印度北方河流中主要鲤科鱼类卡拉鲃的年龄和生长

为了获得印度北部赣达（Ganga）盆地河流中野生卡特拉鲃种群的年龄结构和重要生长参数,对该鱼的年龄和生长进行了研究。鳞片取自商业捕捞和实验室饲养的样品。根据研究分析,该鱼最大年龄可达8龄;巴吉拉蒂河（Bhagirathi R.）的种群平均体长为521.51 mm,退算体长为288.9 -1132.3 mm;旁遮普邦（Punjab）Satluj河种群平均体长为641.6 mm,退算体长为335.4 -1096.08 mm。2龄时,种群线性生长率（Cl）和体重增加率（Cw）表现出迅速下降的趋势。其它生长参数值（Clt）也呈现快速下降。退算体长差异（ANOVA）分析显示,生活在赣达盆地不同流域中的种群, 1^＋-4^＋龄组的长度差异较明显（P〈0.05） ,高龄组（5^＋-8^＋）差异不显著。根据本项研究结果,提出了对印度北部赣达盆地相关河流中生活的野生卡特拉鲃种群资源持续利用的对策。     

赤水河半(韰)年龄与生长

2011年7～12月在长江上游一级支流赤水河的赤水市河段采集371尾半(韰)Hemiculterella sauvagei样本,以堂片为年龄鉴定材料,对其年龄结构与生长特征进行了研究.结果表明:半(韰)鳞片的年轮结构呈普通疏密型,年轮特征显著,可用于年龄鉴定.半(韰)样本的体长主要分布在80～120 mm,占总数的86.8％;体重主要分布在5～25g,占总数的96.2％;年龄在.1～4龄,其中以2～3龄居多,共325尾,占总数的87.6％.体长和鳞径关系雌雄群体间无显著差异,其表达式为:L=39.522R +25.403;体长和体重关系雌雄群体间无明显差异,其表达式为:W=2×10-5L2.872;其生长属于等速增长类型,生长规律可以用Von Bertalanffy生长方程表示为:Lt=176.1[1-e-0.275(t+1.13)];Wt=59.54[1-e-0.275(t+1.13)]2.872;体重生长曲线的拐点为2.706龄,其对应的体长和体重分别为114.78 mm和17.41 g.为保护赤水河半(韰)的鱼类资源,应该加强对其捕捞的管理,限制网目的大小.     

长江干流圆筒吻(鱼句)的年龄与生长

根据551尾标本研究了生活在长江干流中圆筒吻(鱼句)的年龄与生长,并提出了资源合理利用建议.圆筒吻(鱼句)的鳞片可作为年龄鉴定的依据,年轮形成期主要在2～5月.圆筒吻(鱼句)的体长与鳞长呈直线关系,与体重呈幂指数关系,生长适合Von Bertalanffy生长方程.在1～2龄生长最快,为保护圆筒吻(鱼句)资源,应限捕体长200 mm以下的个体.     

介质Ca~(2 )和La~(3 )对酿酒酵母生长的影响

采用正交实验研究了外加Ｃａ~(２＋)和Ｌａ~(３＋)对酿酒酵母生长的影响。结果表明：外加Ｃａ~(２＋)和Ｌａ~(３＋)对酿酒酵母的生长均有显著的影响,都呈现出低浓度时正效应和高浓度时负效应,当Ｃａ~(２＋)浓度为１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ及Ｌａ~(３＋)浓度为１５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时酿酒酵母生长最好。     

太湖似刺鳊(鱼句)年龄和生长的研究

本文较为详细地研究了太湖似刺鳊(鱼句)(Paracanthobrama guichenoti Bleeker)的年龄和生长,并对种的繁殖保护措施作了探讨。共积累756尾标本的生物学资料。     

福建东山岛西埔湾港养斑鲦的年龄、生长和生殖力研究

本文研究福建东山岛西埔湾港养1099尾斑(鱼祭)的鳞片年轮、渔获年龄结构和体长频率分布,并结合周年逐月的生物学资料,对其体长与鳞长、体长与体重、肥满度、相对增长率和生长指标以及个体绝对生殖力和相对生殖力作了分析。生长参数拟合的生长方程能够反映其生长规律。依据生活史生态学参数,斑(鱼祭)应归属于r选择型。文中还讨论了西埔湾港养斑(鱼祭)资源的合理利用和增养殖措施。     

尖头塘鳢(Eleotris oxycephala Temmiuck et Schlegel)的年龄、生长和生活史类型的研究

本文采用胸鳍第二支鳍骨为研究东江尖头塘鳢的年龄鉴定材料。胸鳍第二支鳍骨(远侧部)长的骨(R)与体长(L)的关系L=10.6565 54.3848R。用von Bertalanffy生长方程可表达体长、体重与年龄的关系:L=298.6(1-e~(-0.2313(t 0.3028))];W_t=577.4(1-e~(-0.2313(t 0.3028))]~3。根据r-选择和K-选择的典型特征以及渐近体长(L_∞)、渐近体重(W_∞)、生长系数(K)、瞬时自然死亡率(M)、初次生殖年龄(T_m)、最大年龄(T_(max))和性腺指数(GI)等7个生态学参数值,可以判断尖头塘鳢偏向r-选择。应用平衡产量模式计算改变瞬时捕捞死亡率(F)和渔业补充年龄(t_c)时的产量变化,同样证实尖头塘鳢生活史偏向r-选择。作为渔业管理对策,尖头塘鳢的捕捞年龄可定为2—3龄,以2龄为主,这样既能保护资源,又能获得较好的经济效益。     

几种营养物质对烟草细胞生长和CoQ_(10)含量的影响

研究了蔗糖、KH2PO4、NH 4/NO3比对烟草细胞生长和CoQ10含量的影响,结果表明,当蔗糖浓度为30g/L时,CoQ10总量最高,此时细胞产量、CoQ10含量和总量分别为198g/L、4147μg/g(dwt)、8212μg/L。在上述蔗糖浓度下,当KH2PO4起始浓度为340mg/L、NH 4/NO-3为12时,细胞产量、CoQ10含量和总量分别最高,高于此比例时有利于CoQ10形成,但不利于细胞生长。     

pH影响Ca~(2 )和EGTA对水霉(Saprolegnia ferax)菌丝顶端生长的作用效应

水霉(Saprolegia ferax)菌丝在pH6.0-8.0的OM液体培养基中生长良好,在pH5.0时生长速率有所下降,在pH3.0—4.0时停止生长。短时间(30min)作用研究表明,低浓度的CaCl_2促进pH5.0(1—5mmol/L)和pH6.0(1mmol/L)条件下的菌丝顶端生长,抑制pH7.0—8.0条件下的菌丝生长。1mmol/L以上的EGTA则抑制pH5.0条件下菌丝顶端生长,促进pH6.0—8.0条件下的菌丝顶端生长。但CaCl_2和EGTA都不能使pH3.0—4.0条件下的菌丝恢复生长。长时间(8h)作用跟踪观察表明,2mmol/L EGTA(pH6.8)短时间作用可促进菌丝生长,但随着培养时间延长,则产生抑制作用,并诱导原生质从菌丝最顶端喷出。说明细胞壁Ca~(2 )起着提供胞外Ca~(2 )源和细胞壁修饰成分的双重作用。Ca~(2 )通道阻断剂verapamil对菌丝顶端生长的抑制作用也说明顶端生长所需的Ca~(2 )来自胞外。     

不同饲料营养对池塘养殖长吻(鱼危)生长性能和鱼肉品质的影响

研究通过90d的投喂实验研究不同配方饲料对池塘养殖长吻(鱼危)(Leiocassis longirostris Günther)生长性 能和鱼肉品质的影响.实验使用5种饲料 (Cont:对照、HP:高蛋白、HC:高糖、HL:高脂和HE:高能). 结果发现:HC组鱼体生长最差,而HP组特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)都最高.鱼体水分和脂肪含量变 化趋势相反,HL组最低,HE组略高,HP组最高.鱼体脂肪主要分布于内脏,在HL和HE组显著增高,导致 出肉率(yield)显著降低,氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)增多.投喂实验结束时,鱼体背部黄度(B~*)HC组最高,HE组 其次,HP组最低,腹部红度(a~*)HE组最高,HL组次之,HP组最低.新鲜肉色各处理无差异,冰冻3d后,鱼 肉L~*和白度(△E)HE组最高,HL,组其次,Cont组最低;鱼肉a~*Cont组最高,HL组其次,HP组最低.新鲜鱼 肉硬度、胶黏性均为HP组最高,Cont组其次,HE组最低,其他肉质指标均无显著差异:结果表明:饲料营 养中脂肪是影响肉质最明显的因素,饲料脂肪通过控制鱼体成分影响鱼体体色、肉质,以及冰冻储存产生的 MDA;冰冻储存显著降低鱼肉品质,冰冻后鱼肉硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性和系水力都明显降低,黏附性明显增 大,该指标的变化是肉质降低的表现.     

Loss of genetic variation in hatchery-reared Indian major carp, Catla catla

The hypothesis that effective population sizes are low in hatchery-reared catla ( Catla catla ) from Bangladesh, possibly leading to inbreeding and loss of variation, was tested. The study was based on analysis of seven microsatellite loci in three samples of hatchery-reared catla and four samples representing wild populations. Pair-wise estimates of genetic differentiation between samples were low between wild samples (θ ranging from 0·012 to 0·034), but high between hatchery samples (θ ranging from 0·153 to 0·185), suggesting strong genetic drift in hatcheries. Genetic variation, both in terms of expected heterozygosity and allelic richness, was significantly lower in hatchery samples than in samples of wild catla. Application of a method for reconstructing families among offspring without parental genetic data showed that the hatchery samples consisted of very few half- and full-sib families, whereas the wild samples consisted of a high number of families, suggesting that most individuals were unrelated. Finally, estimation of the effective number of parents ( N _b) in the largest sample of hatchery fish confirmed that effective population size was low ( N _b= 14·9 for multiallelic loci and N _b= 10·6 if alleles were pooled into two composite alleles). The results show that low effective population sizes leading to loss of variation and possibly inbreeding depression should be a matter of serious concern in aquaculture production of catla.     

Environmental correlate of the testicular events in a major carp Catla catla in an annual reproductive cycle

Current communication describes annual testicular events in free-living Indian major carp Catla catla and their probable environmental synchronizer(s). The study was initiated with month-wise evaluation of gametogenic and steroidogenic status of the testis, and thus dividing the annual testicular cycle into the preparatory spawning (November to March), the pre-spawning (April to June), the spawning (July to August) and the post-spawning (September to October) phases. An exhaustive statistical analysis of the data on the studied variables of testicular functions and various components of the environment indicated seasonal fluctuations of photoperiod as the major environmental factor associated with the seasonal reproductive activity of this carp. Ambient temperature appeared as a dependent variable of photoperiod, and thereby, may have substantial influences on the development of testis in Catla catla. Rainfall, on the other hand, showed significant correlation only with the peak reproductive activity, i.e. the act of spawning. Collectively, it appears logical to surmise that photo-thermal conditions may act as proximate and rainfall may play a role of ultimate environmental factor in the regulation of annual testicular events in Indian major carp Catla catla.     

Identification,cDNA Cloning,and Characterization of Luteinizing Hormone Beta Subunit (lhb) Gene in Catla catla

Reproductive hormones play a significant role in the gonadal development and gametogenesis process of animals. In the present study luteinizing hormone beta, (lhb) subunit gene was cloned and characterized from the brain of Catla catla. The lhb full-length of cDNA sequence is 629 bp which consists of 43bp 5'-UTR (untranslated region) 447bp, ORF(open reading frame) and 139 bp of 3'-UTR respectively. The coding region of lhb gene encoded a peptide of 148 amino acids. The coding sequence of lhb gene consist of a single N-linked glycosylation site (NET) and 12 cysteine knot residues. Phylogenetic analysis of C. catla Lhβ deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity with Carassius auratus followed by Gobiocypris rarus. 3D structure Lhβ protein comprises of five β-sheets and six coils/loops. The qPCR results revealed lhb mRNA is mainly expressed in the pituitary, ovary while moderate expression was observed in brain and testis. To best our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification, molecular characterization and structural information regarding luteinizing hormone in Indian major carp.     

Temporal Pattern of Ovarian Activity in a Major Carp Catla catla and its Possible Environmental Correlate in an Annual Cycle

Histophysiological studies of the ovary in a hitherto unconsidered major carp Catla catla, included in this investigative treatise, have allowed the present investigators to demonstrate the pattern of annual events in ovarian functions, as well as the inter-relationship between changes in the ovary and environmental conditions. Month-wise studies of cytological features along with various biochemical features of ovarian functions in free-living Catla revealed the existence of precise annual cyclic changes. On the basis of the studies made on gonads, the annual breeding cycle of this fish has been divided into four different phases, namely (a) the preparatory phase (January-March), (b) the pre-spawning phase (April-June), (c) the spawning phase (July-August), and (d) the post-spawning phase (September-December). A detailed analysis of the data employing various exploratory data-analytic techniques was aimed at drawing a possible relationship between the indices of different reproductive events (oogenesis and oocyte maturation, vitellogenesis, steroidogenesis) in mature free-living female Catla and the different components of the environment in an annual cycle. The results of the study indicate that annual variations in photoperiod, alone or in association with water temperature, may be the major environmental component which plays a significant role in the regulation of seasonal maturation of ovary in Catla. These observations provided a basis for further experimental studies on the specific role of photoperiods in the regulation of ovarian activities in the currently considered most economically important species of Indian major carp.     

Genetic variation of wild and hatchery populations of the catla Indian major carp (Catla catla Hamilton 1822: Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) revealed by RAPD markers

Genetic variation is a key component for improving a stock through selective breeding programs. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess genetic variation in three wild population of the catla carp (Catla catla Hamilton 1822) in the Halda, Jamuna and Padma rivers and one hatchery population in Bangladesh. Five decamer random primers were used to amplify RAPD markers from 30 fish from each population. Thirty of the 55 scorable bands were polymorphic, indicating some degree of genetic variation in all the populations. The proportion of polymorphic loci and gene diversity values reflected a relatively higher level of genetic variation in the Halda population. Sixteen of the 30 polymorphic loci showed a significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001) departure from homogeneity and the F(ST) values in the different populations indicated some degree of genetic differentiation in the population pairs. Estimated genetic distances between populations were directly correlated with geographical distances. The unweighted pair group method with averages (UPGMA) dendrogram showed two clusters, the Halda population forming one cluster and the other populations the second cluster. Genetic variation of C. catla is a useful trait for developing a good management strategy for maintaining genetic quality of the species.     

Ingestion of bacteria in suspension Indian major carps (Catla catla,Labeo rohita) and Chinese carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,Aristichthys nobilis)

Single-species groups of fry of the planktivorous, filter-feeding carps (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis, rohu Labeo rohita and catla Catla catla) were exposed to the bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum to assess if they could detect or ingest unattached bacteria. The results indicate that planktivorous carp fry are able to ingest unattached bacteria and that the numbers ingested increase with time and with bacterial concentration in the media, although probably by passive means. It is also suggested that unattached bacteria are of little nutritional significance to carps.     

Glycosylated molecular variants of C-reactive proteins from the major carp Catla catla in fresh and polluted aquatic environments

Elevated level of pollutant specific glycosylated molecular variants of C-reactive protein have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the sera of major carp, Catla catla confined in freshwater (CRP_N) and water polluted with nonlethal doses of cadmium (CRP_Cd), mercury (CRP_Hg), phenol (CRP_Ph) and hexachlorocyclohexane (CRP_Hex). These CRPs differ amongst themselves in electrophoretic mobility, and in their carbohydrate content ranging from 20–50%. CRPs interact with pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (CPS) showing different binding constants. Both phosphorylcholine (PC) and calcium are indispensable for binding. Studies on amino acid compositions, electrophoretic analysis, isoelectric focusing, binding to PC & CPS and secondary structures of the purified CRPs indicate, that, they differ from each other. However, they share the common properties of a CRP, including pentraxin structure revealed by electron microscopy. Taken together, our results provide a new structural insight regarding the connection between the presence of unique molecular variants and probably the toxicity therein combated.     

Growth performance of two Indian major carps, catla (Catla catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita) fed diets containing different levels of Spirulina platensis

The influence of Spirulina platensis meal on the growth and carcass composition of two Indian major carps, catla, Catla catla and rohu, Labeo rohita was investigated in a 90-day culture trial. Four experimental diets were used and Spirulina replaced fish meal protein from the standard diet at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% levels. There was no significant difference in the final weight attained by catla at all levels of Spirulina incorporation as compared to the fish-meal-based control diet. However, the replacement of fish meal by more than 25% Spirulina resulted in significantly superior growth of rohu. The specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio recorded in rohu improved with higher levels of Spirulina inclusion, while in catla they did not differ significantly from the control treatment. In both the species, the digestibility of dry matter, protein and fat was found to improve marginally with increasing levels of Spirulina incorporation. The carcass composition showed an inverse relationship between protein and fat deposition. In general, fish fed with Spirulina diets had a significantly higher percentage of fat. The study demonstrated the usefulness of Spirulina for partial or complete replacement of fish meal in the diets of catla and rohu.     

Epithelium of lips and associated structures of the Indian major carp,Catla catla

Structural organization of the epithelium of the lips and associated structures of the Indian major carp,Catla catla, is described. The upper lip is thin and is associated on its dorsal side with a membranous fold of skin and the rostral cap. In contrast, the lower lip is thick and very conspicuous. It is associated on its ventral side with a fold of skin between it and the ventral head skin. The lower lip is divided into a non-projectile portion, a projectile portion and an intermediate groove region. The projectile portion remains folded covering a part of the ventral head skin when the mouth is closed. Their role in relation to the formation of the characteristic feeding tube is discussed. The epithelium of the lips and associated structures is stratified in nature and is composed of the epithelial cells, mucous cells, club cells, lymphocytes and the taste buds. The mucous cells are small, few or even absent and do not appear to secrete profusely at the surfaces of the upper and the lower lips. This suggests that the lips inCatla catla, which feeds on micro-organisms, do not need extra lubrication for protection against abrasion during feeding. In the epithelium at the folds of skin, the voluminous mucous cells secrete profusely and provide extra lubrication to their surface. This reduces the resistance to surface drag during stretching and enables the jaws to protrude with increasing efficiency and swiftness. The club cells are developed additionally to complement the mucous cells in the rostral cap and the upper lip epithelium. Their primary function appears protective in some way, which needs further confirmation. The taste buds, though few in the lower lip, are located in a good number in the upper lip on the characteristic epithelial papillae-like projections, and are projected at the surface. These have been associated with the acute gustatory sense of the fish. The taste buds are absent on the folds of skin where they may not be of much significance.