Introgression of Allium fistulosum L. into Allium cepa L.: cytogenetic evidence

Summary A diploid Allium cepa plant was recovered from the backcross of an interspecific triploid (2 x A. cepa + 1 x A. fistulosum) to an A. cepa diploid which exhibited both A. cepa and A. fistulosum Adh-1 alleles. Cytogenetic analyses revealed a recombinant sub-telocentric chromosome. The ADH-1 locus is believed to be on the long arm of the sub-telocentric A. fistulosum chromosome 5. Meiosis of the triploid progenitor gives strong evidence that recombination occurred. A. fistulosum chromosome 8 has been substituted for A. cepa chromosome 1.Contribution of the College of Agricultural Sciences, Texas Tech University, Journal No. T-4-275     

Deltosides from Allium nutans L

Steroid glicoside which structure was elucidated by using mass-spectroscopic and NMR techniques, has been isolated using column chromatography on reverse-phase silicagel (C-18) from underground parts of Allium nutans. This compounds for the first time was isolated from the plants of genus Allium.     

Inhibition of Some Rot Fungi Polygalacturonases by Allium cepa L. and Allium porrum L. Extracts

Extracts of Allium cepa and A. porrum - contain factors that inhibit to various extents polygalacturonases (PGs) produced in vitro by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium moniliforme, Phoma terrestris, Sclerotium cepivorum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Didymella bryoniae and Phoma lycopersici. The PG inhibition rank changed using leek or onion extract. The inhibition factors are possibly proteins, do not present particular specificity and act against PGs of fungi pathogens and non pathogens for these plant species.     

Thermochemical transformation of sulfur compounds in Japanese domestic Allium, Allium victorialis L

Sulfur compounds contributed to the health promotion in Allium species are produced via enzymic and thermal reactions. Potent antithrombotic agents which have been identified as allyl trisulfides, dithiins, and ajoene in garlic (A. sativum) and caucas (A. victorialis) are thermochemically transformed from allicin (allyl 2-propenethiosulfinate). The leaves and stems of Japanese domestic Allium plant, A. victorialis L. which is widely distributed in the northern part of Japan, under the name "Gyoja-ninniku" is a nutritious vegetable. The significant flavor compounds of caucas are methyl allyl disulfide (Chinese chive odor), diallyl disulfide (garlic-like odor), and dimethyl disulfide and methyl allyl trisulfide (pickles-like odor) among more than 85 peaks on the gas chromatogram. 2-Vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin and 3,4-dihydro-3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin as platelet aggregation inhibitors were found eliminated in dichloromethane extract of caucas. The significant health promoting factors, allyl trisulfides and dithiins were relatively increased when caucas was cooked on a frying pan.     

Interspecific hybrids between onion (Allium cepa L.) with S-cytoplasm and leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.)

 Interspecific hybrids between Allium cepa and A. ampeloprasum have been generated as a first step for the introduction of S-cytoplasm from onion into leek. Pre-zygotic barriers of crossability were observed after the arrival of pollen tubes at the end of the style when entering the cavity. Nevertheless, micropyle penetration of pollen tubes and the formation of hybrid embryos were also observed. After accomplishing in vitro culture of ovaries and ovules successively, triploid hybrid plants with 24 chromosomes were obtained. Their hybrid nature was confirmed by RAPD analysis, genomic in situ hybridization, and morphological analysis. Southern hybridization with a cytoplasmic probe indicated the transfer of unaltered S-cytoplasm into the hybrid plants. Received: 9 May 1996 / Accepted: 23 August 1996     

Genecological notes on Allium schoenoprasum L.

Summary

Ajuga pyramidalis is a polycarpic, perennial herb which is variable in flowering and population size. It has been recorded from over 200 sites in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, one in the Lake District and in twelve coastal sites in Ireland. It grows mainly on circum-neutral soils (pH 4.9–6.9) in open grassland and heathland, and upland rock ledges. It does not appear to be under any particular threat in Britain.     

Spirostanol saponins of Allium porrum L.

An investigation of the extracts from bulbs of Allium porrum L. has led to the isolation of four spirostanol saponins. Two of them are new compounds and have been identified as: (25R)-5 alpha-spirostan-3 beta, 6 beta-diol 3-O-{O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-O- beta -D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-galactopyranoside} (3) and (25R)-5 alpha-spirostan-3 beta,6 beta-diol 3-O-{O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O- [beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D- galactopyranoside} (4). The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity.     

Il genere Allium L. in Italia. IV. Studio citofotometrico sul granulo pollinico di Allium Chamaemoly L.

Abstract

The genus Allium L. in Italy. IV. A DNA cytophotometric study on the pollen grain of Allium chamaemoly L. — A cytophotometric analysis of DNA contents in pollen generative and vegetative nuclei of Allium chamaemoly L. was carried out. DNA synthesis in both nuclei was confirmed and a lightly higher DNA amount than 2C in the vegetative nucleus was pointed out. An analysis of the Fast-green stainable histones in the generative and vegetative nuclei was also accomplished. While the generative nucleus had a very high content of Fast-green stainable histone, the vegetative one have nearly no stainable histone. The occurrence of DNA synthesis and the very low histone content suggest the vegetative nucleus is functional and biochemically activ. The higher than 2C DNA content supports the possibility of a DNA amplification process including probably the amplification of ribosomal cistrons in the pollen vegetative nucleus.     

Crossing experiments in Allium L. section Cepa

VAN RAAMSDONK, L. W. D., WIETSMA, W. A. & DE VRIES, J. N., 1992. Crossing experiments in Allium L. section Cepa . A full diallel was carried out with six diploid species of Allium section Cepa and A. roylei of section Rhizirideum , High isolation barriers were found between the related species A. cepa and A. oschaninii , between A. oschaninii and A. vavilovii , and between A. galanthum and A. pskemense . On the contrary, the species A. cepa and A. roylei , belonging to different sections, show only slight isolation barriers. The Wallace effect, which is the development of internal isolation barriers as such, is likely to have taken place in the evolution of A. oschaninii and A. vavilovii , and possibly also between A. galanthum and A. pskemense .     

Biosystematic studies in Allium L. section Cepa

VAN RAAMSDONK, L. W. D. & DE VRIES, T. 1992. Biosystematic studies in Allium L. section Cepa. Principal component analyses and hybrid analyses, according to Wells, using 31 morphological characteristics were used to study the biosystematic relationships between six Allium species of section Cepa and A. roylei of section Rhizirideum. Seventeen interspecific hybrid populations were included. Based on these analyses and on additional information from geography, chromosome banding pattern, DNA amount and seed epidermis texture, the species of Allium section Cepa can be divided into three groups: 1. A. galanthum and A. pskemense , 2. A. cepa, A. oschaninii and A. vavilovii and 3. A. futulosum and A, allaicum. Presumed evolution of both groups 2 and 3 from the basic group 1 is indicated by the development of new morphological characteristics, a change in genome structure and migration.     

Production and characterization of somatic hybrid plants between leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.)

 Results are reported on the production and characterization of somatic hybrids between Allium ampeloprasum and A. cepa. Both symmetric and asymmetric protoplast fusions were carried out using a polyethylene-based mass fusion protocol. Asymmetric fusions were performed using gamma ray-treated donor protoplasts of A. cepa and iodoacetamide-treated A. ampeloprasum protoplasts. However, the use of gamma irradiation to eliminate or inactivate the donor DNA of A. cepa proved to be detrimental to the development of fusion calli, and thus it was not possible to obtain hybrids from asymmetric fusions. The symmetric fusions yielded a high number of hybrid calli and regenerated plants. The analysis of the nuclear DNA composition using interspecific variation of rDNA revealed that most of the regenerated plants were hybrids. Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA showed that these hybrid plants contained a lower DNA content than the sum of the DNA amounts of the parental species, suggesting that they were aneuploid. A shortage of chromosomes in the hybrids was confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization. Chromosome counts in metaphase cells of six hybrids revealed that these plants lacked 2–7 leek chromosomes. One hybrid showed also the loss of onion chromosomes. The hybrids had an intermediate phenotype in leaf morphology. The application of these somatic hybrids in breeding is discussed. Received: 7 April 1997 / Accepted: 10 September 1997     

Two New Species of Allium L. from Sichuan

This paper reports two new species of Allium L. from Sichuan, A. xiangchengense J. M. Xu and A.guanxianense J. M. Xu. The former is related to A. hookeri Thwaites, but differs from it by its lanceolate to linear-lanceolate leaves with evidently contracted base and filaments longer than the tepals, while the latter is related to A.chienchuanense J. M. Xu, but differs from it by its terminal scape, filaments shorter than the tepals and ovary with solitary ovule in eachlocule.     

Variazioni cariologiche e chimiche in Allium sativum L.

Abstract

Karyological and chemical variations in Allium sativum L. — Results about a research on the karyotypes of three Italian strains of Allium sativum are reported. The lack of sexual reproduction in Allium sativum favours the formation of strains regarded as clones; each of them represents an isolated genetic system. The anatomy and the chemical composition of the essence was studied to improve the understanding of the variations in the different strains comprised in this species. Two of the clones examined (Tuscan and Sicilian) belong to U type and one (Piedmontese) to the H type, according to Hrubý and Konvi?ka's classification based on the morpho-physiological characters. In this study evidence shows that: a) The three clones do not present anatomical differences. b) The morpho-physiological characters are strictly correlated with the chemical composition of the essence; in fact the gas-chromatographic study of the two U type clone essences shows the same qualitative composition, each chemical component being present more or less in the same percentage. The essence of Piedmontese clone, is qualitatively and quantitatively different from the others. c) The number and the general morphology of the chromosomes of the three root tip karyotypes agree with the literature, nevertheless the karyotypes sometimes show differences in the two satellited pairs of chromosomes. The Tuscan karyotype (U type) is comparable with the OU type of Konvi?ka and Levan. The Piedmontese karyotype (H type) is comparable with the OH karyotype of the same authors; instead the Sicilian karyotype is very different from all karyotypes in literature and from the Tuscan karyotype belonging to the same U type because of the lack of the pseudosatellite in a partner of pair no. 6. Research evidences that, for the time being, it is impossible to use only chromosome morphology to establish the clone types: nevertheless their chemical characteristics seem to correspond to their morpho-physiological features.     

洋葱卵细胞的分离

将洋葱的胚珠置于酶液中酶解50-110 min后剥去其珠被,可清楚地看到珠心中的胚囊轮廓。用解剖针将珠心从中部横切,然后挤压其珠孔部位,卵器细胞从胚珠的切口处逸出。再用显微操作仪的玻璃针将卵细胞和两个助细胞分开,达到分离洋葱卵细胞的目的。酶对分离卵细胞具有重要作用,在最佳的酶液浓度[0.02%果胶酶Y23、0.08%果胶酶（Serva）、0.05%纤维素酶和0.05%半纤维素酶]下酶解胚珠110 min后,解剖1 h可从24个胚珠中分离出10个卵细胞（41.67%）。随着胚囊的发育,两个助细胞的体积出现明显的二形性。洋葱生活卵细胞的分离为开展洋葱离体受精建立了基础,也为研究洋葱卵器细胞的发育创造了条件。     

The effect of lead on Allium cepa L.

The effect of lead on Allium cepa L. at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 ppm were studied. Analysis focused on root growth, frequency of mitosis in a meristematic zone, and chromosomal aberrations. It was observed that lead reduces root growth and the frequency of mitotic cells in meristematic zones, and increases the frequency of aberrant cells. The intensity of the effects is a function of lead concentration.