短尾猴（Macaca arctoides）和猕猴跟骨的功能形态研究

本文从形态描述和统计入手,对短尾猴(macaca arctoides)和猕猴的跟骨进行了比较研究。结果表明,所研究的跟骨变量无论数值大小还是几何图形结构都存在一定差异。特别是跟骨最大宽、跟长、后距骨连结面长、跟骨高度及相对跟长存在显著性差异水平。猕猴跟骨变量间的相关关系比短尾猴的表现得更为紧密。据其形态与功能的关系,我们认为:与猕猴相较,短尾猴更适应于地栖生活。这似乎与短尾猴具更大的体重有关。     

现生太行山猕猴与猕猴化石骨指数的比较

为探讨现生太行山猕猴与猕猴化石骨指数的差异,对太行山猕猴与广西崇左早更新世猕猴化石的肢间指数(Intermembral index,IM)、臂指数(Brachial index,BI)、股指数(Crural index,CI)和股骨粗壮指数(Robusticity index,RI)等指数进行比较。结果表明,猕猴化石IM值(96)高于太行山猕猴,BI值(94.5)和CI值(88.5)均低于太行山猕猴,推测该猕猴化石在早更新世时期可能地栖生活,适合于陆地四足行走,同时也验证了太行山猕猴主要为半树栖生活。结合对猕猴化石伴生哺乳动物习性的分析,推测广西崇左早更新世的气候温暖潮湿并有一定的水域,植被以森林和灌木为主,有局部的草地或草坡,其自然环境非常适宜高等灵长类生息繁衍。     

跟骨强度指数与影响因素相关性分析

目的:探讨跟骨强度指数与其影响因素的相关性。方法:共入选1024例体检人员。(1)通过Achilles定量超声(QUS)系统测量左跟骨强度指数;(2)使用RGC-120型体重秤测量身高、体重并计算体重指数;(3)通过问卷调查收集体检人员年龄、膳食、运动、吸烟、饮酒等影响因素的相关资料;(4)将各影响因素与跟骨强度指数进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果:(1)直线相关分析结果显示,跟骨强度指数与身高、体重、体重指数、饮用牛奶年数、运动年数呈正相关(;2)多因素逐步回归分析显示,跟骨强度指数仅与体重指数、运动年数具有显著的回归效果。结论:体重指数与运动年数是跟骨强度指数的独立影响因素,对骨质疏松的诊断与预防具有重要的意义。     

跟骨强度指数与影响因素相关性分析

目的：探讨跟骨强度指数与其影响因素的相关性。方法：共入选1024例体检人员。（1）通过Achilles定量超声（QUS）系统测量左跟骨强度指数;（2）使用RGC-120型体重秤测量身高、体重并计算体重指数;（3）通过问卷调查收集体检人员年龄、膳食、运动、吸烟、饮酒等影响因素的相关资料;（4）将各影响因素与跟骨强度指数进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果：（1）直线相关分析结果显示,跟骨强度指数与身高、体重、体重指数、饮用牛奶年数、运动年数呈正相关（;2）多因素逐步回归分析显示,跟骨强度指数仅与体重指数、运动年数具有显著的回归效果。结论：体重指数与运动年数是跟骨强度指数的独立影响因素,对骨质疏松的诊断与预防具有重要的意义。     

太行山猕猴跗骨形态与两性分化

观察太行山猕猴跗骨形态结构,并初步探讨其两性分化的模式。根据猕猴齿式及骨垢愈合程度选择成年太行山猕猴跗骨标本52例(雄性15例,雌性37例)。选择4块跗骨(舟骨、骰骨和2块楔骨)的5个形态变量进行观察。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0统计软件,组间差异检验采用单因素方差分析。猕猴跗骨5个变量的两侧差异性检验无统计学意义(P>0.05)。跗骨性别之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),均为雄性大于雌性;第3楔骨的前关节间宽性差最大(F=85.719,P<0.001);其次是舟骨的前关节宽(F=54.213,P<0.001)和第1楔骨的前关节间长(F=51.865,P<0.001)。猕猴足骨与其他灵长类相比差异具有统计学意义。猕猴跗骨与人类跗骨形状和数量不同,存在着物种、生活习性和运动类型等差异,研究猕猴跗骨的形态结构和性差对生物进化和种间比较有重要意义。     

辽宁安平中更新世动物群中的Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis(Jger,1839)

辽宁安平中更新世动物群中的 Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis、D. choukoutienensis 和 D. mercki 属同种异名.遵循《国际动物命名法规》,应以 Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis (Jger, 1839) 为规范种名;该种与 Coelodonta antiquitatis 在头状骨、掌骨、跟骨、骰骨和蹠骨上的差异显著;从其颊齿形态功能和伴生动物群生态习性分析可知, D. kirchbergensis 是温暖湿润环境中林栖或林缘栖的大型双角犀类,以食柔嫩植物为主;它的地史分布与欧洲同名种的基本一致,即从早更新世晚期到晚更新世晚期,绝对年龄约从130万年前到1万年前.     

可塑性跟骨钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨应用跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对36例42足累及距下关节的跟骨骨折采用切开钢板内固定伴植骨治疗结果进行分析总结。结果术后36例0．5～3年随访,均骨性愈合。采用张铁良跟骨关节内骨折评分标准：优良率91．6％。结论跟骨钛板内固定结合植骨治疗跟骨骨折具有操作简单、有效恢复Bohler角和Gissane角、恢复关节面固定坚强、有利于早期踝关节功能锻炼的优点,是目前治疗跟骨关节内骨折较为理想的方法之一。     

短尾猴和猕猴距骨形态的研究

本文对短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)和(M．mulatta)猴猕的距骨形态进行了比较研究。结果表明,距骨的一些变量,如楔形指数\距一腓骨连接面长、距骨颈长及总长在两种间存在明显差异。从距骨形态结构和多变量(三维空间模式)分析,短尾猴比猕猴具有更多的地上活动时间的可能性。     

短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)和猕猴(M.mulatta)距骨形态的研究

本文对短尾猴(Macaca arctoides)和(M.mulatta)猴猕的距骨形态进行了比较研究。结果表明,距骨的一些变量,如楔形指数、距—腓骨连接面长、距骨颈长及总长在两种间存在明显差异。从距骨形态结构和多变量(三维空间模式)分析,短尾猴比猕猴具有更多的地上活动时间的可能性。     

一个滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)群生态行为的初步观察

引言 仰鼻猴类(Rhino pithecus sp。)以大群生活在中国西南部高山森林里,吃花蕾、叶子或竹笋等(Elliot,1913; Allen,1938;Napier,1967)。近年有报道提出仰鼻猴营树栖生活(李致祥等,1981;谢家骅等,1982;史东仇等,1982)。对笼养金丝猴(R.roxellanae)的研究则指出仰鼻猴具有倾向于地栖的肢比指数、性二型和行为,且与地栖的狒狒(Papio)和猕猴(Macaca)等存在趋同现象(Davison,1982)。也有报道提出在野外曾见到滇金丝猴(R.bieti)在地面午休、短距离行走和类似猕猴     

Multivariate comparison of the forelimb between stump-tailed and rhesus macaques.

Rhesus macaques and stump-tailed macaques are sympatric in western Yunnan (China), coexisting or occupying habitats that show little difference. This paper tests hypotheses based on theoretical expectation from the differing biomechanical demands of terrestrial and arboreal quadrupedalism in stump-tailed macaques and rhesus macaques, respectively. Individuals of these two macaque taxa were markedly separated by the first two principal components and discriminant analyses based on 18 variables of the upper limb. The rhesus macaques appear to be more adapted for arboreal quadruped habits because of elongation of the clavicle and forearm, a larger humeral head and greater midshaft sagittal diameters of the radius and ulna.     

三种笼养灵长类活动时间分配的比较研究

采用焦点动物法和连续记录法对3种笼养灵长类活动时间分配进行比较研究。结果表明,川金丝猴Rhi-nopithecus roxellanae和熊猴Macaca assamensis用于休息的时间多于猕猴Macaca mulatta,移动时间则相反;川金丝猴和猕猴用于理毛的时间多于熊猴。不同性别年龄组之间的活动时间分配有差异,主要表现在川金丝猴母亲用于理毛的时间明显多于成年儿子,用于玩耍的时间则相反;猕猴成年雄性的移动时间和理毛时间多于成年雌性,玩耍时间则少于成年雌性;熊猴成年雌性的移动时间多于成年雄性,与成年个体相比,幼体花更多的时间用于玩耍,而相应的减少了其休息时间。     

Positional behavior of free-ranging Japanese macaques (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Macaca fuscata</Emphasis>)

Positional behavior was quantitatively studied in identified free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Five male and 11 female adults were observed in a forested mountain habitat. Data were analyzed for proportion of bout distance, number and time of each locomotion and postural type. Japanese macaques are semiterrestrial, and mainly walk and run quadrupedally. This supports the notion that Macaca are generally quadrupeds. Sex differences in positional behavior were found in the preference of substrate and types of positional behavior. Males and females tend to be terrestrial and arboreal, respectively. Males leap more frequently and longer in distance than do females when they are feeding in trees. These sex differences are considered to be related to differences in morphology, food choice, social activity, and the nursing of infants. Frequencies of leaping and the distance covered by leaping in Japanese macaques are more than those of long-tailed macaques which are arboreal quadrupeds. However, Japanese macaques leap shorter distances at a time than do long-tailed macaques, which indicates that body size may be related to leaping distance more than the frequency of leaping and the distance covered by leaping. Japanese macaques are not as specialized for terrestrial locomotion as pig-tailed macaques. They use both terrestrial and arboreal supports, and are considered to be semi-terrestrial quadrupeds, somewhere between the arboreal long-tailed macaque and the terrestrial pig-tailed macaque. Electronic Publication     

Vocal communication in lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus)

Investigations of vocal communication in captive groups of lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) revealed a repertoire of 17 basic patterns. Sixteen of them were recorded and their physical parameters analysed by sonagrams. During a field study these results were verified and complemented, and additional data on the vocal behaviour of this species were gathered. The vocal repertoire of lion-tailed macaques is characterized by discretely structured, mostly interaction- and situation-specific sound patterns. The fundamental characteristics of vocal communication seem to be adjusted to the acoustic conditions of the rain forest habitat as well as to the social organization in 1-male groups. In contrast to other species of the macaque genus, lion-tailed macaques are highly adapted to a strictly arboreal life in the rain forests of the Western Ghats (South India). Due to the dense vegetation in this habitat, propagation of visual signals is restricted to short distances. Vocal signals are therefore of great importance. The vocal repertoire of lion-tailed macaques differs from that of more terrestrial macaques insofar as the basic patterns show comparatively insignificant structural variations. Also, patterns were recorded which have not yet been found in any other member of the genus.     

A preliminary study of resource overlap between howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and other arboreal mammals in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas,Mexico

Potential resource overlap between howling monkeys and other arboreal mammals was studied in the rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Eight species of mammals belonging to the orders Primates, Carnivora, Rodentia, and Marsupialia were found to share the canopy and to overlap trophically with howling monkeys. These mammals made up 77% and Alouatta 23% of the arboreal mammalian biomass under consideration. The arboreal porcupine and spider monkey were the only mammals that also fed on leaves. However, in this feeding niche, Alouatta is the only important mammalian folivore in Los Tuxtlas, and resource depression derived from leaf-eating insects is more important. The eight arboreal mammals may exert more pressure upon fruit resources, for they consumed 75% of the estimated total dry weight of fruit/ha/yr consumed by arboreal mammals.     

Ontogeny of limb mass distribution in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

Primates have more distally distributed limb muscle mass compared to most nonprimate mammals. The heavy distal limbs of primates are likely related to their strong manual and pedal grasping abilities, and interspecific differences in limb mass distributions among primates are correlated with the amount of time spent on arboreal supports. Within primate species, individuals at different developmental stages appear to differ in limb mass distribution patterns. For example infant macaques have more distally distributed limb mass at young ages. A shift from distal to proximal limb mass concentrations coincides with a shift from dependent travel (grasping their mother's hair) to independent locomotion. Because the functional demands placed on limbs may differ between taxa, understanding the ontogeny of limb mass distribution patterns is likely an essential element in interpreting the diversity of limb mass distribution patterns present in adult primates. This study examines changes in limb inertial properties during ontogeny in a longitudinal sample of infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). The results of this study show that infant baboons undergo a transition from distal to proximal limb mass distribution patterns. This transition in limb mass distribution coincides with the transition from dependent to independent locomotion during infant development. Compared to more arboreal macaques, infant baboons undergo a faster transition to more proximal limb mass distribution patterns. These results suggest that functional demands placed on the limbs during ontogeny have a strong impact on the development of limb mass distribution patterns.     

A field study of the pigtail monkey (Macaca nemestrina)

A field study of the pigtail monkey (Macaca nemestrina) was conducted in Malaysia. An initial six month survey revealed a badly disturbed, diminishing population. Intensive observation required prolonged extensive habituation efforts including a modified form of provisionization and the use of a trained captive pigtail monkey. The pigtail monkey was found to be an arboreal deep forest animal which, nonetheless, came to the ground more often than any other monkey in the forests of Malaya. Responses observed in the natural habitat could not be differentiated from those seen in captive groups; but response frequencies differed. Social patterns observed were similar to those seen in other macaques but differed notably from those seen in sympatric leaf monkeys. Travel patterns, feeding, agonistic responses, sexual behavior, play and other responses are described and discussed.     

Differential habitat use byCebus apella andSaimiri sciureus in central surinam

Cebus apella, the black-capped or tufted capuchin, andSaimiri sciureus, the squirrel monkey, are frequently found in mixed species feeding and foraging groups throughout tropical South America and have been reported previously to show marked differences in techniques of insect foraging. Individuals of these taxa observed in central Surinam show numerous additional species-specific differences in other aspects of habitat utilization including gross dietary preferences, utilization of forest strata, locomotor behavior and arboreal support preferences.Cebus apella is more frugivorous, frequents the middle and lower levels of the main canopy, is predominantly quadrupedal and moves on medium-sized arboreal supports. By contrast, the smallerSaimiri sciureus is more insectivorous, frequents the lower strata of the forest, is more saltatory and moves on the smallest arboreal supports. Many of these differences in habitat use are interrelated and accord with patterns of habitat use seen in other primate taxa. The differences betweenCebus apella andSaimiri sciureus also accord with the types of behavioral differences frequently associated with differences in body size.     

Temperament in Rhesus,Long‐Tailed,and Pigtailed Macaques Varies by Species and Sex

Temperament differs among individuals both within and between species. Evidence suggests that differences in temperament of group members may parallel differences in social behavior among groups or between species. Here, we compared temperament between three closely related species of monkey—rhesus (Macaca mulatta), long‐tailed (M. fascicularis), and pigtailed (M. nemestrina) macaques—using cage‐front behavioral observations of individually housed monkeys at a National Primate Research Center. Frequencies of 12 behaviors in 899 subjects were analyzed using a principal components analysis to identify temperament components. The analysis identified four components, which we interpreted as Sociability toward humans, Cautiousness, Aggressiveness, and Fearfulness. Species and sexes differed in their average scores on these components, even after controlling for differences in age and early‐life experiences. Our results suggest that rhesus macaques are especially aggressive and unsociable toward humans, long‐tailed macaques are more cautious and fearful, and pigtailed macaques are more sociable toward humans and less aggressive than the other species. Pigtailed males were notably more sociable than any other group. The differences observed are consistent with reported variation in these species’ social behaviors, as rhesus macaques generally engage in more social aggression and pigtailed macaques engage in more male–male affiliative behaviors. Differences in predation risks are among the socioecological factors that might make these species‐typical behaviors adaptive. Our results suggest that adaptive species‐level social differences may be encoded in individual‐level temperaments, which are manifested even outside of a social context. Am. J. Primatol. 75:303‐313, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Species of the genus Papio (Cercopithecidae, primates) as subjects of biomedical research: II. Quantitative characteristics of contemporary use of baboon species in medical and biological investigations

Independence of the five Papio species is evaluated. Baboons appear to be more similar to man than are other monkey species, which makes them a desirable model for use in experimental research to approximate human health conditions. They are, however, used less widely than macaques. Publications on baboons account for 10.3% of literature on the use of primates in experimental research. Baboons were most intensively used in surgery, then in hematology, cardiology, endocrinology. They were most rarely used in stomatology and in studies on infectious diseases.