古老的类群,该保护区弄蝶达132种,占我国弄蝶种数的35.68%,这可能与丰富而古老的植物区系紧密相关;黛眼蝶属(幼虫以竹子为寄主)有28种,居国内各保护区之首,这与南岭山地丰富的竹类资源有关,这些表明植物与蝴蝶间密切的协同进化关系。     

中国香菇自然种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术分析了收集自中国14个省份、分属于8个不同植物区系的53个野生香菇菌株的DNA多态性.用10个随机引物共扩增出147条DNA带,其中94%具有多态性.供试菌株在RAPD带型及DNA相似性上的差异表明,中国香菇自然群体具有丰富的遗传多样性.其中,横断山脉、云南高原、台湾及华南地区菌株的多样性尤为丰富.用平均连锁聚类法构建了样本的遗传相关聚类图.大多数来自同一区域或相邻区域的菌株优先聚成小类,表明菌株的分组与其地理来源明显相关.以0.66的相似性为切割点,53个菌株可分成4大类群.类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ主要由横断山脉、云南高原和华中地区菌株组成,类群Ⅲ包含其他地区的菌株.类群Ⅳ则是由来自华北和四川省的共5个菌株组成的一个小的分支.     

中国香菇自然种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析*

用RAPD技术分析了收集自中国14个省份、分属于8个不同植物区系的53个野生香菇菌株的DNA多态性。用10个随机引物共扩增出147条DNA带,其中94%具有多态性。供试菌株在RAPD带型及DNA相似性上的差异表明,中国香菇自然群体具有丰富的遗传多样性。其中,横断山脉、云南高原、台湾及华南地区菌株的多样性尤为丰富。用平均连锁聚类法构建了样本的遗传相关聚类图。大多数来自同一区域或相邻区域的菌株优先聚成小类,表明菌株的分组与其地理来源明显相关。以0.66的相似性为切割点,53个菌株可分成4大类群。类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ主要由横断山脉、云南高原和华中地区菌株组成,类群Ⅲ包含其他地区的菌株。类群Ⅳ则是由来自华北和四川省的共5个菌株组成的一个小的分支。     

中国香菇自然种质遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用RAPD技术分析了收集自中国14个省份、分属于8个不同植物区系的53个野生香菇菌株的DNA多态性。用10个随机引物共扩增出147条DNA带,其中94％具有多态性。供试菌株在RAPD带型及DNA相似性上的差异表明,中国香菇自然群体具有丰富的遗传多样性。其中,横断山脉、云南高原、台湾及华南地区菌株的多样性尤为丰富。用平均连锁聚类法构建了样本的遗传相关聚类图。大多数来自同一区域或相邻区域的菌株优先聚成小类,表明菌株的分组与其地理来源明显相关。以0.66的相似性为切割点,53个菌株可分成4大类群。类群I和类群II主要由横断山脉、云南高原和华中地区菌株组成,类群III包含其他地区的菌株。类群Ⅳ则是由来自华北和四川省的共5个菌株组成的一个小的分支。     

宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区蜻蜓目昆虫多样性及区系

2010-2013年,对宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区的蜻蜓目昆虫多样性进行了调查研究。结果共获得蜻蜓标本305号,隶属2亚目3科9属13种,其中差翅亚目2科6属9种,束翅亚目1科3属4种。蜻科(5属7种)、蟌科(3属4种)为优势科,长叶异痣蟌、秋赤蜻和黄蜻为优势种。总属种比值系数为0.692,单种属占总属数的66.67%。其区系组成的特点是在世界地理分布中偏向古北区,古北区种占总种数的46.15%,广布种占总种数的30.77%。在中国动物地理区划中共有8类区系型,其中七区型所占比例最高(占38.46%);四区型和五区型次之;六区型分布仅有1种,无单区型、双区型和三区型分布的种,表明宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级保护区蜻蜓目昆虫在中国动物地理区划中区系关系和构成较为复杂。     

甘肃省忍冬属植物区系地理的定理研究

根据系统分类和地理分布资料,采用模糊聚类方法,将甘肃省所产忍冬属４１个类群划分为１８个地理范畴各异的分布式样,分别归属于中国特有,东亚、中国－日本、中国－鼓马拉雅、热带亚洲,西亚喜马拉雅至东亚北部等６个分布型,其中,中国特有分布类群占７３．２％。多数分布式样体现出西南至东北部的适应性辐射方向,少数呈现山西至西北方向。将甘肃省忍冬属植物分布区划分为３个区,１１个小区,其中白龙江中上游山地,小陇山微成     

大果马蹄荷(Exbucklandia tonkinensis)群落的纬度地带性

大果马蹄荷主产南亚热带至中亚热带南缘,南至海南岛,北至罗霄山脉中段的井冈山、桃源洞地区,是常绿阔叶林的特征种。以纬度地带性(海南霸王岭、广东黑石顶、广东南岭、江西金盆山、江西井冈山、湖南桃源洞)为依托,选定6个具代表性的大果马蹄荷群落开展群落生态学研究,结果表明:(1)各样地物种多样性较高,尤以金盆山蕨类植物9科10属11种、种子植物42科78属128种和桃源洞蕨类植物9科11属12种、种子植物41科79属134种最为丰富。群落组成的优势科主要为金缕梅科、壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、杜鹃花科、山矾科等。(2)从区系特征和环境梯度看,大果马蹄荷群落以南亚热带为分布中心,向南或向北其物种多样性Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数及相应的均匀度指数均呈下降趋势,其中霸王岭、黑石顶、南岭、金盆山、井冈山、桃源洞的Shannon-Wiener指数分别为3.453、4.021、4.130、3.790、3.415、3.712。(3)群落相似性聚类分析显示群落随纬度和随海拔高度形成两个梯度系列,一是以黑石顶、金盆山、井冈山、桃源洞的纬度地带性为一支,相似性系数0.51;二是以南岭和霸王岭聚成海拔梯度较高的另一支,但其相似性系数0.50,为0.33—0.48。(4)大果马蹄荷群落种类组成在区系性质上很相似,具有明显的南亚热带特征;同时,受海拔、地形、气温、降雨条件等因素的影响,种子植物属的热带成分随纬度增加而呈波动性下降趋势。(5)大果马蹄荷种群在各群落中的重要值水平和径级结构表现出一致性,在纬度地带性差异上无明显的相关性。霸王岭大果马蹄荷的径级结构为增长型,但重要值排名为32,说明向南分布该种群优势度明显下降;在南岭、黑石顶、金盆山、桃源洞该种群优势度较大,且为稳定型种群;在井冈山该群落受到人为干忧,大果马蹄荷的重要值排名第1,但为衰退型种群。     

Roosting and related activities in some Australian Zygoptera

Perching, roosting and early morning activities in Austrolestes annulosus and A.leda (Sympecmatidae) and Ischnura heterosticta (Coenagrionidae) are described and discussed in relation to the general biology of these insects, especially their capacity for physiological colour change.     

Ultrastructural observation on the rectal gills of Zygoptera larva.

The zygoptera larvae have tracheal gills. Both outer and inner epicuticles of damselfly larvae (Zygoptera) are pierced by pores of about 200...250 A thickness. The pores are distributed at a distance of about 500...600 A apart. Their endings are noticed upto the lower portion of exocuticle. The endocuticle is a big area in which the respiratory epithelium have flat apical and basal sides, plasma membrane is not folded. Glycogen granules are distributed in the cytoplasm and a few mitochondria are noticed. The tracheal brances and the cytoplasm of the respiratory epithelium come in contact with the epicuticle. The distribution of tracheoles, with surplus of tracheoles in a surface outside the hypodermis are close to the sub-cuticular area is found. The gills of Zygoptera appear to be merely respiratory organs having respiratory epithelium and the ions and water are resorbed from the modified rectal epithelium.     

First Baltic amber megapodagrionid damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera)

Electropodagrion szwedoi n. gen., n. sp., first Baltic amber megapodagrionid damselfly, is described. The European and North American fossils document a very high diversity and a much wider distribution of this group of damselflies during the Cenozoic than today. A checklist of described fossil species of damselflies of the family Megapodagrionidae is given.     

Zum Fortpflanzungsmodus fossiler Kleinlibellen (Insecta,Odonata, Zygoptera)

Fossil egg-sets of damselflies (Insecta, Odonata, Zygoptera) are recognized from well known localities such as Randecker Maar, Messel (both in Germany) and in an old record about sediments from the Upper Cretaceous of Bohemia (Czech Republic). Such finds bearing witness to the behaviour of certain fossil insects are extremely rare, especially in stratified sediments. Hitherto they have only been recorded from the Upper Oligocene Fossillagerstätte Rott near Bonn (Germany). Two different types of egg-sets could be distinguished; they were described and figured byHellmund &Hellmund (1991, 1993). It is striking that the gap between finds from the Upper Oligocène and those from modern times is mainly due to insufficient observations. The explained strategy of reproduction obviously evolved at least 95 m.a. ago and has been practiced unchanged today.     

Anti-predator strategies in oviposition site selection of Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Zygoptera: Odonata)

Summary Selection of sites for oviposition when the risk of predation by green frogs was variable studied in tandems of the damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula. In the absence of predators the number of tandems landing increased with the size of the oviposition site and with the number of pairs already present. Pairs approaching an oviposition site landed promptly and preferred locations near other ovipositing pairs. Pairs which had landed near others left the landing site and flew to another water plant after a shorter period than those landing alone. They stayed in groups for only 16.5% of the total duration of stay at the oviposition site. With predators present fewer tandems landed. There was no relationship between the landing site of solitary tandems and the locations of the perching frogs. Pairs landing in groups were disturbed by frogs after a shorter period than pairs landing alone. Damselfly aggregation did not affect the predation success of the frogs, but the predation risk to individual tandem pairs was reduced.     

Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata)

An extensive molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the suborder Zygoptera of the Odonata is presented, based on mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (28S) data of 59% of the 310 genera recognized and all (suspected) families except the monotypic Hemiphlebiidae. A partial reclassification is proposed, incorporating morphological characters. Many traditional families are recovered as monophyletic, but reorganization of the superfamily Coenagrionoidea into three families is proposed: Isostictidae, Platycnemididae and Coenagrionidae. Archboldargia Lieftinck, Hylaeargia Lieftinck, Palaiargia Förster, Papuargia Lieftinck and Onychargia Selys are transferred from Coenagrionidae to Platycnemididae, and Leptocnemis Selys, Oreocnemis Pinhey and Thaumatagrion Lieftinck from Platycnemididae to Coenagrionidae. Each geographically well‐defined clade of Platycnemididae is recognized as a subfamily, and thus Disparoneurinae (i.e. Old World ‘Protoneuridae’) is incorporated, Calicnemiinae is restricted, and Allocnemidinae (type genus: Allocnemis Selys) subfam.n ., Idiocnemidinae (type genus: Idiocnemis Selys) subfam.n . and Onychargiinae (type genus: Onychargia Selys) subfam.n . and Coperini trib.n . (type genus: Copera Kirby) are described. Half of Coenagrionidae belongs to a well‐supported clade incorporating Coenagrion Kirby and the potential subfamilies Agriocnemidinae, Ischnurinae and Pseudagrioninae. The remainder is less well defined, but includes the Pseudostigmatidae and New World Protoneuridae that, with Argiinae and Teinobasinae, may prove valid subfamilies with further evidence. Ninety‐two per cent of the genera formerly included in the polyphyletic Amphipterygidae and Megapodagrionidae were studied. Pentaphlebiidae, Rimanellidae and Devadattidae fam.n . (type genus: Devadatta Kirby) are separated from Amphipterygidae, and Argiolestidae, Heteragrionidae, Hypolestidae, Philogeniidae, Philosinidae and Thaumatoneuridae from Megapodagrionidae. Eight further groups formerly placed in the latter are identified, but are retained as incertae sedis; the validity of Lestoideidae, Philogangidae and Pseudolestidae is confirmed. For some families (e.g. Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae) a further subdivision is possible; Protostictinae subfam.n . (type genus: Protosticta Selys) is introduced in Platystictidae. Numerous new combinations are proposed in the Supporting Information. Many long‐established families lack strong morphological apomorphies. In particular, venation is incongruent with molecular results, stressing the need to review fossil Odonata taxonomy: once defined by the reduction of the anal vein, Protoneuridae dissolves completely into six clades from five families.     

Asymmetric intraspecific competition among larvae of the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae)

Abstract. 1. A laboratory competition experiment is described in which the growth and development rates of larvae of the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Lind.) were measured over an entire instar.
2. Two larval instars which commonly occur together in the field were used in the experiment; they were maintained with a superabundance of prey and either larvae from the same or the larger/smaller instar.
3. Small larvae suffered increased development times and decreased size increases at the moult in the presence of large larvae but similar interference effects were not evident when these smaller larvae were in the presence of other small larvae.
4. Development time and size increases of large larvae were not significantly affected by the presence of small larvae.
5. Irrespective of the instar combinations investigated, interference effects were reduced when there were more perches available, although in only a few cases was this reduction significant.
6. The consequences of the asymmetric competition reported in the experiment for the study of lifetime reproductive success in damselflies are discussed. Late emerging adults may incur reduced reproductive success.     

Description of the Final Stadium Larva of Hetaerina rosea Selys (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae)

The final stadium larva of Hetaerina rosea is here described and illustrated for the first time based on specimens collected in Corrientes and Buenos Aires provinces, Argentina.