胰岛素,胰岛素抵抗与高血压

高血压病是常见病,但其发病机制却不很明确,目前较多研究认为［１～４］：胰岛素抵抗（ＩＳＫ）是引起高血压的一个重要因素。ＩＳＲ是指胰岛素（ＩＳ）在促进葡萄糖摄取和利用方面受损,机体代偿性分泌过多的ＩＳ,使血糖维持在正常水平。ＩＳＲ引起高血压的机制可能与...     

胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶与胰岛素作用

关于胰岛素的作用机制,目前有一种假说,认为胰岛素与其受体的α亚基结合后将信息传递给β亚基,引起β亚基酪氨酸激酶自身磷酸化而激活。酪氨酸激酶可以使细胞内其他蛋白质磷酸化,从而启动一系列细胞内事件发挥胰岛素的多重调节作用。通过近六年来的深入研究,已经了解胰岛素受体酪氨酸激酶在介导胰岛素的绝大多数生物学效应中起着关键作用。本文对这方面的研究进展情况及前景作一简要综述。 (一)胰岛素受体的结构近年来采用亲和标记、免疫沉淀、亲和层析、分子克隆等技术,对胰岛素受体的结构进行了研究。现在已了解胰岛素受体分子由两个13.5万分子量的α亚基、两个9.5万分子量的β亚基,三对二硫键连接而成。胰岛素受体的α及β亚基是由一1382个氨基酸组成的前受体原     

胰岛素片段与胰岛素抗体的相互作用

本文研究了若干胰岛素片段及去B链C端八肽胰岛素(DOI)、A链、B链与胰岛素抗体的结合能力。结果表明N 端区域片段保留部分胰岛素的免疫活力,而C 端片段除“工”字肽的免疫活力比A 链略高外,其他片段(B_(26～30),B_(22～26))均和A 链类似,没有胰岛素的免疫活力。以上结果进一步说明在免疫活力方面,胰岛素分子的N 端区域比C 端重要。同样,B 链可能比A 链重要。     

胰岛素片段与胰岛素抗体的相互作用

本文研究了若干胰岛素片段及去B链C端八肽胰岛素(DOI)、A链、B链与胰岛素抗体的结合能力。结果表明N端区域片段保留部分胰岛素的免疫活力,而C端片段除“工”字肽的免疫活力比A链略高外,其他片段(B_(26～30),B_(22～26))均和A链类似,没有胰岛素的免疫活力。以上结果进一步说明在免疫活力方面,胰岛素分子的N端区域比C端重要。同样,B链可能比A链重要。     

胰岛素信号转导障碍与胰岛素抵抗的形成

胰岛素生理作用的发挥,起始于胰岛素与其受体的结合,并由此引起细胞内一系列信号转导,最终到达各效应器产生各种生理效应。胰岛素信号转导在胰岛素生理作用的发挥中起着至关重要的作用。胰岛素信号转导减弱或受阻,使得胰岛素生理作用减弱,导致胰岛素抵抗形成。本文综述了胰岛素信号转导失调在胰岛素抵抗形成中的作用。     

胰岛素作用原理的研究 Ⅵ.胰岛素片段与胰岛素受体的相互作用

研究了用胰凝乳蛋白酶限制性酶解和化学合成方法所获得的若干胰岛素片段与脂肪细胞胰岛素受体的结合。它们在低浓度时几乎观察不出与胰岛素受体结合,而在高浓度时除五肽HTyr·Thr·Pro·Lys·AlaOH外都有明显的专一性结合。说明它们具有部分与胰岛素受体的结合部位。与前文关于胰岛素结合部位设想是一致的。讨论了胰岛素结合部位的性质,并讨论了五肽HArg·Gly·Phe·Phe·TyrOH加强胰岛素与其受体亲合力的可能性。     

胰岛素作用原理的研究 Ⅵ.胰岛素片段与胰岛素受体的相互作用

研究了用胰凝乳蛋白酶限制性酶解和化学合成方法所获得的若干肤岛素片段与脂肪细胞胰岛素受体的结合。它们在低浓度时几乎观察不出与胰岛素受体结合,而在高浓度时除五肽HTyr·Thr·Pro·Lys·AIaOH 外都有明显的专一性结合。说明它们具有部分与胰岛素受体的结合部位。与前文关于胰岛素结合部位设想是一致的。讨论了胰岛素结合部位的性质,并讨论了五肽HArg·Gly·Phe·Phe·TyrOH 加强胰岛素与其受体亲合力的可能性。     

从基因工程小C肽人胰岛素原类似物（B－R2－A）制备人胰岛素

以融合蛋白的形式,在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中经温度诱导表达了小Ｃ肽人胰岛素原类似物（Ｂ－Ｒ２－Ａ）．表达的融合蛋白可占细胞总蛋白６８％．经磺酸解,及初步分离Ｓ－磺酸型融合蛋白,再经ＣＮＢｒ裂解后,进行还原重组,ＨＰＬＣ分离纯化等步骤,每升发酵液可得到Ｂ－Ｒ２－Ａ约５０ｍｇ。经酶促转化及ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－２５纯化,得重组人胰岛素约２０ｍｇ,其氨基酸组成与人胰岛素相同,并具有与猪胰岛素相同的生物活性．     

去B链羧端三肽人胰岛素的分离纯化及其性质研究

将去Ｂ链羧端三肽人胰岛素原基因克隆到表达质粒ｐＢＶ２２０上,在大肠杆菌系统中经温度诱导表达,表达产物占细胞总蛋白量的１２％,表达产物经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０柱层析分离以及胰蛋白酶和羧肽酶Ｂ的酶促转化等步骤,可得到去Ｂ链羧端三肽人胰岛素,其纯度达９３％,其氨基酸组成与预期值相符,但其受体结合活性仅是标准猪胰岛素的４５％．     

A novel alpha-type fibrinogenase from Agkistrodon rhodostoma snake venom.

By means of CM-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography, gel-filtration on sephadex G-75 and Sephacryl S-200 columns, a purified fibrinogenase, kistomin, was obtained from venom of Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It was a single peptide-chain with a molecular mass of about 21,800 Da containing about 202 amino-acid residues as revealed by amino acid analysis. Kistomin preferentially cleaved A alpha- and subsequently the gamma-chain of fibrinogen, leaving the B beta-chain unaffected. Its fibrinogenolytic activity was estimated to be 36.6 +/- 4.5 mg/min per mg protein and was inhibited by the pretreatment of EDTA, suggesting that it is a metalloproteinase. Its fibrinogenolytic activity in platelet-poor plasma is much less potent as compared to that in purified fibrinogen solution. It inhibited ristocetin-induced aggregation of human platelets in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of von Willebrand factor.     

猪肺源肝素的分离纯化及其成分鉴定

本文报告了从猪肺中用改进后的碱性氯化钠盐解法萃取的粗肝素为原料,以新型分离材料ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｃｅｌ分离纯化,并与ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０进行比较,前者使粗肝素比活由１３．９ＵＳＰ／ｍｇ提高到２０３．６４ＵＳＰ／ｍｇ（美国药典单位）,纯化系数达到１４．６５,回收率达８６．９３％,而通过ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０分离纯化后的肺肝素其比活性提高到１０２．１０ＵＳＰ／ｍｇ,纯化系数为７．３５,回收率为７２．２２％,其比活性、总活性回收率及纯化系数等,ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｃｅｌ均优于ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０。纯化相当量粗肝素所需时间、次数亦大大减少,并用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳,高效液相色谱进行性质和纯化鉴定,用红外光谱进行基团分析鉴定。     

Conversion of biosynthetic human proinsulin to partially cleaved intermediates by collagenase proteinases adsorbed to isolated rat adipocytes.

Studies of the biological activity of proinsulin have resulted in widely varying conclusions. Relative to insulin, the biological activity of proinsulin has been reported from less than 1% to almost 20%. Many of the assays in vitro for the biological potency of proinsulin have utilized isolated rat adipocytes. To examine further the interaction of proinsulin with rat adipocytes, we prepared specifically-labelled proinsulin isomers that were iodinated on tyrosine residues corresponding to the A14, A19, B16 or B26 residue of insulin. These were incubated with rat adipocytes and their metabolism was examined by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, by Sephadex G-50 chromatography, and by h.p.l.c. chromatography. By trichloroacetic acid-precipitation assay, there was little or no proinsulin degradation. By G-50 chromatography and subsequent h.p.l.c. analysis, however, we found that the labelled proinsulin isomers were converted rapidly and almost completely to materials which eluted differently on h.p.l.c. from intact proinsulin. This conversion was due primarily to proteolytic activity which adsorbed to the fat cells from the crude collagenase used to isolate the cells. Two primary conversion intermediates were found: one with a cleavage at residues 23-24 of proinsulin (the B-chain region of insulin), and one at residues 55-56 in the connecting peptide region. These intermediates had receptor binding properties equivalent to or less than intact proinsulin. These findings show that isolated fat cells can degrade proinsulin to intermediates due to their contamination with proteolytic activity from the collagenase used in their preparation. Thus the previously reported range in biological activities of proinsulin in fat cells may have arisen from such protease contamination. Finally, the present findings demonstrate that a sensitive assay for degradation of hormones is required to examine biological activities in isolated cells.     

去B链羧端七肽人胰岛素的分离纯化及性质研究

在大肠杆菌温度诱导体系中以非融合方式进行去Ｂ链羧端七肽人胰岛素原基因的表达,获得去Ｂ链羧端七肽人胰岛素原,表达产物占细胞总蛋白量的１３％,表达产物经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０柱层析分离及胰蛋白酶和羧肽酶Ｂ的酶促转化等步骤,可得到纯度达９４％以上的去Ｂ链羧端七肽人胰岛素,其氨基酸组成与预期值相符,受体活性是标准猪胰岛素的１％．     

The design of a simple competitive ELISA using human proinsulin-alkaline phosphatase conjugates prepared by gene fusion

The gene encoding human proinsulin has been fused in-frame with the E. coli alkaline phosphatase gene (pho A) (EC 3.1.3.1). Two constructions are described. One construction consists of the entire proinsulin gene fused to the 5'-terminal end of pho A. In the other construction a 42 base pair DNA fragment has been deleted from the 3'-terminal end of the proinsulin gene. The two purified fusion proteins are enzymatically active showing a specific activity of 10-15 U/mg and 18-25 U/mg, respectively. The first construction exhibited insulin antigenicity and was used to design a simple competitive ELISA for insulin. The lower detection limit was found to be at least 2.5 ng/ml. Both fusion proteins were also shown to have potential for use in a competitive ELISA for proinsulin.     

Met-Lys-双C肽人胰岛素原基因的构建表达及分离纯化

应用 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 定点突变方法构建编码 Ｍ ｅｔ Ｌｙｓ 双 Ｃ 肽人胰岛素原基因,并在大肠杆菌中以包含体方式获得表达 表达产物经还原、重组、 Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ ７５ 分离纯化,获得 Ｍ ｅｔ Ｌｙｓ 双 Ｃ 肽人胰岛素原,经胰蛋白酶与羧肽酶 Ｂ的酶解, Ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ Ｔ Ｍ Ｑ 阴离子交换柱层析分离制备得人胰岛素,其放免活性、受体结合活性均与猪胰岛素相同      

Expression in Escherichia coli and characterization of human growth-hormone-releasing factor

A chemically synthesized DNA sequence, coding for the 44 amino acid residues of human growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF) preceded by a tryptophan codon, was cloned in frame with Escherichia coli trpE gene within a pBR322-derived plasmid. GRF was expressed in E. coli as a fused polypeptide chain (TrpE-GRF) and then the GRF amino acid sequence was released from the fused protein by specific chemical cleavage at the tryptophan residue using o-iodosobenzoic acid. The thioether group of the methionine residue of GRF was converted in the sulfonium salt derivative, in order to prevent irreversible oxidation of methionine to the sulfone derivative by the o-iodosobenzoic acid reagent. GRF was purified by HPLC and characterized in terms of amino acid composition after acid hydrolysis, protein sequencing and gel electrophoretic behaviour. These data clearly established that the biosynthetic GRF was identical to the natural one, except for the lack of amidation at the carboxyl-terminal amino acid. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism measurements established that both biosynthetic and natural GRF are devoid of secondary structure in aqueous solution at neutral pH, whereas both peptide samples achieve a high percentage of helical structure in the presence of trifluoroethanol.     

人胰腺细胞培养及胰岛素的分泌

人胰腺细胞培养及胰岛素的分泌王石泉,汤国枝,张鹤云,李敏意,金以丰（南京大学生物化学系,南京２１００９３）胰岛β细胞的体外培养获得胰岛素已有报道,但大多采用新生大鼠胰腺,且β细胞成活率低,分泌量少,还处在研究阶段［１－４］．本实验采用人胰腺细胞做较大...