A decision support tool for the management of freshwater pest fish incursions in Australia

There are no national emergency response arrangements for freshwater pest fish incursions in Australia. Individual States and Territories vary widely in their current response arrangements to freshwater pest fish incursions, with many being dealt with on an ad‐hoc basis and with varying degrees of efficacy. In recognition of this, the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre funded a project to ‘Advance the development of national emergency response arrangements for freshwater fish incursions in Australia’. One of the recommendations of this project was creating a web‐based support tool (DST) to provide direction and assistance in managing freshwater pest fish incursions. This article describes the DST created. The DST leads the user through a series of questions relating to the species sighting, details of the fish and its capture, and site information at a particular location. These questions address issues that managers must consider when choosing appropriate control techniques. Information entered in two sections (site details and fish details) influence the suggested control techniques. The final product of the DST is a standard online report that contains a summary of all information entered and a ranking of the most common control techniques used in Australia. The report is then submitted to and assessed by the relevant State Government authority responsible for the management of freshwater pest fish incursions. Managers are then able to consider their options, taking into consideration current permits, resources and capability. The DST is anticipated to maximize the speed and quality of freshwater pest fish incursion reporting and to help the responsible government agency decide on the most appropriate management action. The DST will also provide government agency staff access to other relevant information and facilitate consistency in the decision‐making approach by government agencies throughout Australia.     

Prospects for the management of arthropod resistance to pesticides

Extensive use has been made of mathematical modelling to examine many of the factors which are involved in the development of pesticide resistance in arthropods. These models have demonstrated that the emergence of resistance can be delayed if more attention is given to planned use of pesticides at the time of their introduction. However the practical application of such delaying strategies at the national or even regional level may be difficult. It is unfortunate that the suggestions made have not been subjected to more extensive testing in the field situation.It is suggested that the contribution of molecular biology to the management of pests and pesticide resistance in arthropod livestock pests will be significant and will be seen in a variety of ways. Very definitely, a greater understanding of the basic molecular processes involved in the development of resistance will be seen. Such work, always in conjunction with the other biological disciplines, will provide new techniques for the control, prediction, detection and prevention of pesticide resistance. A few entirely conjectural examples of the practical application of molecular biology to pesticide resistance and its management have been presented.     

Recent approaches in the analysis of weightlessness effects on arthropod development

The concept of Biological Development refers to the extremely complex process by which every biological organism reproduces starting from a huge single cell, the fertilized egg. It includes all aspects of cellular and intercellular structure and function. In spite of many recent advances, especially at the molecular and genetical level, we are still far from fully understanding the details and mechanisms at work in developmental systems. It is even unclear what physical mechanisms are used by the different molecular components resulting in the emergence of these higher levels of organization. Newman and Comper, have extensively discussed the "generic" physical forces potentially involved in pattern formation, arguing that among others, gravitational effects could be involved in the production of cytoplasmic, tissue and extracellular matrix components rearrangements playing a role in morphogenesis. Although plagued with the problem of being a very weak force, specially at the tiny dimensions of cells, gravity is one of the "generic" physical forces that have been continuously operating on biological organisms during evolution. Few scientists would argue against the idea that at least in the early times of evolution, gravity could have been involved in shaping the spatial inhomogeneities behind the initial phases of development.     

Second-stage integrated management of apple arthropod pests

To date, integrated pest management (IPM) of arthropods in commercial apple orchards has been comprised almost exclusively of a suite of what we term first-stage IPM practices focused upon pest monitoring. These practices predict first appearance, rate of development, and abundance of pest and beneficial arthropods, which leads to recommendation of selective properly-timed pesticides as the sole tactic of controlling pests not effectively suppressed by beneficials. Here, we evaluated in Massachusetts the effectiveness of what we term second-stage IPM practices. These involved integration of pesticidal control of early season apple arthropod pests and behavioral, cultural and biological control of mid and late season apple arthropod pests in the absence of insecticide and acaricide application after mid June. The behavioral approach consisted of ringing the perimeter of several apple orchard blocks (each ca. 1 ha) with sticky-coated red spheres baited with synthetic apple odor to intercept immigrating Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) flies. The cultural approach focused on removing unmanaged host trees in a ring around the orchard block perimeter to prevent entry of Cydia pomonella (L.) and Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker) females. The biological approach emphasized buildup of natural enemies of foliar pests in an orchard environment free of insecticide and acaricide use after mid June.During the second year (1988) of second-stage IPM implementation, test blocks in which baited red spheres were placed 5 m apart on perimeter apple trees and in which all unmanaged host trees within 100 m of the block perimeter had been removed received only 0.6% combined fruit injury by the above and all other pests active after mid June. Nearby blocks treated under first-stage IPM practices received 0.4% combined injury from such pests. As revealed by unbaited within-block monitoring traps, comparatively few R. pomonella flies penetrated the ring of interception traps, despite the large numbers caught on the latter. Beneficial predators of pest mites and aphids were nearly twice as common in second-stage as first-stage IPM blocks. Total cost was essentially the same for second-stage as first-stage IPM practices. But we propose a potentially much less costly, labor-saving method as a substitute for using a sticky substance to control R. pomonella flies alighting on perimeter-tree spheres.

---

Résumé A ce jour, la lutte intégrée (IPM) contre les arthropodes des vergers commerciaux de pommiers, —que nous nommons IPM de première génération —, est conçue presque exclusivement comme une suite de pratiques focalisées sur l'interception des insectes nuisibles. Ces pratiques calculent d'abord la date d'apparition, la vitesse de développement et l'abondance des phytophages et des entomophages, conduisant à l'épandage à des dates appropriées d'insecticides sélectifs, comme seule tactique de protection contre les phytophages qui ne sont pas supprimés efficacement par des entomophages.Nous avons examiné au Massachusetts l'efficacité de ce que nous avons appelé le seconde génération d'IPM. Elle implique l'intégration de la lutte chimique contre des insectes consommateurs précoces, et de la lutte comportementale, culturale et biologique contre les insectes de pleine saison et tardifs, sans traitements insecticides ou acaricides des pommiers à partir de la mi-juin.L'approche comportementale consiste à encercler plusieurs massifs de pommiers (chacun de 1 ha) avec des sphères rouges engluées d'odeur synthétique de pommier pour intercepter les vols de Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. L'approche culturale est concentrée sur l'élimination autour du verger des pommiers non inclus dans le programme de protection pour empêcher la pénétration de femelles de Cydia pomonella L. et Argyrotaenia velutinana Walker. L'approche biologique insiste sur la mise en place après la mi-juin des entomophages des ennemis du feuillage dans un verger sans insecticide ni acaricide.Pendant la seconde année (1988) de l'application du programme, les fruits attaqués par tous les phytophages après la mi-juin n'ont été que de 0,6% pour les parcelles d'arbres témoins dans lesquels les pièges rouges avaient été placés tous les 5 mètres sur les arbres du pourtour et dont les arbres non inclus dans l'expérience, avaient été enlevés sur une bande de 100 m autour de la parcelle. Des parcelles proches, traitées avec IPM première génération, avaient un taux d'attaque de 0,4% par les mêmes espèces d'arthropodes. Par rapport aux parcelles sans sphères rouges, relativement peu de R. pomonella ont pénétré au-delà de la rangée de pièges, malgré le grand nombre de mouches capturées dans ceux-ci. Les prédateurs d'acariens et de pucerons nuisibles étaient 2 fois plus abondants dans les parcelles protégées par IPM de deuxième génération, que dans celles protégées par IPM de première génération. Les coûts totaux sont à peu près les mêmes, mais nous proposons une méthode potentiellement beaucoup moins coûteuse, demandant moins de maind'uvre, par remplacement l'utilisation de la glue sur les sphères comme protection contre la pénétration de R. pomonella dans la parcelle.

     

Potential for the use of elicitors of plant resistance in arthropod management programs

Plants protect themselves from arthropod herbivores both directly, by expressing biochemical and morphological traits that interfere with herbivore development or behavior, and indirectly, by facilitating the action of natural enemies of herbivores. These direct and indirect resistance mechanisms are not always expressed at maximal levels by plants, but rather can be induced to higher levels by a variety of stimuli, most notably prior herbivory. The recent discovery of chemical elicitors of induced responses has led to interest in manipulating the inducible responses of plants for crop protection. Applications of elicitors of induced responses made at appropriate times during the growing season of a crop have the potential of activating both direct and indirect mechanisms of plant resistance and thereby simultaneously augmenting host-plant resistance and biological control. This strategy may serve as an important component of a multifaceted, ecologically-based pest management program and is unlikely to precipitate the rapid evolution of countermeasures by target pests. However, this strategy will not be appropriate in all crops or against all arthropod pests. The conditions under which the use of an elicitor is likely to be successful are discussed, and examples of the successful use of elicitors are reviewed.     

Eco-friendly approaches for the management of fenugreek root rot

To evolve eco-friendly management of fenugreek root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani, a field trial was conducted during Kharif 2002 and Rabi seasons of 2002–2003 and 2003–2004. Experiments were conducted with eight treatments and three replications in RBD using the variety CO-2. The pooled analysis of the three season data showed that seed treatment with Trichoderma viride at 4g/kg of seed + soil application of Trichoderma viride at 5 kg/ha + soil application of neem cake at 150 kg/ha (T₃) recorded a percent disease index (PDI) of 23.1 versus 65.5 PDI in the control which accounted for a disease reduction of 64.7%. It was on par with seed treatment with Trichoderma viride at 4g/kg of seed + soil application of T. viride at 5 kg/ha (T₂) which reduced the disease incidence by 62.3% (24.7 PDI). The chemical treatment used for comparison, i.e. seed treatment with carbendazim + soil drenching at 0.1% + soil application of neem cake at 150 kg/ha recorded the lowest PDI of 16.8 with 74.4% disease reduction. Among the various treatments T₃ gave a seed yield of 572.7 kg/ha followed by T₂ (555.7 kg/ha). Treatment T₇ recorded the highest yield of 578.7 kg/ha. In the control plot the recorded yield was only 359.3 kg/ha. Though T₃ was more effective at reducing the disease incidence than T₂, the C:B ratio was higher (1:9.1) in respect of T₂ than T₃, which gave a C:B ratio of only 1:3.9. Hence, seed treatment with T. viride at 4g/kg + soil application of T. viride at 5kg/ha is a cost effective, eco-friendly management strategy for fenugreek root rot.     

Current and future management approaches for rheumatoid arthritis

With the introduction of new disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and other therapeutic agents, the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has shifted toward earlier, more aggressive therapy. The ultimate goal is to prevent structural joint damage that leads to pain and functional disability. Early diagnosis of RA is therefore essential, and early DMARD treatment combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is recommended. Combination DMARD regimens and new biologic agents (anti-tumor necrosis factor [TNF] therapies [infliximab, etanercept] and the interleukin [IL]-1 antagonist [anakinra]) have emerged as viable options for early treatment of RA patients. These new biologic agents and future nonbiologic agents that target proteins in signaling cascades are likely to change the landscape of RA treatments.     

First messengers. Methods and approaches for assaying their release

The review is focused on methods and approaches, which are widely used to monitor neurotransmitter release from diverse cells and to explore underlying mechanisms. A variety of methods and technical approaches for ex vivo and in vivo experiments are discussed, including microdialysis, microelectrode voltammetry, and enzymatic biosensors. The method of the cellular biosensor is specifically discussed as an effective approach for assaying neurotransmitter release from single cells.     

Methods and approaches for the comprehensive characterization and quantification of cellular proteomes using mass spectrometry.

Proteomics has been proposed as one of the key technologies in the postgenomic era. So far, however, the comprehensive analysis of cellular proteomes has been a challenge because of the dynamic nature and complexity of the multitude of proteins in cells and tissues. Various approaches have been established for the analyses of proteins in a cell at a given state, and mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be an efficient and versatile tool. MS-based proteomics approaches have significantly improved beyond the initial identification of proteins to comprehensive characterization and quantification of proteomes and their posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Despite these advances, there is still ongoing development of new technologies to profile and analyze cellular proteomes more completely and efficiently. In this review, we focus on MS-based techniques, describe basic approaches for MS-based profiling of cellular proteomes and analysis methods to identify proteins in complex mixtures, and discuss the different approaches for quantitative proteome analysis. Finally, we briefly discuss novel developments for the analysis of PTMs. Altered levels of PTM, sometimes in the absence of protein expression changes, are often linked to cellular responses and disease states, and the comprehensive analysis of cellular proteome would not be complete without the identification and quantification of the extent of PTMs of proteins.     

不同经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落的时序动态

【目的】研究不同经营管理方式对锥栗林(Castanea henryi)节肢动物群落及主要害虫种群数量时序动态的影响,为锥栗林害虫防治提供科学依据。【方法】通过对不同经营管理方式下的锥栗林节肢动物群落的系统调查,分析和比较了生产上典型的5种经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落的物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数、天敌与害虫个体数量比例及主要害虫种群数量的时序动态。【结果】不同经营管理方式下锥栗林林冠层节肢动物群落的物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数变化趋势大体一致,物种丰富度、个体数量最高值在6月,物种多样性指数最高值在5月,但不同经营管理方式下物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数高低不同,管理精细未用药型锥栗林物种多样性指数最高,管理撂荒型的物种丰富度、个体数量最高;相对锥栗林管理撂荒型,其它各种经营管理方式都明显地降低了下木层的物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数,不同经营管理方式下下木层物种丰富度、个体数量、物种多样性指数的动态变化相差较大;管理精细未用药型林冠层天敌与害虫个体数量比例相对最高,波动变化较大,自然控害能力最强;管理精细的锥栗林主要害虫栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus(Yasumatus)、栗实象Curculio davidi Fairmaire、栗链蚧Asterolecanium castaneae(Russell)种群数量显著低于管理撂荒和管理粗放的锥栗林。【结论】不同经营管理方式对锥栗林节肢动物群落及主要害虫种群数量的时序动态有较大影响,对锥栗林科学的精细管理有助于对主要害虫的有效控制。     

不同管理方式下荔枝园节肢动物群落的调查

2004年-2005年对珠海市斗门区有机荔枝园、失管荔枝园和常规荔枝园节肢动物群落进行了调查。结果表明,三种荔枝园的节肢动物差异较大。节肢动物科、种数以失管荔枝园（有机荔枝园（常规荔枝园。有机荔枝园、失管荔枝园和常规荔枝园害虫个体百分率分别为44.59%、40.86%和36.67%,捕食性天敌个体百分率分别为12.14%、11.02%、5.85%,寄生性天敌个体百分率分别为23.29%、9.38%、8.25%。有机管理下荔枝园节肢动物群落的变化较小,天敌尤其是捕食性天敌数量较高。常规荔枝园由于频繁地使用化学农药,控制害虫的同时也大量地杀伤天敌,特别是捕食性天敌,而且对其他类群的节肢动物也有影响。     

Development and implementation of a reduced risk peach arthropod management program in New Jersey

We implemented a 2-yr program to reduce organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide use and mitigate their associated risks as they relate to peach production in New Jersey and elsewhere. The main thrust integrated mating disruption with ground cover management practices to reduce oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae), abundance and damage. This Reduced Risk Peach Arthropod Management Program was compared with adjacent conventionally managed peach orchards. In 1999, we found 2.3 times fewer L. lineolaris and stink bugs (Euschistus servus (Say), E. tristigmus (Say), Acrostemum hilare (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and 2.0 times less heteropteran damaged peaches in reduced-risk orchards when compared with conventionally managed orchards. In 2000, we observed 4.9 times fewer heteropteran insects in reduced-risk orchards but damage levels were not significantly different between the two programs. In both years, G. molesta mating disruption gave at least 4 mo of noninsecticidal control of this major pest. The reduced-risk program provided a level of pest control that was equal to or better than conventional peach pest management programs while using fewer organophosporus and carbamate insecticides.     

不同经营管理方式对锥栗林节肢动物群落结构与多样性的影响

通过对不同经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落的调查,研究了生产上典型的5种经营管理方式对锥栗林节肢动物群落结构与多样性的影响.结果表明:5种不同经营管理方式下锥栗林节肢动物群落结构和多样性有较大差别,管理精细未用药型的锥栗林物种多样性和稳定性最高,植食性集团的多样性指数最高,天敌功能集团的相对丰盛度最高,对害虫的自然控制效能高,不利于优势害虫的暴发;相比管理撂荒型,精细的经营管理会提高林冠层物种多样性,而化学农药的使用降低了各功能集团的物种多样性、均匀度,提高了植食性集团的相对丰盛度.     

Methods and approaches to study plant mitochondrial alternative oxidase

The alternative oxidase is a non-proton motive 'alternative' to electron transport through the cytochrome pathway. Despite its wasteful nature in terms of energy conservation, the pathway is likely present throughout the plant kingdom and appears to be expressed in most plant tissues. A small alternative oxidase gene family exists, the members of which are differentially expressed in response to environmental, developmental and other cell signals. The alternative oxidase enzyme possesses tight biochemical regulatory properties that determine its ability to compete with the cytochrome pathway for electrons. Studies show that alternative oxidase can be a prominent component of total respiration in important crop species. All these characteristics suggest this pathway plays an important role in metabolism and/or other aspects of cell physiology. This brief review is an introduction to experimental methods and approaches applicable to different areas of alternative oxidase research. We hope it provides a framework for further investigation of this fascinating component of primary plant metabolism.     

Evidence for the plasticity of arthropod signal transduction pathways

Metazoans are known to contain a limited, yet highly conserved, set of signal transduction pathways that instruct early developmental patterning mechanisms. Genomic surveys that have compared gene conservation in signal transduction pathways between various insects and Drosophila support the conclusion that these pathways are conserved in evolution. However, the degree to which individual components of signal transduction pathways vary among more divergent arthropods is not known. Here, we report our results of a survey of the genome of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, using a set of 294 Drosophila orthologs of genes that function in signal transduction. We find a third of all genes surveyed absent from the spider mite genome. We also identify several novel duplications that have not been previously reported for a chelicerate. In comparison with previous insect surveys, Tetranychus contains a decrease in overall gene conservation, as well as an unusual ratio of ligands to receptors and other modifiers. These findings suggest that gene loss and duplication among components of signal transduction pathways are common among arthropods and suggest that signal transduction pathways in arthropods are more evolutionarily labile than previously hypothesized.