中短轮伏期杨树纸浆林LAI及生物生产力的研究

研究了中短轮伐期杨树纸浆林ＬＡＩ的动态变化,ＬＡＩ与透光率的关系,林分的生物生产力及林分的经济生物量生产,结果表明,ＬＡＩ随林龄和密度的增大而递增,３个杨树无性系间ＮＬ－８０３５１〉１－６９〉１－７２;ＬＡＩ与透光率的关系可用Ｍ．Ｍｏｎｓｉ和Ｔ．Ｓａｃｋｉ修正的消光方程来描述,消光系数为０．８１８;林分地上部分年净生物生产力与ＬＡＩ密切相关,其关系可用指数函数来表达;４年生时,不同密度及不同无性系     

涝渍胁迫对杨树苗期叶片生长及其生理性状的影响

以３种典型的美洲黑杨苗木（Ｉ６９、ＮＬ８０１０５和ＮＬ８０３５１）在不同的涝渍胁迫条件下,苗木叶面积生长明显减慢;叶片气孔开度显著减小;叶片水势和丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量有所增加;超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性无明显变化;叶片中的全Ｎ、全Ｐ和全Ｋ含量发生变化。综合分析认为,Ｉ６９杨在强涝渍胁迫下抗耐能力较高。ＮＬ８０３５１杨在弱涝渍胁迫下适应性较强,短期涝渍对杨树无性系苗木无明显影响,３０ｄ以上的涝渍对其影响显著。     

宝天曼自然保护区栓皮栎林生物量和净生产力研究

对河南内乡宝天曼自然保护区４５年生天然次生栓皮栎林的生物量和净生产力的研究表明,栓皮栎林生物量为１６７．６４１７ｔ·ｈｍ－２,其中乔木层为１５８．８３８２ｔ·ｈｍ－２,占总量的９４．７５％;该林净生产力为８．４８８０ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,其中乔木层为７．９２５４ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,生物量平均相对生长速率为０．０４１．灌木层的生物量和净生产力分别为０．０６９４和０．０４５６ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１;而草本层的分别为０．１０４１和０．０９０８ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１．凋落物现存量为８．６３ｔ·ｈｍ－２,凋落物量为５．０３９５ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,分别占总量的５．１５％及５９．３７％．净生产量与叶面积指数、叶量成正比关系,而与叶效率呈负相关关系．     

天山云杉林生物量和生产力的研究

对新疆昌吉地区木垒林场天山云杉林的生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究,结果表明,林分总生物量为２１６．１７０ｔ·ｈｍ－２,净生长量为１２．６３４ｔ·ｈｍ－２·年－１．林分生物量在各器官的分配是：干占４８．６８％,枝占１７．７７％,叶占９．８１％,果占０．０３％,根占１８．６％;净生长量的分配是：干占３１．４９％,枝占１．２％,叶占１２．７％,果占０．４６％,根占２６．８７％．     

土壤涝渍对杨树和柳树苗期生长及生理性状影响的研究

研究了两种杨树无性系（ＮＬ８０１０５、ＮＬ８０３５１）和柳树在土壤涝渍条件下的生长及生理性状．结果表明,在涝渍胁迫下苗木根系数量减少,根系长度缩短,根活力下降;高生长降低;最终生物量明显减小;叶片气孔对涝渍胁迫有较强反应,叶片中硝酸还原酶（ＮＲ）活性也会受到一定影响．柳树与杨树之间存在较大差异,无论从生长还是生理性状看,杨树不如柳树耐涝．     

鹤山南亚热带草坡生态系统的生物量和生产力研究

以能量利用效率研究为中心,系统研究并分析了鹤山南亚热带草坡多年的光合作用与总第一性生产力、生物量与生物量增量、气候生产力模型和能量利用效率等能量学特征。草坡的总生物量为１１．３０ｔ·（ｈｍ）－２·ａ－１,其生物量增量为１．３９８ｔ·（ｈｍ）－２·ａ－１;草坡的总第一性生产力为４５．５４ｔ·（ｈｍ）－２·ａ－１,净第一性生产力为９．１０８ｔ·（ｈｍ）－２·ａ－１,用于净光合作用耗热１０５．５ＭＪ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,净光合耗热中又仅有２１．１ＭＪ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,用于净第一性生产力,净第一性生产力中又仅有３．２４ＭＪ·ｍ－２·ａ－１用于生物量增量;草坡生态系统的光能利用效率为０．０７％。草坡的能量利用效率是很低的     

长喙田菁-Azorhizobium caulinodans共生固氮体系在华南地区的生长、结瘤、固氮和种子生产

研究了长喙田菁－Ａｚｏｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ共生固氮体系在华南地区的生长、结瘤、固氮和种子生产．结果表明,长喙田菁－Ａ．ｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ共生固氮体系在华南地区生长正常,并具旺盛的茎根瘤结瘤作用．经６５天的生长,其在湛江地区的单位面积生物量（干物质）和单位面积Ｎ产量分别为２８７５２和６８１ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２,远优于普通田菁的１６５２０和３５２ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２;茎瘤菌Ａ．ｃａｕｌｉｎｏｄａｎｓ品系ＡＲ１１１和ＡＲ５６在华南地区混合接种效果良好,植株茎瘤结瘤率达到１００％,平均单株茎瘤个数为１８２个,单株茎瘤鲜重约为１．２ｇ,茎瘤生物量在茎根瘤总生物量中所占比重为７０％,而其根瘤生物量略高于普通田菁;长喙田菁在华南地区能够正常开花结实,在栽植密度为４×１０４株·ｈｍ－２的条件下,其种子产量达３２００ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２．     

川西北窄叶鲜卑花灌丛的类型和生物量及其与环境因子的关系

窄叶鲜卑花（Ｓｉｂｉｒａｅａａｎｇｕｓｔａｔａ（Ｒｅｈｄ．）Ｈａｎｄ．Ｍａｚ．）灌丛是青藏高原东缘高山灌丛中特有的、具代表性的类型。选择该群落的典型分布区域,运用数值分类法,将窄叶鲜卑花群系分为４个群丛组、１０个群丛类型。用ＰＣＡ排序技术定量分析了各类型在空间地理上的分布格局,以及与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：各类型的分布主要取决于环境中土壤条件（主要是土壤水分和土壤有机质含量）和热量条件的垂直梯度变化,而群落的分类等级越低,对环境因子的变化越敏感。生物量的研究表明,窄叶鲜卑花灌丛的群落生物量在３８．９９～４７．７２ｔ·ｈｍ－２之间,其中灌木层和草本层的生物量分别在２５．８７～３２．１６ｔ·ｈｍ－２和１２．０５～１３．７３ｔ·ｈｍ－２之间,而地下部分的生物量通常高于地上部分。     

鹤山马占相思人工林的生物量和净初级生产力

通过对鹤山马占相思（Ａｃａｃｉａ ｍａｎｇｉｕｍ）人工林的群落结构,生物量、净初级生产力的研究表明,１５龄的马占相思人工林乔木层总生物量为１９６．９４ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,其中树干为８０．７５ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,树枝为５５．１４ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,树叶为１９．６９ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,根为４１．３６ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,该人工林１－７龄生物量增长迅速,而７－１１龄的生物量增则相对较慢,１１龄后生物量趋。１１龄马占相思林的净     

中国潜在植被生产力的分布与模拟

利用中国植被净第一性生产力ＮＰＰ（ｎｅｔｐｒｉｍａｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ）的散点测量数据及中国一般气象站气候记录资料,并根据附近气象站数据进行地理位置相关插值,采用Ｐｅｎｍａｎ方法计算潜在蒸散,用Ｔｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅ的土壤水分处理方法,计算了ＮＰＰ测定位点的水分平衡。结果表明ＮＰＰ与生长季实际蒸散、总蒸散、潜在蒸散显著相关,与干燥度成负相关。从生长季的实际蒸散、干燥度指标两参数出发,建立了ＷＢＩＮＰＰ模型：ＮＰＰ＝２．５５·ＧＡＥ·ｅ－４．２０９２２－１．９６６５ＡＩ。该模型考虑了植被生产力形成机制,与ＮＰＰ实测值相关性高达０．８４２,高于国际上著名ＮＰＰ模型Ｍｉａｍｉ模型、ＴｈｏｒｎｔｈｗａｉｔｅＭｅｍｏｒｉａｌ模型和Ｃｈｉｋｕｇｏ模型（相关系数为０．６５５～０．７３２）。最后利用ＥＩＳ软件对全国潜在ＮＰＰ分布格局进行了分析,从东南到西北逐渐减少,最大值出现在海南和台湾,大于２２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,长江中下游地区１２～１６ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,华北平原为８～１２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,东北地区为４～８ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１;草原地区为２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１左右,干旱荒漠小于２ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１。     

Relationships among the Stem, Aboveground and Total Biomass across Chinese Forests

Forest biomass plays a key role in the global carbon cycle. In the present study, a general allometric model was derived to predict the relationships among the stem biomass Ms, aboveground biomass MA and total biomass MT, based on previously developed scaling relationships for leaf, stem and root standing biomass. The model predicted complex scaling exponents for MT and/or MA with respect to Ms. Because annual biomass accumulation in the stem, root and branch far exceeded the annual increase in standing leaf biomass, we can predict that MT ∝MA ∝ Ms as a simple result of the model. Although slight variations existed in different phyletic affiliations （i.e. conifers versus angiosperms）, empirical results using Model Type Ⅱ （reduced major axis） regression supported the model＇s predictions. The predictive formulas among stem, aboveground and total biomass were obtained using Model Type I （ordinary least squares） regression to estimate forest biomass. Given the low mean percentage prediction errors for aboveground （and total biomass） based on the stem biomass, the results provided a reasonable method to estimate the biomass of forests at the individual level, which was insensitive to the variation in local environmental conditions （e.g. precipitation, temperature, etc.）.     

珠江三角洲地区森林生物量及其动态

利用生物量转换因子连续函数法,通过69组不同龄级的森林样地实测数据,拟合了珠江三角洲主要森林类型的生物量和蓄积量之间的回归方程,并结合3个时段森林清查资料,估算了区域森林生物量及其动态.结果表明：珠江三角洲的中幼林面积占森林总面积的80％以上,其林下植被生物量约占森林总生物量的33％,充分考虑林下植被生物量能提高区域森林生物量估算的精度.在1989—1993年、1994—1998年、1999—2003年3个研究时段,珠江三角洲森林生物量共增加了14.67×10⁶ t.其中,马尾松林、常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林的生物量约占区域总生物量的80％,是区域森林生物量的主体;而中、幼林的生物量所占比例达90％,但呈逐年下降趋势.珠江三角洲快速城市化和经济发展对区域森林生物量的积累并没有产生明显影响,区域森林面积基本保持不变,而区域森林生物量呈逐年增长趋势,年增长率为1.2％.随着珠江三角洲区域中、幼林不断发育成熟,区域森林的生物量将不断增加,其环境效应也将不断增强.     

选择性呼吸抑制技术在土壤细菌和真菌生物量测定中的应用

放线菌酮和链霉素可以选择性地抑制土壤真菌和细菌的葡萄糖诱导呼吸作用,但抑制效果仅５０％左右。二者的最适用量每克土分别为８～１２ｍｇ和４～８ｍｇ,培养时间以低于４ｈ为好。在两个土壤上选择性呼吸抑制方法测定的结果与直接显微镜计数法所得的结果相当,但是,加入链霉素时,一个粘性土壤的葡萄糖诱导量不但被抑制,反而随链霉素加入量的增加,诱导呼吸量增加,是否与其高的粘粒含量有关乃需要做进一步研究。另还详细地讨论     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种群的生物量与生物量增量

粘木种群的生物量为７０．１４ｔ／ｈｍ２,生物量增量为２．３２ｔｈｍ２ａ－１。其总生物量的９０％以上分布在ｄ≥２０ｃｍ的大树,仅有０．０４％～０．０５％分布在ｄ＜１０ｃｍ的小树。在各器官的分配是：树干为６５％,根为２５％,枝为１１％,而叶仅占有２％。粘木的平均径向增长为０．３５ｃｍ／ａ。应用树干解析法和形率法估算树干的生物量,两者的结果差别不大。但形率法则既省力省时,又较方便。粘木的形率为０．７１。     

The dynamics of microflora and the occurrence of phytotoxic substances in different soils with corn residues and inorganic nitrogen

In an incubation experiment the development dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities as well as the level of phytotoxicity were analysed in sand and three soils differing in mechanical structure and amended with corn residues and mineral nitrogen. Bacterial biomass was positively correlated with the degree of dispersion of the solid phase of the soil, whereas the ratio of fungal to bacterial biomass (F:B) was found to be negatively correlated. Fungi were much more tolerant to carbon or nitrogen deficit than bacteria. Introduction of the plant material alone, characterized by a broad carbon to nitrogen ratio, led to the domination of fungi in microbial communities. The level of soil phytotoxicity built up with increasing level of crop residues. Phytotoxicity was observed for the longest time period in soil with the highest silt and clay content. The narrowing of the C:N ratio at introduction of the appropriate amount of mineral nitrogen (larger in heavier soils) resulted in accelerated disappearance of phytotoxicity and at the same time favoured bacterial development. This points to a significant participation of bacteria in the degradation of phytotoxic substances in the soil.     

能源植物芒草研究进展与综合利用现状

芒草是一类多年生的C4草本植物,因其具有生物量大、纤维素含量高、灰分低、热值高、适应性强、生产成本低等诸多优点被认为是目前最具开发潜力的高产纤维类能源植物之一,因而成为国内外关注和研究的热点。综述了国内外能源芒草的研究进展与综合利用现状,并展望了今后的发展前景。     

Effect of sensitivity to abscisic acid on scaling relationships for biomass production rates and body size in Arabidopsis thaliana

The allometric relationships for plant daily biomass production rates, different measures of body size (dry weight and length) and photosynthetic biomass per plant are reported for two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (abi1-1, insensitive to ABA; era1-2, hypersensitive to ABA). Scaling relationships, such as daily rate of growth (G) vs body mass (M), plant body length or plant height (L) vs body mass (M), photosynthetic biomass (M _p ) vs non-photosynthetic biomass (M _n ), and daily rate of growth (G) vs. photosynthetic biomass (M _p ) were significantly different in abi1-1 and era1-2. It is implied that the sensitivity to abscisic acid may change the scaling relationships for plant biomass production rate and body size in Arabidopsis thaliana. Because these scaling relationships are closely related to sensitivity to abscisic acid, they are of importance for phytohormonal ecology.     

Modelling below- and above-ground biomass for non-woody and woody plants

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intraspecific relationships between below- and above-ground biomass (MB and MA, respectively) have been studied extensively to evaluate environmental effects on growth and development at the level of the individual plant. However, no current theoretical model for this relationship exists for broad interspecific trends. The aims of this paper are to provide a model and to test its predictions using a recently assembled, large database (1406 data entries for 257 species). METHODS: An allometric model was derived to predict the relationship between MB and MA for non-woody and woody plants based on previously developed scaling relationships for leaf, stem and root standing biomass and annual growth rates. The predictions of this model were tested by comparing the numerical values of predicted scaling exponents (the slopes of log-log regression curves) with those observed for the database. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: For non-woody plants and the juveniles of woody species, the model predicts an isometric scaling relationship (i.e. MB proportional, variant MA). For woody plants, a complex scaling function is predicted. But, for a particular set of biologically reasonable conditions, the model predicts MB proportional, variant MA across woody plants. These predictions accord reasonably well with observed statistical trends when non-woody and woody plants are studied separately (n=1061 and 345 data entries, respectively). Although the reliability of regression formulas to estimate MB based on MA measurements increased with increasing plant size, estimates of MB can be as much as two orders of magnitude off, even when using regression formulas with r2 >0.90 and F >53,000.     

施氮对几种草地植物生物量及其分配的影响

为了研究施氮对不同草地植物生物量及其分配的影响,以及温带草地生态系统碳交换过程对氮素的响应,在内蒙古太仆寺旗农田-草地生态系统野外站,以4种草地植物:紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、高丹草(Sorghum bicolor L.) 、羊草(Leymus chinensis T.)和小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylia L.)为材料,进行了3种氮素水平 的盆栽控制实验。研究结果表明:施氮显著促进了4种植物地上生物量的积累,紫花苜蓿在中氮水平地上生物量最大,较对照增加了24.8%,高丹草、羊草、小叶锦鸡儿在高氮水平地上生物量最大,分别较对照增加了45.6%、39.3%和72.2%。4种植物在中氮水平地下生物量最大,而细根(直径≤2mm)生物量随施氮量的增加显著减少。羊草根茎生物量及其分配比例随施氮量的增加而增大。施氮显著降低了4种植物的根冠比,紫花苜蓿的根冠比在中氮水平时最小,为1.62,高丹草、羊草、小叶锦鸡儿的根冠比在高氮水平时最小,分别为0.57、1.02和0.41。随施氮量的增加,植物地下部分特别是细根的分配比例显著降低,地上部分分配比例显著增加。不同植物对施氮水平的响应不同,相比豆科植物,施氮显著促进禾本科植物生物量积累,并使其生物量分配格局发生显著改变。