THE EFFECT OF RADIATIONS FROM A MERCURY ARC IN QUARTZ ON ENZYMES : II. THE EFFECT OF ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION ON AMYLASE IN SOLUTION

Amylase in solution is inactivated by the radiations from a mercury arc in quartz, in a manner similar to that previously reported for pepsin. The reaction was followed to a point where more than 88 per cent change had taken place, the course being that of mono-molecular radiochemical change. Apparently, this reaction is due to the influence of ultra-violet radiation alone.     

THE EFFECT OF RADIO-ACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES : I. THE EFFECT OF RADIATIONS FROM RADIUM EMANATION ON SOLUTIONS OF TRYPSIN.

A quantitative study has been made of the radiochemical decomposition of trypsin by the radiations from radium emanation. The following equation accounts quantitatively for the experimental results presented. See PDF for Equation It follows from this that the amount of trypsin decomposed by the radiations from radium emanation depends on the concentration of trypsin present and is proportional to the quantity of emanation expressed in millicuries and to the time of irradiation expressed in hours. It would seem that it is the active or undissociated trypsin that is affected. Evidence has been found which suggests that the beta radiations produce the decomposition observed for which the above statement holds. Qualitative evidence has been found which suggests that x-rays, gamma rays, and beta rays produce identical effects in dilute trypsin solutions.     

THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES : II. THE EFFECT OF RADIATIONS FROM RADIUM EMANATION ON PEPSIN IN SOLUTION.

Pepsin in solution is inactivated by the radiations (beta and gamma) from radium emanation. This chemical effect has been studied quantitatively. The principles involved in this radiochemical reaction are apparently the same as those found in the case of trypsin previously reported; namely, the change in the logarithm of the concentration of active enzyme varies directly with the variable, W.     

THE EFFECT OF ULTRA-VIOLET,X-RAY,AND RADIUM RADIATION ON THE TOXICITY OF NORMAL BLOOD

While the number of experiments performed is perhaps somewhat limited the results obtained were quite definite and warrant the following conclusions. The toxicity of normal blood for living plant protoplasm as studied on the growth of Lupinus albus seedlings is definitely influenced by various radiations. Ultra-violet rays produce no effect on normal blood or may even render it slightly less toxic. Roentgen rays render normal blood more toxic. The toxicity is greater in the case of the blood plasma as compared with the blood cells and a more toxic effect is produced with the Coolidge tube as compared with the gas tube. Radium emanations in the few experiments performed produced changes very much the same as those given by the x-rays.     

THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES : III. A UNIT OF MEASURE OF ACTIVITY FOR RADIUM EMANATION.

In this communication we have introduced a unit to express activity or power of a given preparation of radium emanation. We have named this unit the curie-power and defined it as the activity of 1 curie of radium emanation and its radioactive products in equilibrium with it. We suggest the introduction of this unit in order that we may make a more comprehensive statement of our experimental observation. In the radiochemical reaction effected by the radiations (beta and gamma) from radium emanation in which enzymes are inactivated the chemical change in a given system is a function of the product of two variables; namely, the average activity of the radium emanation, P_a, expressed in terms of the unit millicurie-power, and time, t, expressed in hours. This product has the dimensions of energy and is identical with W which is measured in terms of the energy unit, millicurie-power hours.     

纳洛酮对大鼠烫伤休克的影响

36只烫伤大鼠,分为纳洛酮组和盐水对照组。两组动物侧脑室分别注射纳洛酮和生理盐水,观察纳洛酮对烫伤休克的影响。 结果表明:纳洛酮组大鼠的存活率高于盐水对照组。纳洛酮组动物烫伤后2小时存活率为83％,烫伤后4小时存活率为39％;盐水组动物烫伤后2小时存活率为44％,烫伤后4小时存活率为5.6％。纳洛酮组血压下降和心率减慢的进度也较慢,烫伤后180分钟血压才降低到63％,而盐水组在烫伤后90分钟血压已降低到62％。纳洛酮组动物的呼吸和体温变化也较慢。这些结果提示:纳洛酮具有一定的抗烫伤休克的作用。     

THE EFFECT OF MITOTIC INHIBITORS ON MYOGENESIS IN VITRO

The effect of colchicine and other antimitotic drugs was studied in cultures of 11-day chick embryo breast muscle. Exposure of such cultures to 10^-6 M colchicine results in fragmentation of the elongate myotubes into rounded, cytoplasmic sacs (myosacs) containing various numbers of nuclei. Comparison of the dose-response relation between myotube fragmentation and metaphase arrest suggests that the underlying mechanism may be similar in both cases. Low temperature does not duplicate the effects of colchicine. Glycerinated myotubes are not affected by the mitotic inhibitors. The effect of colchicine on myotubes is reversible. Myosacs elongate within several days after removal from colchicine. However, the regenerated myotubes fail to incorporate additional mononucleated cells. Colchicine does not interfere with the process of fusion itself, but the metaphase block prevents cells from entering that phase of the cell cycle during which fusion can occur. Cells arrested in mitosis by colchicine do not recover when incubated in normal medium. Colcemid-induced arrest is reversible and does not prevent subsequent fusion of the cells.     

EFFECT OF PROLACTIN ON THE TADPOLE TAIL FIN. III. EFFECT OF PROLACTIN ON THE HYDROXYLATION OF PROTOCOLLAGEN-PROLINE OF THE TAIL FIN

The fact that bovine prolactin stimulates the collagen synthesis of the tadpole tail fin was confirmed by the present experiments, in which specific radioactivity of ¹⁴C-hydroxyproline hydroxylated from the incorporated ¹⁴C-proline was measured by the method different from that of the previous report (Y oshizato and Y asumasu , 1970). Stimulatory effect of prolactin on the incorporation of ¹⁴C-proline into the collagen fraction did not disappear even under the conditions, where the activity of protocollagen-proline hydroxylase was inhibited by α,α'-dipyridyl. In fact prolactin had not a significant effect on the activity of the emzyme. It, therefore, is concluded that the hormone promotes the incorporation of ¹⁴C-proline into collagen without affecting the hydroxylation step of the protein synthesis.     

THE EFFECT OF X-RAYS ON CHROMOSOMES IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF MEIOSIS

1. Pollen mother cells exposed to low dosages of x-rays at various stages show different frequencies of chromosome abnormalities in the first meiotic anaphase. 2. Maximum frequencies of abnormalities were obtained in buds irradiated in the pachytene stage of the meiotic prophase and in the preceding mitosis. 3. These results are taken to indicate that the x-ray-sensitive portions of the chromonemata are closely approximated in pairs in pachytene and in the early mitotic prophase. The significance of this in relation to non-homologous pairing is indicated. 4. From the nature of the chromosome configurations observed it is concluded that chromonemata are two-parted when they synapse and that a chromonematic division occurs between pachytene and anaphase and during the mitotic prophase. 5. The frequencies of abnormalities show a linear relationship to dosage. 6. The diameter of the sensitive volume of the chromonema is calculated and found to approximate the diameter of some known protein molecules. 7. The linkage mechanism is found to make up about 90 per cent of the total sensitive volume which corresponds with the approximate reduction in length of the chromonema from pachytene to anaphase. 8. The relation of these sensitive volumes to the gene is discussed.     

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE LEVEL OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN A IN SALIVA

The aim of this paper is to describe the structure, production and function of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as well as changes of its concentration caused by exercise of various intensity and duration. Immunoglobulin A is the main class of antibodies present in the body secreted fluids such as saliva, tears or mucus from the intestines. It is generally recognized that IgA, due to its dominance in the immune system of mucous membranes, is the first line of defence against harmful environmental factors. The secretion and composition of saliva depends on the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Physical activity, stimulating the autonomous nervous system, may reduce the amount of saliva and/or inhibit its secretion. The relationship between physical activity and the suppression of the immune system is not fully understood, but it is known that moderate intensity exercise can improve immune defences, while extreme effort can reduce them by creating an increased risk of upper respiratory tract inflammation (URTI). In athletes, the lowest risk of upper tract infection was connected with the case of moderate intensity exercise. It is now believed that the relationship between exercise volume and the risk of URTI has the shape of the letter “J”. This means that both too little and too much physical activity may increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infection. Training optimization and correct balance between exercise and rest periods may reduce the risk of adverse changes in the immune system and decrease the frequency of URTI.     

THE EFFECT OF INJURY ON MONOAMINE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE RAT HYPOTHALAMUS

Abstract— The monoamine concentrations have been measured in four regions of the brain (hypothalamus, cortex, cerebellum and brain stem) in rats injured by either hind-limb ischaemia or scald. Both injuries produced a rapid fall in the noradrenaline concentration of the hypothalamus which recovered slowly if the injury was not fatal. This effect of injury was seen after pretreatment with a-methyl-p-tyrosine to inhibit noradrenaline synthesis, indicating an increased rate of utilization of noradrenaline after injury. These injuries did not affect the 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration in the hypothalamus, but changes were found in the concentration of this monoamine and in that of its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, in the brain stem. It is concluded that these forms of injury had specific effects on the brain monoamines. The hypothalamic changes were not secondary to changes in core temperature or to hypotension or hypovolaemia and they are discussed in relation to the impairment of temperature regulation seen in the injured rat.     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACIDS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Marr, Allen G. (University of California, Davis) and John L. Ingraham. Effect of temperature on composition of fatty acids in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 84:1260-1267. 1962.-Variations in the temperature of growth and in the composition of the medium alter the proportions of individual fatty acids in the lipids of Escherichia coli. As the temperature of growth is lowered, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids) increases. The increase in content of unsaturated acids with a decrease in temperature of growth occurs in both minimal and complex media. Cells harvested in the stationary phase contained large amounts of cyclopropane fatty acids (methylenehexadecanoic and methylene octadecanoic acids) in comparison with cells harvested during exponential growth. Cells grown in a chemostat, limited by the concentration of ammonium salts, show a much higher content of saturated fatty acids (principally palmitic acid) than do cells harvested from an exponentially-growing batch culture in the same medium. Cells grown in a chemostat, limited by the concentration of glucose, show a slightly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids than cells from the corresponding batch culture. The results do not indicate a direct relation between fatty acid composition and minimal growth temperature.     

THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY IN BRAIN

—The role of the pentose phosphate pathway in brain glucose metabolism was studied in hypoxic rats. The method of directly labelling the 6-phosphogluconate pool was used in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results indicate that there is significantly more glucose metabolized via this pathway in brains of hypoxic rats than in the controls.     

低温胁迫对水稻幼苗PEP羧化酶的影响

水稻幼苗经低温(0℃)处理后,叶片中PEP羧化酶活性明显地降低.Km值增大。经1—2天低温处理者,增加反应底物的浓度,有减少PEP羧化酶活性降低的幅度;当低温伤害严重时(0℃4天),这种效应则消失。这些结果表明:水稻叶片中PEP羧化酶对低温反应是敏感的,其活性的下降是由于该酶对底物的亲和力的降低。     

THE EFFECT OF CHARCOAL ON THE GROWTH OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS IN SAND CULTURE

The addition of small proportions (0.5-2.0 %) of activated charcoal to the rooting medium of inoculated peas in nitrogen-free sand culture resulted in marked increases in dry weight of the plants and in nitrogen fixation. Wood charcoal in larger proportions had a similar effect, while animal charcoal severely inhibited growth. The number of nodules was greatly reduced in the presence of activated charcoal, but such nodules as formed were much larger and the nodule tissues per unit weight were more active in nitrogen fixation. Activated charcoal also led to an increase in dry weight of non-inoculated peas supplied with inorganic combined nitrogen. It is tentatively suggested that these favourable effects arise from the adsorption by the charcoal of harmful excretions from roots or micro-organisms or of excess nutrients, and from the maintenance of a more favourable pH in the rooting medium. The examination of barley intersown with the peas, and the results of Kjeldahl analyses on the rooting media, provided no evidence that the enhanced fixation in the presence of activated charcoal was attended by any considerable excretion of fixed nitrogen.     

THE EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAMELLAR SYSTEM IN CHLOROPLASTS

The influence of low temperature (3°C.) on development of submicroscopic structure in plastids of Zea m. leaves was studied. Leaves from 8-day old etiolated plants, with plastids showing the prolamellar body and few lamellae, were floated for 1 day on tap water both in the dark and in the light, at 26°C and at 3°C. The structures remain unchanged in the dark, independent of temperature. Whereas in the light at 26°C., normal development of parallel compound lamellae and formation of grana occurs, in light at 3°C. ring structures are formed. Under the latter conditions protochlorophyll is converted to chlorophyll, although the in situ absorption maximum is different from the one for chlorophyll in plants grown in light at 26°C. When leaves were transferred from light at 3°C. to light at 26°C., ring structures in the plastids disappeared and normal development occurred. The possibility is discussed that development of parallel-arranged compound lamellae is due both to photochemical and synthetic processes, involving not only accumulation of chlorophyll, but also synthesis of other compounds.     

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TURNOVER OF TASTE BUD CELLS IN CATFISH

Renewal of taste bud cells on the barbels of channel catfish was studied. Groups of catfish, held in and acclimitized to 14°C, 18°C, 22°C and 30°C dechlorinated tap water were injected with [³H]thymidine (3.0 μCi/g body weight intraperitoneally). Barbels were sampled at various times after injection and prepared for light microscope autoradiography. Results show that epithelial cells surrounding the taste buds divide and some of their daughter cells migrate into the taste buds. The time at which 50% of the labelled cells have degenerated is taken as the average turnover time or average life span of the taste bud cells. The average life span as well as the time spent inside the taste buds is highly temperature-dependent. At 14°C, 18°C, 22°C and 30°C the average life span is on the order of 40, 30, 15 and 12 days respectively. Further studies indicate that both light and dark staining cells of the taste bud were labelled.     

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LATENT PERIOD IN THE PHOTIC RESPONSE OF MYA ARENARIA

1. The effect of temperature on the reaction time of Mya to light is mainly confined to the latent period. The sensitization period, representing a photochemical process, is changed comparatively little. 2. The relation between the latent period and the temperature is adequately expressed by the Arrhenius equation, for temperatures below 21°C. Above this temperature, the latent period becomes increasingly longer than is required by the Arrhenius formula when µ = 19,680. 3. These deviations, occurring above the highest environmental temperature of Mya, are explained on the assumption that the principal product formed during the latent period is inactivated by heat. 4. Calculation of the velocity of the hypothetical inactivation reaction at different temperatures shows that it also follows the Arrhenius rule when µ = 48,500. This value of µ corresponds to those generally found for spontaneous inactivations and destructions.     

THE EFFECT OF PUROMYCIN ON INTRANUCLEAR STEPS IN RIBOSOME BIOSYNTHESIS

Inhibition of protein synthesis by puromycin (100 γ/ml) is known to inhibit the synthesis of ribosomes. However, ribosomal precursor RNA (45S) continues to be synthesized, methylated, and processed. Cell fractionation studies revealed that, although the initial processing (45S → 32S + 16S) occurs in the presence of puromycin, the 16S moiety is immediately degraded. No species of ribosomal RNA can be found to have emerged from the nucleolus. The RNA formed in the presence of puromycin is normal as judged by its ability to enter new ribosomal particles after puromycin is removed. This sequence of events is not a result of inhibition of protein synthesis, for cycloheximide, another inhibitor of protein synthesis, either alone or in combination with puromycin allows the completion of new ribosomes.     

EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF MOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE MOUSE

In previous experiments, we found that rats raised in constant light (LL) manifested a more robust circadian rhythm of motor activity in LL and showed longer phase shifts after a light pulse in constant darkness (DD) than those raised under constant darkness. In addition, we observed that the effects produced by constant light differed depending on the time of postnatal development in which it was given. These results suggest that both sensitivity to light and the functioning of the circadian pacemaker of the rat could be affected by the environmental conditions experienced during postembryonic development. Thus, the present experiment aimed to study whether postnatal exposure to light could also affect the circadian system of the mouse. Three groups of mice were formed: One group was raised under constant darkness during lactation (DD group), the second under constant light (LL group), and the third under light-dark cycles (LD group). After lactation, the three groups were submitted first to constant light of high intensity, then to LD cycles, and finally to constant darkness. In the DD stage, a light pulse was given. Finally, mice were submitted to constant light of low intensity. We observed that the circadian rhythm of the DD group was more disturbed under constant light than the rhythm of the LL group, and that, when light intensity increased, the period of the rhythm of the DD group lengthened more than that of the LL group. No significant differences among the groups were found in the phase shift induced by the light pulse. Therefore, it appears that DD mice are more sensitive to light than their LL counterparts. However, at present there is no evidence to affirm that the light environment experienced by the mouse during postnatal development affects the circadian pacemaker. (Chronobiology International, 18(4), 683–696, 2001)