非组蛋白蛋白质HMG_1和HMG_2可改变DNA的螺旋结构

在DNA处于共价闭合的情况下,小牛胸腺染色质内的二种非组蛋白蛋白质HMG_1和HMG_2可以降低环状DNA的螺旋数。这种情况显示,这些蛋白质可以对DNA的双股螺旋解旋     

HMG非组蛋白在基因表达调节中的作用——Ⅱ.正常大鼠肝和大鼠移植性BERH-2肝癌HMG非组蛋白比较研究

本实验通过5%过氯酸抽提、丙酮分级分离以及CM-Sephadex离子交换层析等步骤分别从正常大鼠肝和大鼠移植性肝癌(BERH-2)细胞核中获得了HMG蛋白,并且比较了它们的电泳和层析行为以及生物学作用,发现正常鼠肝和肝癌HMG没有明显的质的差别。比较了正常大鼠肝细胞核和BERH-2肝癌细胞核体外转录活性,并比较了DNA酶Ⅰ消化这两种细胞核的动力学和有限消化时释放出来的HMG和组蛋白H_1相对量的变化。发现肝癌细胞核转录活性明显高于正常大鼠肝细胞核;肝癌细胞核对DNA酶Ⅰ消化的敏感性大于正常肝细胞核;肝癌细胞核在DNA酶Ⅰ有限消化时HMG的释放较正常大鼠肝细胞核多。实验结果说明,在肝癌的细胞中HMG与正常肝细胞的HMG可能没有明显的质的差别,但与活性核小体结合的HMG量有所增加。这可能是肝癌染色质结构的改变,基因转录失常原因之一。     

HMG非组蛋白在基因表达调节中的作用——Ⅰ.HMG非组蛋白对小鼠肝细胞核转录活性和DNA酶Ⅰ消化动力学的影响

本文观察了外加的HMG对体外核转录和DNA酶Ⅰ消化不同状态细胞核的影响,并与功能已经比较清楚、组成和结构较为相似的组蛋白H_1进行比较,发现:(1)外加的HMG与组蛋白H_1均能抑制肝细胞核的转录活性,但它们的抑制作甩以组蛋白H_1最强,磷酸化组蛋白H_1其次,HMG最弱。(2)组蛋白H_1能抑制DNA酶Ⅰ对肝细胞核的消化,而外加的HMG对小鼠肝细胞核消化的影响呈双相:短暂消化时HMG能降低细胞核对DNA酶Ⅰ的敏感性,但其抑制作用较H_1弱;延长消化时反而能增加核对DNA酶Ⅰ的敏感性。(3)组蛋白H_1对DNA酶Ⅰ有限消化后的残核消化无明显的影响而HMG能促进残核的消化。(4)组蛋白H_1能抑制DNA酶Ⅰ消化去组蛋白H_1细胞核,而HMG能促进去组蛋白H_1的细胞核的消化。实验结果启示HMG非组蛋白与组蛋白H_1相对置的变化会引起染色质结构的改变,从而影响转录的进行,这可能是基因表达粗调节的一种方式。HMG能增加非活性核小体对DNA酶Ⅰ的敏感性说明HMG很可能与活性核小体结构的形成有关。     

用胞核切口转译法对人β型血珠蛋白基因的染色质结构研究

采用核切口转译改良法,对K 562细胞及HES细胞核中的人β型血红蛋白基因的染色质结构进行了分析。以~(32)P-三磷酸脱氧核苷酸作为底物,用E.coli DNA聚合酶对经。DNaseⅠ轻度消化的细胞核进行切口转译标记。然后从核中抽提出总DNA并以其为探针对经Sou-thern转移的β型血珠蛋白及其它一些基因的酶解片段进行杂交。结果表明,在K 562细胞核中,所有β型血珠蛋白基因(ε,γ,δ及β)以及18 S核糖体RNA基因均被选择性标记上了,而不表达基因:α-乳糖蛋白及c-sis基因则否。然而在HES细胞核中仅有18 S核糖体RNA基因被标记上。此表明活跃基因的染色质结构松弛,对DNase Ⅰ酶的消化较为敏感。     

大鼠老化过程大脑皮层细胞核、染色质转录研究

 本实验对不同鼠龄(4—,16—17—,33—34—和99—103周)大鼠老化动物模型进行脑细胞核、染色质体外转录研究,结果表明:(1)大脑皮层细胞核、染色质转录活性在老化过程中呈下降趋势,其中RNA聚合酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性与染色质模板效率变化一致,说明染色质模板活性降低是导致细胞核转录功能减退的原因之一。(2)幼年鼠染色质RNA和NHCP含量高于老年鼠,提示染色质结合蛋白及RNA可能参与不同生理时期脑神经元染色质结构和功能的调节。(3)老年鼠脑染色质DNA抗DN-aseⅠ酶解能力增强,提示衰老导致转录活性染色质区域减少。     

RNA聚合酶活性变化在DEN诱发大鼠肝癌细胞核体外转录中的调节作用

DEN诱发大鼠肝癌的细胞核RNA体外转录合成显著增强,染色质结合型和游离型RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ活性均高于正常肝细胞,而结合型酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ的活性几乎各占总活性的50％(正常肝细胞结合型酶Ⅰ约占70％),表明Ⅱ类基因的转录增强更明显。肝癌细胞核中转录活性RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的分子数为正常肝细胞核的1.8倍,同时RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ催化转录的延长速度为正常肝细胞核的1.3和2.2倍。结果表明,肿瘤细胞不仅有较多的活性RNA聚合酶分子,而且催化转录(延长)的速率也增高。     

核多角体病毒感染昆虫细胞的DNA拓扑异构酶性质的研究

核多角体病毒(Nuclear polyhedrosis virus)的核酸是双股环状DNA,在病毒颗粒中呈超螺旋状态。超螺旋DNA复制时,一般皆有超螺旋解旋过程。为了解这一机制,本文报道了从NPV感染的家蚕中肠组织中分离细胞核,经过羟基磷灰石、磷酸纤维素柱层析,ssDNA-纤维素亲和层析,纯化了DNA拓扑异构酶I,SDS-PAGE测定分子量为47kd,最适Mg~(++)浓度约为5mM。AcNPV感染的TN368细胞DNA拓扑异构酶I总活力较正常细胞酶活力高1～3倍,且活力的提高与病毒增殖平行。讨论了昆虫细胞DNA拓扑异构酶I的性质及其与NPV复制的关系。     

猪胸腺末端脱氧核苷酰转移酶的分离纯化及性质的研究

 本文报道了一种较简便的从猪胸腺中分离纯化末端脱氧核苷酰转移酶(TdT)的方法。经一次磷酸纤维素柱层析,使TdT与DNA聚合酶分离;经三次柱层析,可获得SDS-电泳纯,分子量约60K的产品。其酶学性质与牛胸腺TdT相似。     

蛋白质控制基因

许多与高等生物DNA结合的蛋白质,排列成称为核小体的小捆或“珠子”形状。细胞中大多数DNA围绕着核小体,而核小体与核小体之间则靠相对游离的DNA小段联结。核小体的发现刺激着人们思索:它们是否占据在DNA的确定位置上,是否与基因活性的控制有关。柏林独立大学的S.Wittig和B.Wittig认为,他们已经证实基因活性直接受到其核小体所在位置的影响。选择了鸡胚中为tRNA分子编码的基因进行研究。他们使核小体在基因的8个不同位置中的一个上形成,然后查看核小体位置对基因活性的影响。发现核小体的位置影响深远。核小体在其中两个位置上形成吋基因处于活性状态,而在其它位置上则基因活性受到强烈抑制。     

旋覆花内酯抑制血管平滑肌细胞炎性应答与阻断NF-κB活化有关

应用免疫细胞化学染色及Western印迹检测血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells,VSMC)环加氧酶-2(cyclo-oxygenase-2,COX-2)表达、NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκB-α)水平和NF-κBp65核转位的变化;电泳迁移率改变分析(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)确定旋覆花内酯(1-o-acetylbritannilactone,ABL)对核内NF-κBp65与DNA调控元件的结合活性的影响。结果表明,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)处理的VSMC,p65核转位加快,细胞核内的NF-κBp65水平快速升高,同时伴有IκB-α的减少;用ABL预处理VSMC后,LPS诱导的p65核转位增加及IκB-α减少受到明显抑制,抑制作用呈剂量依赖性。EMSA结果显示,LPS处理VSMC,其核蛋白与含有NF-κB结合位点的探针的结合活性升高;而用ABL预处理的VSMC,LPS诱导的核蛋白与探针结合活性的升高受到明显抑制。进而,ABL对NF-κB活化启动的下游炎性基因COX-2表达也具有较强的抑制效果。因此,ABL是一种抗炎物质,通过抑制NF-κB活化和炎性基因COX-2的表达而减弱或消除LPS诱导的VSMC炎症应答反应。     

Preferential in vitro binding of high mobility group proteins 14 and 17 to nucleosomes containing active and DNase I sensitive single-copy genes

High mobility group (HMG) proteins 14 and 17 bind to mononucleosomes in vitro, but the exact nature of this binding has not been clearly established. A new method was developed to allow direct membrane transfer of DNA from HMG 14/17 bound and unbound nucleosomes, which have been separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hybridization analysis of membranes obtained by this method revealed that the HMG 14/17 bound nucleosomes of avian erythrocytes and rat hepatic tumor (HTC) cells were enriched, about 2-fold, in actively transcribed genes and also inactive but DNase I sensitive genes. Nucleosomes containing inactive, DNase I resistant genes were bound by HMG 14/17, but not preferentially. Several factors that have been reported to greatly influence the binding of HMG 14/17 to nucleosomes in vitro were tested and shown to not account for the preferential binding to DNase I sensitive chromatin. These factors include nucleosomal linker DNA length, single-stranded DNA nicks, and DNA bulk hypomethylation. An additional factor, histone acetylation, was preferentially associated with the HMG 14/17 bound chromatin fraction of avian erythrocytes, but it was not associated with the HMG 14/17 bound chromatin fraction of metabolically active HTC cells. The latter finding was true for all kinetic forms of histone acetylation.     

The phosphorylation of high mobility group proteins 14 and 17 and their distribution in chromatin

The phosphorylation of the high mobility group (HMG) proteins has been investigated in mouse Ehrlich ascites, L1210 and P388 leukemia cells, human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29), and Chinese hamster ovary cells. HMG 14 and 17, but not HMB 1 and 2, were phosphorylated in the nuclei of all cell lines with a serine being the site of modification for both proteins in Ehrlich ascites cells. Phosphorylation of HMG 14 and 17 was greatly reduced in cultured cells at plateau phase in comparison to log phase cells, suggesting that modification of HMG 14 and 17 is growth-associated. However, phosphorylation was not linked to DNA synthesis, since incorporation of 32P did not vary through G1 and S phase in synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells. Treatment of HT-29 or Ehrlich ascites cells with sodium butyrate reduced HMG phosphorylation by 30 and 70%, respectively. The distribution of the phosphorylated HMG proteins in chromatin was examined using micrococcal nuclease and DNase I. 32P-HMG 14 and 17 were preferentially associated with micrococcal nuclease-sensitive regions as demonstrated by the release of a substantial fraction of the phosphorylated forms of these proteins under conditions which solubilized less than 3% of the DNA. Short digestions with DNase I did not show a marked release of 32P-HMG 14 or 17.     

Phosphorylation of high-mobility-group chromatin proteins by protein kinase C from rat brain

Chromosomal high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins have been examined as substrates for calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C. Protein kinase C from rat brain phosphorylated efficiently both HMG 14 and HMG 17 derived from calf thymus and the reactions were calcium/phospholipid-dependent. About 1 mol of ³²P was incorporated per mol of HMG 14 and HMG 17. Phosphopeptide mapping suggested that the same major site was phosphorylated in both proteins at serine. The apparent K_m values for HMG 14 and HMG 17 were about 5 μM. HMG 14, HMG 17 and the five histone H1 subtypes prepared from rat thymus, liver and spleen were phosphorylated by the kinase. HMG 14 and HMG 17 from transformed human lymphoblasts (Wi-L2) were also phosphorylated in a calcium/phospholipid-dependent manner. HMG 1 and HMG 2 from the tissues examined were found to be poor substrates for the kinase.     

Interaction of HMG 14 and 17 with actively transcribed genes

The interaction of HMG 14 and 17 with actively transcribed genes was studied by monitoring the sensitivity of specific genes to DNAase I after reconstitution of HMG-depleted chromatin with HMG 14 and 17. Our experiments lead to the following conclusions: most actively transcribed genes become sensitized to DNAase I by HMG 14 and 17; either HMG 14 or HMG 17 can sensitize most genes to DNAase I; genes transcribed at different rates have about the same affinity for HMG 14 and 17; HMG 14 and 17 bind stoichiometrically to actively transcribed nucleosomes; and HMG 14 and 17 can restore DNAase I sensitivity to purified nucleosome core particles depleted of HMGs. This last observation suggests that during reconstitution, low levels of HMG 14 and 17 can associate with the active nucleosomes in the presence of a 10–20 fold excess of inactive nucleosomes. Consequently, we conclude that besides their association with HMGs, active nucleosomes also have at least one other unique feature that distinguishes them from bulk nucleosomes and insures proper HMG binding during reconstitution.     

High-mobility group chromosomal proteins of wheat

Four proteins have been extracted from purified chromatin of wheat embryos with 0.35 M NaCl. These proteins are soluble in 2% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid and thus meet the original operational requirements to be classified as "high-mobility group" (HMG) chromosomal proteins. The proteins have been characterized by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, and peptide mapping. Three of the proteins (HMGb, c, and d) share the mammalian HMG characteristic of being rich in both acidic and basic amino acid residues. Unlike their putative mammalian counterparts, these plant HMG proteins contain less than 7 mol % proline. The fourth wheat protein (HMGa) is rich in both proline and in basic amino acid residues. This wheat protein, however, contains only about half the proportion of acidic residues found in mammalian HMG proteins--a characteristic also found in the trout testis HMG protein, H6. Comparative peptide maps show that none of the wheat HMG proteins are degradation products of other HMG proteins or the H1 histones. The peptide maps have not, however, been useful in establishing homologies with mammalian HMG proteins. Wheat HMG proteins are released from DNase I-treated nuclei and co-isolate with micrococcal nuclease-sensitive chromatin fractions. Similar observations concerning the HMG proteins of vertebrate animals have been considered consistent with a role for these proteins as structural components of actively transcribed chromatin.     

Localization of nuclear proteins related to high mobility group protein 14 (HMG 14) in polytene chromosomes

An antibody was raised against high mobility group nuclear protein 14 (HMG 14) from calf thymus, known to be associated with actively transcribed chromatin. By means of indirect immunofluorescence, it was shown to react with the nuclei of mouse fibroblasts and of brain cells from Xenopus and Drosophila, but not of Xenopus erythrocytes. The antibody was used to detect immunologically related proteins in giant chromosomes of the midge, Chironomus pallidivittatus. Indirect immunofluorescence with anti-HMG 14 antibody in polytene nuclei was restricted to the active puffs. Giant puffs (Balbiani rings) exhibited especially intense fluorescence in their peripheral regions. An inducible puff site, the Balbiani ring 6 locus, showed no reaction with the antibody prior to induction. When puff formation began, the chromosome site assumed a very intense fluorescence, which disappeared again when the Balbiani ring was recondensed. — Protein extracts of salivary gland nuclei were found on immunoblots to contain one major protein fraction that reacted with the anti-HMG 14 antibody. The electrophoretic mobility of this fraction was similar to that of calf thymus HMG 17. — It is concluded that actively transcribed puffs in polytene chromosomes contain HMG 14-related protein(s) that are not present in potentially active gene loci prior to induction.This paper is dedicated to Prof. Hans Bauer on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

HMG (high-mobility-group)-14/17-like proteins in calf thyroid. Thyrotropin-dependent phosphorylation and comparison with calf thymus proteins.

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of acid extracts of thyroid and thymus tissue, and of thyroid nuclei, revealed the presence of three HClO4-soluble nuclear proteins, PS.1, PS.2 and PS.3, whose electrophoretic mobilities closely resembled those of HMG (high-mobility-group) proteins 14 and 17. PS.1 co-migrated with HMG 14 on CM-Sephadex column chromatography. Like HMG 14, PS.2 and PS.3 were phosphorylated in calf thyroid slices; 32P-labelling of PS.3 was stimulated by thyrotropin. Thyrotropin also induced a rapid increase in the labelling of A5, an HMG-14/17-like protein found in whole calf thyroid and thymus tissue, but not in thyroid nuclei.     

Response of high mobility group proteins of human kidney T1 and murine L 929 cell lines to heat shock

High mobility group (HMG) proteins in human kidney T1 and murine L 929 cells have been investigated after exposure to heat shock at 41 degrees C and their influence on the organizational change of chromatin under heat shock condition has been examined. Results reveal that the two cell lines show differential response of the HMG proteins 1 & 2 and 14 & 17 to heat shock. Neither T1 nor L 929 cells show significant differences in response to heat shock with respect to the binding affinities of HMG proteins 1 & 2 or 14 & 17 to DNA, as revealed by DNase I sensitivity and chromatin reconstitution assays. Furthermore, the HMG proteins of both the non-heat shocked and the heat shocked T1 and L 929 cells can recover their chromatin activity following reconstitution. These findings suggest that although the HMG proteins might undergo some change in response to heat shock, their inherent potential of reassociation with DNA is still retained.     

Studies on the high-mobility-group non-histone proteins from hen oviduct.

Nuclear high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins were isolated from hen oviduct. These were proteins HMG-1, -2, -3, -14 and -17, which are equivalent to the classification of calf thymus HMG proteins. Hen oviduct proteins HMG-1 and -2 were individually isolated by HCIO4.extraction and CM-Sephadex chromatographic separation. Their mol.wts. were determined as 28 000 and 27 000, respectively. The proteins have a high content of acidic and basic amino acids. The association of proteins HMG-1 and -2 with the genome of hen oviduct nuclei was probed by a limited digestion with nucleases. Hen oviduct nuclei were incubated with deoxyribonuclease I or micrococcal nuclease until 10% of the DNA was digested. The nuclear suspension was centrifuged and the contents of proteins HMG-1 and -2 in the supernatant and sediment fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. HMG proteins were found to be preferentially released by micrococcal-nuclease digestion rather than by deoxyribonuclease I.