Progress in the study of algae and mosses in biological soil crusts

Algae and mosses are not only two of the familiar communities in the process of desert vegetational succession,but also have the highest biomass in biological soil crusts.Meanwhile,being the pioneer plants,algae and mosses are involved in the establishment of biological soil crusts,which have great importance in arid environments and play a major role in desert ecosystems,such as being the indicator of the vegetation type,soil-holding,preventing erosion by water and wind,and sand fixation.This paper reviews the advances in the study of algae and mosses in arid and semi-arid areas.It mainly describes the ecological functions of algae and mosses including their influences on water cycle,circulation of substances,and community succession.In addition,the relationships between algae and mosses are discussed.Finally,some suggestions are proposed for the research orientations of algae and mosses in biological soil crusts.Ecologically,algae and mosses have significant ecological importance in arid areas,especially in those areas where environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious.     

Warming reduces the growth and diversity of biological soil crusts in a semi-arid environment: implications for ecosystem structure and functioning

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are key biotic components of dryland ecosystems worldwide that control many functional processes, including carbon and nitrogen cycling, soil stabilization and infiltration. Regardless of their ecological importance and prevalence in drylands, very few studies have explicitly evaluated how climate change will affect the structure and composition of BSCs, and the functioning of their constituents. Using a manipulative experiment conducted over 3 years in a semi-arid site from central Spain, we evaluated how the composition, structure and performance of lichen-dominated BSCs respond to a 2.4°C increase in temperature, and to an approximately 30 per cent reduction of total annual rainfall. In areas with well-developed BSCs, warming promoted a significant decrease in the richness and diversity of the whole BSC community. This was accompanied by important compositional changes, as the cover of lichens suffered a substantial decrease with warming (from 70 to 40% on average), while that of mosses increased slightly (from 0.3 to 7% on average). The physiological performance of the BSC community, evaluated using chlorophyll fluorescence, increased with warming during the first year of the experiment, but did not respond to rainfall reduction. Our results indicate that ongoing climate change will strongly affect the diversity and composition of BSC communities, as well as their recovery after disturbances. The expected changes in richness and composition under warming could reduce or even reverse the positive effects of BSCs on important soil processes. Thus, these changes are likely to promote an overall reduction in ecosystem processes that sustain and control nutrient cycling, soil stabilization and water dynamics.     

Tolerance of soil algae and cyanobacteria to drought stress

Tolerance to drought stress in soil crust microorganisms is essential for exploiting suitable organisms for restoring soil. In this study, the responses to drought stress of two drought‐tolerant species, a green alga and a cyanobacterium, were compared with those of two non‐tolerant green algae. In response to drought stress, induced by treatment with polyethylene glycol, the intracellular proline levels increased and were associated with increases in malondialdehye, pigment contents, and enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Our results suggest that tolerance to drought stress could be indicated by the intracellular levels of proline, SOD, and carotenoids. This study provides insights into the drought physiology of the photosynthetic microorganisms and suggests that Leptolyngbya boryana and Chlorella vulgaris are suitable pioneer organisms for soil restoration.     

青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮对浅层土壤水热过程的影响

生物结皮在高寒地区广泛发育,是影响冻土环境的重要因素之一。为了解高寒冻土区生物结皮对浅层土壤水热过程的影响,以黄河源区玛多县季节冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,采用定位监测的方法,分析了统一地貌单元内两种不同类型的生物结皮对浅层（0–50cm）土壤水温变化的影响。研究结果表明（1）生物结皮对冻土浅层土壤水热过程有显著的影响,其影响效果不仅与土壤的冻结融化状态有关,还与生物结皮的类型密切相关：1）在冻结状态下,生物结皮对土壤水分和温度均没有显著影响;而在融化期,两种类型生物结皮与裸地相比,增加了不同土层土壤未冻水含量,同时降低了浅层土体温度。其中深色藻结皮增加了5–15cm土层土壤含水量（1~5.4 %）,而浅色藻结皮增加了30cm土层土壤含水量（5~12 %）,且深色藻结皮的降温效应（1.1~2.1 ℃）显著高于浅色藻结皮（0.8℃~1.3 ℃）。（2）生物结皮覆盖下冻土浅层土壤中未冻水含量与土壤温度呈复杂的耦合作用。根据土壤温度变化,土壤中未冻水含量与温度的变化关系可分为三个阶段：T< -4℃时,土壤处于完全冻结状态,深色藻结皮覆盖下,土壤未冻水含量保持在4.3%左右;土壤温度T< 4℃,土壤未冻水含量与土壤温度呈正相关关系;土壤温度T > 4℃,土壤未冻水含水量与土壤温度呈负相关关系。即-4 < T < 4℃时,土壤温度影响土壤含水量,随着土壤温度升高土壤未冻水含量增加;土壤温度T > 4℃,水热相互耦合,随着土壤温度升高,土壤中未冻水含量的降低。同时土壤含水量影响土壤温度, 随着土壤含水量的增加,土壤温度降低。研究结果揭示了高寒草甸退化过程中生物结皮对冻土浅层土壤水热过程的重要影响,这一研究结果将为后期冻土区生态修复提供理论依据。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮对土壤氮库垂直分布特征的影响

生物土壤结皮在干旱区氮素地球化学循环中具有重要作用,研究不同生物土壤结皮下不同形态氮素含量的变化,解析生物土壤结皮对土壤养分影响过程和范围,有助于进一步理解生物土壤结皮的生态功能。本研究以古尔班通古特沙漠藻-地衣混生结皮和藓类结皮两种生物土壤结皮为研究对象,以裸沙为对照,测定生物土壤结皮层和0—100 cm内8个土层全氮、无机氮、可溶性有机氮、游离态氨基酸氮、微生物生物量氮等氮库含量,和土壤脲酶、硝酸盐还原态酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶等土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明：1)结皮层各形态氮素含量和各土壤酶活性显著高于其下层土壤,结皮层和结皮下各层土壤氮库整体上表现为藓类结皮>藻-地衣混生结皮>裸沙;土壤氮库各形态氮素含量和土壤酶活性在垂直分布上均呈现先显著下降(0—20 cm)后稳定(20—100 cm)的趋势;在20—30 cm土层,除裸沙的无机氮、铵态氮以及藻-地衣混生结皮的硝态氮外,其余速效氮(无机氮、硝态氮、铵态氮)含量具有增加的特点。2)土壤各氮库含量与全磷、有机碳、电导率、土壤脲酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性呈正相关,与pH、土壤含水率呈负相关。3)利用氮循环相关指标建立土壤氮循环多功能...     

不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖下风沙土的入渗特征及模拟

干旱荒漠区广泛分布的生物土壤结皮(BSCs)对土壤水分入渗过程有重要影响。以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的BSCs为研究对象,基于野外采样与室内模拟实验等方法,探究藓类、地衣和藻等3种类型BSCs覆盖下沙土的入渗特征。结果表明:与无结皮覆盖的风沙土对照,3种类型BSCs均显著降低了沙土初渗速率,藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮覆盖下初渗速率降低幅度依次为36.10%、46.42%、50.39%;藓类结皮、地衣结皮(P0.05)和藻结皮(P0.05)均明显降低了沙土稳渗速率,降低幅度依次为16.50%、33.98%和35.92%;3种类型BSCs均限制了湿润锋在沙土的推进过程,表现为:藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮的渗漏时间分别为裸沙对照的2.13、3.04和2.98倍;各类型BSCs均减小了沙土累积入渗量,阻碍了沙土水分入渗,与裸沙对照相比,藓类结皮、地衣结皮、藻结皮的1 h累积入渗量分别降低16.10%、28.56%和26.56%。在实验条件下,Kostiakov模型最适用于模拟不同类型BSCs覆盖下土壤水分入渗过程,Horton模型模拟效果次之。     

黄土高原丘陵区生物结皮土壤的斥水性

采用滴水穿透时间法和酒精溶液入渗法,研究了黄土高原丘陵区浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、藻+少量藓结皮、藓+少量藻结皮、藓结皮5种不同发育阶段的原状生物结皮土壤的斥水性及其与土壤含水量的关系.结果表明: 生物结皮增加了土壤的斥水性,其斥水强度和持久性均显著增加.生物结皮土壤的斥水性随生物结皮的演替逐渐降低,当生物结皮中藓类植物盖度在20%以上时,斥水持久性显著低于藻结皮.生物结皮土壤的斥水性与土壤含水量及优势种密切相关,藓类生物结皮土壤的斥水性随着含水量的降低逐渐增加,藻类生物结皮土壤的斥水性随含水量的变化呈双峰曲线.     

喀斯特坡面生物结皮发育特征及其对土壤水分入渗的影响

作为地表植被恢复的先锋种群和景观的重要组成部分,生物土壤结皮(BSCs)对地表过程具有重要影响.为探明喀斯特地区BSCs发育特征及其对土壤水分入渗的影响,本研究选取喀斯特代表性坡面开展了BSCs实地调查和人工模拟降雨试验,探究了BSCs覆盖土壤的水分入渗过程,试验设计了5个BSCs盖度水平(0、28％、40％、70％、...     

高寒沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤碳释放动态

生物土壤结皮广泛分布于荒漠生态系统,能够通过自身的呼吸作用影响土壤碳释放以及区域碳循环过程。本研究在具有典型高寒沙区气候特征的青藏高原东北部（青海共和盆地）,以广泛分布于人工植被恢复区的藻类和藓类结皮为研究对象,裸地为对照,观测了裸地与两种类型生物土壤结皮去除和覆盖土壤碳释放速率的日动态和生长季动态规律,探讨生物土壤结皮对土壤碳释放量的影响。结果表明：生物土壤结皮去除和覆盖土壤碳释放速率日动态和生长季动态特征与裸地一致,均呈“单峰”曲线。生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤的日最大碳释放速率出现于13:00左右,裸地与去除结皮土壤的日峰值均出现于15:00左右,生物土壤结皮的存在使土壤碳释放速率的日峰值出现时间提前2h左右,各观测类型生长季内碳释放速率最大值均出现在8月。在相对干旱年份（2017）,藻类和苔藓结皮覆盖导致土壤碳释放量分别增加了22.07%和85.61%,其中,藻类和苔藓结皮层碳释放量占增加量的67.60%和25.76%;而在相对湿润年份（2018）,藻类和苔藓结皮覆盖导致土壤碳释放量分别增加了139.37%和290.53%,二者结皮层碳释放量分别占增加量的69.09%和45.59%,生物土壤结皮发育促进了土壤的碳释放。温度对土壤碳释放变化的贡献率为48.89%,是高寒沙区土壤碳释放日动态变化的关键驱动因子。因此,在核算荒漠生态系统碳交换过程中,应充分考虑各区域不同类型生物土壤结皮对土壤碳释放产生的影响。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同生物土壤结皮细菌多样性及其季节动态特征

微生物多样性对于生物土壤结皮在沙漠生态系统中改善局部环境以及提升生态功能具有重要作用。本研究对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区藻结皮、藓结皮及其下层的四季样品进行了16S rDNA高通量测序, 以期阐明细菌多样性及其在生物土壤结皮演替过程中的季节变化规律。结果表明4种类型样品的细菌丰富度在夏季显著低于其他3个季节。4种类型样品中主要的细菌类群为变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、蓝细菌门等, 其中变形菌门和放线菌门为优势类群, 夏季时变形菌门的相对多度显著高于春季、秋季、冬季, 且在结皮层中相对多度显著高于结皮下层。放线菌门的相对多度在春季、夏季显著高于秋季、冬季, 且结皮下层相对多度高于结皮层。生物土壤结皮演替过程中细菌多样性及其相对多度季节动态变化表明其对沙漠土壤局部环境的变化作出了响应, 这为深入理解生物土壤结皮在沙漠生态系统中的生态功能提供了微生物多样性数据。     

黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮表面糙度特征及影响因素

地表糙度是影响地表径流和侵蚀过程的重要属性.生物结皮在干旱半干旱区广泛分布,是地表糙度的影响因子之一.本文采用链条法测定了黄土丘陵区不同发育阶段生物结皮表面糙度特征,分析了不同发育阶段生物结皮表面糙度对坡向、土壤含水量和冻融作用的响应及其与各理化性质的相关性,初步探索了生物结皮对地表糙度的影响及其相关因素.结果表明: 生物结皮显著改变地表糙度,随着生物结皮从藻结皮向藓结皮演替,其糙度先降低后增加,生物结皮发育形成10年以后,其表面糙度基本趋于稳定;研究区早期形成的藻结皮表面糙度较裸土降低47.0%,深色藻结皮(藓类盖度<20%)较裸土降低20.4%,混生结皮(藓类盖度为20%～60%)和苔藓结皮(藓类盖度>70%)表面糙度与深色藻结皮基本一致;坡向对发育10年以上的生物结皮表面糙度的影响不显著;土壤含水量影响地表糙度特征.研究区浅色藻结皮表面糙度随水分变化较为剧烈;随着生物结皮发育,深色藻结皮、混生结皮和苔藓结皮表面糙度随水分的变化趋于平缓.冻融增加了生物结皮表面糙度.浅色藻结皮经两次冻融后表面糙度增加29.7%;深色藻结皮、混生结皮和藓结皮表面糙度的影响需经过反复冻融才有所体现.生物结皮表面糙度与藓结皮盖度呈显著正相关(P＜0.1).     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖区土壤水分收支变化特征

探究半干旱生态系统生物土壤结皮对土壤水文过程的影响,并量化生物结皮覆盖下土壤水分收支状况,可为荒漠地区植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。本研究基于2018—2020年生长季(5—10月)对毛乌素沙地不同类型生物结皮(如藻类和苔藓)覆盖区土壤水分的连续观测,以裸沙为对照,分析了生物结皮对0～40 cm土壤水分收支的影响。结果表明: 与裸沙相比,藻类结皮和苔藓结皮显著降低了降雨对40 cm以下土壤水分的补充,增加了土壤水分的蒸发损失。在相对湿润年份(2018年),裸沙和不同类型生物结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量(渗漏量+蒸发量)均低于降雨量,土壤水分状况为收入;在相对干旱年份(2019和2020年),藻类结皮和苔藓结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量高于降雨量,土壤水分产生亏缺,但是裸沙相反。可见,生物结皮导致其下覆0～40 cm土壤水分收支不平衡,在相对干旱年份出现了水分亏缺,这可能驱动该区域植被群落向浅根系植物演替。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮不同发育阶段中藻类的变化

通过在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘相同的地貌部位,选择裸沙、藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮4种不同演替阶段中的生物结皮,研究了藻类的种类组成、优势种和生物量的变化.结果表明:(1)在结皮的不同演替阶段,藻类种类组成不同,其常见物种有一定的差异,如裸沙中藻类常见种是脆杆藻2(Fragilaria sp.2)、威利颤藻(Oscillatoria willei)和奥克席藻(Phormidium okenii),藻结皮的常见种是小聚球藻(Synechococcus parvus)、颗粒常丝藻 (Tychonema granulatum)、韧氏席藻(Phormidium retzli);同时在不同发育阶段亦存在一些特有种.(2)在裸沙发育到成熟生物结皮的过程中,藻类的优势物种也发生相应的变化.裸沙、藻结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮的优势种分别是脆杆藻1(Fragilaria sp.1)、具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)、具鞘微鞘藻、眼点伪枝藻(Scytonema ocellatum)或集球藻(Palmellococcus miniatus).(3)藻类生物量在生物结皮不同演替阶段差异极显著(P<0.01),在裸沙中藻类生物量最低,随着生物结皮的逐渐发育,藻类生物量明显升高,地衣结皮最高,约是裸沙的8.3倍,当发育至苔藓结皮时,藻类生物量又有所下降.(4)在裸沙中基本为松散的沙粒,随着生物结皮的演替,丝状种类占明显的优势,尤其是具鞘微鞘藻,另外真菌菌丝和苔藓假根分别在地衣结皮和苔藓结皮中起着重要作用.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙植被区生物土壤结皮及下层土壤有机碳矿化特征

植被恢复与重建是沙区退化土地修复的有效途径,是生物土壤结皮(Biological Soil Crusts, BSCs)拓殖和发育的关键影响因素。采用室内恒温培养-碱液吸收法研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘不同恢复年限固沙植被区BSCs及其下层0—5 cm土壤的碳矿化特征,分析了其与水分及土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:BSCs及其下层土壤有机碳的瞬时速率、最大和平均矿化速率以及累计释放量均随着恢复年限的延长而增大,同一植被区表现为BSCs大于下层0—5 cm土壤(P<0.001)。土壤含水量的增加显著促进了有机碳矿化过程(P<0.001),土壤水分含量从5%增加到20%时,BSCs有机碳的平均和最大矿化速率及累计释放量分别增加了1.48—2.08倍、1.60—2.00倍和1.48—2.08倍,下层土壤分别增大了1.36—2.08倍、1.21—2.00倍和1.36—2.08倍。土壤电导率、有机碳和黏粒含量是影响有机碳矿化的主要影响因素。结果表明沙区植被恢复与重建背景下BSCs的发生发展促进了土壤碳矿化过程,而BSCs参与的碳循环过程受其理化属性及水分等环境因子的共同影响。     

The influence of biological soil crusts on 15N translocation in soil and vascular plant in a temperate desert of northwestern China

Aims Desert ecosystems are often characterized by patchy distribution of vascular plants, with biological soil crusts (BSC) covering interplant spaces. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the linkage between BSC and vascular plants through nitrogen (N) or element translocation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecological roles of BSC on N translocation from soil to the dominant herb Erodium oxyrrhynchum Bieb. (Geraniaceae) in a temperate desert in China.Methods Isotopes (including 15 N-Glu, 15 N-NH 4 Cl and 15 N-NaNO 3) were used as a tracer to detect translocation of N in two types of desert soil (BSC covered; bare) to the dominant herb E. oxyrrhynchum. Three different forms of 15 N-enriched N compounds were applied as a point source to small patches of BSC and to bare soil. And we measured isotopes (14 N and 15 N) and obtained the concentration of labeled- 15 N in both vascular plants and soils at different distances from substrate applicationImportant findings Plants of E. oxyrrhynchum growing in BSC-covered plots accumulated more δ 15 N than those growing in the bare soil. Similarly, soil from BSC-covered plots showed a higher concentration of labeled-N irrespective of form of isotope, than did the bare soil. The concentration of dissolved organic N (15 N-Glu) in E. oxyrrhynchum was higher than that of dissolved inorganic N (15 N-NH 4 Cl and 15 N-NaNO 3). Soil covered by BSC also accumulated considerably more dissolved organic N than bare soil, whereas the dominant form of 15 N concentrated in bare soil was dissolved inorganic N. Correlation analysis showed that the concentration of labeled-N in plants was positively related to the concentration of labeled-N in soils and the N% recorded in E. oxyrrhynchum. Our study supports the hypothesis that BSC facilitates 15 N translocation in soils and vascular plants in a temperate desert of northwestern China.     

生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响

研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘在不同自然条件（风、温度、水分）下,人工固沙植被区（24龄、41龄、50龄）和相邻天然植被区的两种生物土壤结皮对荒漠土壤种子库和种子萌发的影响。结果表明,荒漠土壤种子库在苔藓结皮上的储量显著高于藻类结皮。随着生物土壤结皮的发育,种子萌发量在苔藓结皮上增加,在藻类结皮上减少。生物土壤结皮层的含水量对种子萌发有显著的影响（p〈0.05）,植物种子在湿润处理的生物土壤结皮上的萌发量高于干燥处理的生物土壤结皮上的种子萌发量。生物土壤结皮表层温度和亚表层温度对荒漠植物种子萌发无显著影响（p〉0.05）,但总体而言,对于苔藓结皮,植物种子在较高温度下的萌发量略高于在较低温度下的萌发量,而对于藻类结皮,植物种子在较低温度下的萌发量略高。     

Dynamics of cryptogamic soil crusts in a derived grassland in south‐eastern Australia

We examined the dynamics of cryptogamic soil crusts in a derived (disclimax) grassland near Orange in south‐eastern Australia. Changes in the cover of cryptogamic crusts and floristics and abundance of the constituent species were measured on four treatments with two levels each of grazing and cultivation. Twenty‐two lichens, mosses and liverworts were found at the study site and, of these, 13 were collected in the quadrats. Three moss species (Barbula calycina, Eccremidium arcuatum and Bryum pachytheca) and one lichen species (Cladonia tessalata) accounted for 67% of total cover‐abundance scores. Generally, cover‐abundance was significantly higher in the unvegetated microsites than in the vegetated microsites. Species richness was not significantly different between the four grazing‐cultivation treatments but, on average, there were significantly more species in the unvegetated microsites (mean = 3.2 species) than in the vegetated microsites (0.54 species). Grazing and cultivation resulted in significantly greater cover of bare ground and consequently significantly greater crust cover. Averaged across all treatments, approximately half of the area of unvegetated soil was occupied by cryptogams. Overall, the results indicate that lichens and bryophytes are important components of derived temperate grasslands, surviving in even densely vegetated swards. This study suggests that strategies which disturb the soil surface (e.g. grazing and cultivation) will stimulate the abundance and cover of soil crust organisms by increasing the availability of unvegetated microsites.     

荒漠结皮层藓类植物死亡对表层土壤水分蒸发和入渗的影响

水分是荒漠植物生长最主要的限制因子,藓类结皮作为荒漠土壤表层重要覆被物,对土壤水分蒸发入渗具有重要影响。研究表明,在全球气候变化背景下,不确定的降水格局变化导致结皮层藓类植物出现集群死亡现象,但这一过程对荒漠地表土壤水分蒸发与入渗过程的影响及其机理尚不清楚。以古尔班通古特沙漠齿肋赤藓结皮为研究对象,利用便携式渗透计和蒸发仪,研究了结皮层藓类植物死亡对土壤水分蒸发与入渗的影响。结果表明,与裸沙相比,藓类结皮的存在显著抑制了水分入渗,而藓类植物死亡的结皮层抑制作用最大,其初渗速率、稳渗速率和累积入渗量分别是活藓类结皮的39.89%、85.91%及64.48%,仅为裸沙的5.96%、13.13%及20.42%。在水分蒸发初期,裸沙的水分蒸发速率明显高于活藓类结皮和藓类植物死亡的结皮层,但藓类植物死亡的结皮层维持相对稳定的蒸发速率的时间长于裸沙和活藓类结皮,这也导致最终累计蒸发量以藓类植物死亡的结皮层最高、裸沙最低。可见,荒漠生物土壤结皮中藓类植物死亡会明显减少土壤水分入渗、增大水分蒸发,进一步影响荒漠表层土壤水分格局,从而影响生物土壤结皮与维管植物的水分利用关系。     

高寒沙区生物土壤结皮对吸湿凝结水的影响

高寒沙区,水资源匮乏,吸湿凝结水是维持当地生态环境的重要非生物影响因子。采用自制微渗仪(直径10 cm,高度分别为3、4、6、11 cm)观测3类生物土壤结皮(苔藓结皮、藻类结皮、物理结皮)和流沙的吸湿凝结水量变化规律。结果表明:观测期间,除去大风和降雨天气外,吸湿凝结水每天都会产生;不同地表类型产生的吸湿凝结水量存在差异,生物土壤结皮生成的吸湿凝结水量显著大于流沙上产生的吸湿凝结水(P0.05),即生物土壤结皮有利于吸湿凝结水的生成;随着结皮的发育,吸湿凝结水量呈增加趋势,主要表现为:流沙物理结皮藻类结皮苔藓结皮;凝结现象自19:00开始,次日7:00结束;日出后,吸湿凝结水量迅速下降,持续时间为5 h,其中苔藓结皮与流沙下降速率最快;吸湿凝结水主要集中在土壤表层5 cm内,达总凝结量的90%以上,且观测值变异系数小,可作为代表性土壤深度进行吸湿凝结水的相关研究;吸湿凝结水量与大气温湿度密切相关,与大气温度呈负相关关系,与大气湿度呈正相关关系;吸湿凝结水量受取样深度、地表类型、大气温湿度等多方面因素的影响。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮固氮活性

利用乙炔还原法对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型的生物结皮(藻结皮、地衣结皮、苔藓结皮)的固氮活性(nmolC2H4m-2h-1)进行了定量研究。结果表明,不仅采样时段和结皮类型对生物结皮的固氮活性具有显著的影响(p<0.05),二者的交互效应同样对生物结皮的固氮活性具有极显著的影响(p<0.01)。各类型生物结皮固氮活性变化趋势表现为:3～5月间,藻结皮(2.26×103)>地衣结皮(6.54×102)>苔藓结皮(6.38×102)。6～10月份,各类型生物结皮的固氮能力显著提高(p<0.05),藻结皮的固氮活性最高(9.81×103),依次为地衣结皮9.06×103、苔藓结皮2.03×103。11月～翌年2月间,月均温都低于0℃,抑制了生物结皮的固氮活性,藻结皮、苔藓结皮的固氮活性降幅极显著(p<0.01),分别低达4.18×102、5.43×102,地衣结皮降低至2.78×103。生物结皮成为古尔班通古特沙漠除豆科植物外重要的氮源,为该沙漠1年生浅根系草本植物的种子萌发与植物体的生长提供丰富的有机质源,从而有利于这些植物种群的繁衍与更新,并与之共同促进对沙面的固定。