拖鞋肋园蛛

正蜘蛛是节肢动物门Arthropoda蛛形纲Arachnida蜘蛛目Araneae)种的通称。《应用昆虫学报》不仅发表昆虫(节肢动物门的昆虫纲Insecta)的各类研究成果,同时也从广义角度关注蜘蛛等相关研究成果的报道,同时很多蜘蛛是昆虫的天敌。本期封面照片提供了拖鞋肋园蛛Alenatea touxie Song et Zhu(园蛛科Araneidae,李枢强鉴定物种名称,张润志拍摄照片)的皮蜕和蜘蛛,2020年9月27日拍摄于北京农业展览馆院内。蜘蛛在发育过程中,在激素的作用下,要经历多次蜕皮才能慢慢长大。     

中国园蛛2雄蛛（蜘蛛目：园蛛科）

首次记述２种中国园蛛－类高居金蛛ＡｒｇｉｏｐｅａｅｈｅｒｏｉｄｅｓＹｉｎｅｔ．ａｌ．１９８９和双隆园蛛ＡｒａｎｅｕｓｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｓＹｉｎｅｔａｌ．１９８９的雄蛛。     

3种园蛛幼蛛各龄形态比较

实验室恒温条件下,研究了园蛛属3种园蛛——角园蛛(Araneus cornutus),叶斑园蛛(A.sta),大腹园蛛(A.ventricosus)的各龄幼蛛。描述它们各自的形态特征;指出它们之间的形态差异。     

中国园蛛属1新种（蜘蛛目：园蛛科）

记述了园蛛属1新种,潜山园蛛Araneus qianshan sp.nov.。     

角园蛛生活习性的观察

通过室内饲养和室外观察,对角园蛛的生活习性、各龄幼蛛的形态特征、卵袋形态、护卵习性和交配行为作了较为详细的观察。     

中国六盘山园蛛属和吉园蛛属二新种记述(蜘蛛目,园蛛科)(英文)

描述采自宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区的园蛛科2新种:镰状园蛛Araneus falcatus sp. nov.和叉吉园蛛Gibbaranea bifida sp.nov.。模式标本保存于河北大学博物馆(MHBU)。     

中国云南高黎贡山园蛛属4新种记述(蜘蛛目:园蛛科)

本文记述了采自中国云南高黎贡山的园蛛属Amneus 4新种:春林园蛛,新种Amneus chunlin sp.nov.,李氏园蛛,新种Araneusliae sp.nov.,丰盛园蛛,新种Amneua plenus sp.nov.和亚坪园蛛,新种Araneus yapingensis sp.nov..模式标本正模及部分副模保存于湖南师范大学(HNU),部分副模将保存于美国加州科学学院(CaAS).文中量度单位为mm.     

黑斑园蛛Araneus mitificus (Simon)

正蜘蛛是节肢动物门Arthropoda蛛形纲Arachnida蜘蛛目Araneae)种的通称。《应用昆虫学报》不仅发表昆虫(节肢动物门的昆虫纲Insecta)的各类研究成果,同时也从广义角度关注蜘蛛等相关研究成果的报道,同时很多蜘蛛是昆虫的天敌。本期封面照片为黑斑园蛛Araneus mitificus (Simon)(园蛛科Araneidae,李枢强鉴定物种名称,张润志拍摄照片),2020年8月20日拍摄于浙江舟山。黑斑园蛛分布于浙江、安徽、四川、湖南、广东等地。雌蛛体长9-11 mm,腹背黄绿色有黑色斑纹,靠近基部有一V字形斑,端部有4个斑纹排成一横列。     

四种园蛛同工酶的比较研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,对叶斑园蛛、角类肥蛛(黑、白2种体色)、大腹园蛛、黑斑园蛛4种园蛛科蜘蛛的酯酶(EST)同工酶、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶进行了比较研究。结果表明,4种园蛛的EST、LDH具有明显的种族特异性,而SOD在种间基本没有差别。不同种蜘蛛都有各自的EST、LDH同工酶谱型,可以用它们作为识别物种的附加指标。     

Trinerviopteris cardiophylla (Zhu et Geng) Zhu gen. et comb. nov. and the Classification of Gigantopterides

A new fossil genus and combination of gigantopterides is reported. The specimen was collected from the Late Paleozoic "Longtan Formation” of Jiangle county, Fujian Province of China. It was originally determined to the genus Gigantonoclea and named as G. cardiophylla Zhu et Geng by one of the present authors and his colleague some times ago. In view of its venation being trinervious and that the incompletely duplicated net-like veins are close to those of gigantopterides and the leaf bears sori on its back. Upon reconsideration it was renamed by the authors as Trinerviopteris cardiophyUa (Zhu et Geng) Zhu gen. et comb. nov. At the same time. the authors have confirmed that it is a kind of true fern. In association with the new taxon there are Sphenophyllum emarginatum, Bowmanites lascus, Lobatannularia lingulata, Chansitheca pcdaeosilvana, Ch. cf. kidstonii, Pecopteris anderssonii, P. echinata, P. taiyuanensis, P. unita, Danaeites mirabilis, Fascipteris densata, Cladophlebis permica, Compsopteris contracta, Gigantonoclea chingii, G. fukienensis, G. sp., G. sp., Gigantopteris cordata, G. nicotianaefolia, Taenioteris serrulata, T. szei, T. tingii, Radicites sp. 1, R. sp. 2 etc. The present flora is more simplified than the others which discovered from different areas in the same geological time. Based on the grouping of these fossil plants, the geological era of the present flora must be late Early Permian to early Late Permian. Moreover it is emphasized that the gigantopterides is only but an artificial compound taxon not only including seed ferns but also true ferns and others.     

Steroidal Glycosides from Aspidistra leshanensis K. Y. Lang et Z. Y. Zhu

Two steroidal glycosides were isolated from the rhizome of Aspidistra leshanensis K. Y. Lang et Z. Y. Zhu. Their structures were established as 5-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-convalla- genin-B and aspidistrin on the basis of chemical and spectral evidences. Diosgenin, isonarthogenin, convallagenin-B, β-sitosterol and a sapogenin with three hydroxyls were obtained from the acid-treated n-BuOH extract.     

成都杆白蚁有翅成虫首次记述

首次发现并记述成都杆白蚁Stylotermes chengduensis Gao et Zhu,1980有翅成虫,详细描述了其形态特征,并附鉴别特征图;同时与近似种蔡氏杆白蚁Stylotermes tsaii Gao et Zhu,1982进行了比较。研究标本采集于四川成都,保存于成都市白蚁防治研究所。     

Fimbriotheca tomentosa Zhu et Chen- a New Genus and Species from Permian of China and Its systematic position

This paper has described a new genus and species on the basis of two pieces of fertile fern pinna specimens found from Tanshanwan Coal-bearing Formation in Dawangdian, Yangxin district of eastern Hubei Province. One of the specimens described here is an upper part of a pinna which is belt- shaped, entire, about 7 cm in length and 1 cm in breadth, acuminate, tomentose. Its midrib marked with an obvious ventral furrow, rather stout, approaching lmm in breadth. Lateral veins barely distinguishable, bifurcating once, about 12 veins per 1 cm margin of pinna. Spoangium finger-shaped, slightly curved, obtuse, without annulus, about 1.2 mm in length and 0.4 mm in diameter, rough. Synangium ovate or elliptic, 0.8 mm in diameter and 12 mm in length, consists of 5–6 sporangia, bearing 5–6 longitudinal ridges and furrows similar to those of such genera as Acitheca, Asterotheca, Ptychocarpus etc., but not free on upper part. Synangia of this new genus insert in a placenta which was developed by the end of each lateral vein spreading beyond the pinna margin. Synangium slightly contiguous with each other. Judging by the nature of the synangium this new genus probably belongs to the order Marattiales, quite possibly an indirect progeny from the genus Ilfeldia which has a common ancester with the genus Scolecopteris in phylogeny. According to the feature of the fossil plant society, the authors regard the geological age of the Tanshanwan Coalbearing Formation, in which Fimbriotheca tomentosa was found, as Early Upper Permian.     

Song Perception in the Song Sparrow: Importance of Different Parts of the Song in Song Type Classification

Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) males have repertoires of 6 to 12 song types, each song consisting of four or five contrasting phrases. Song types vary both within individuals (a singer varies successive renditions of a type within a singing bout) and between individuals (neighbors sing slightly different versions of a type), and in both cases this variation is concentrated in the later parts of the song. We speculated that type variation in the later parts of the song might be correlated with a perceptual tendency to classify song types primarily on the basis of the earlier parts of the song. We tested this hypothesis using a laboratory conditioning technique, supplemented by a field playback experiment. In the lab, song sparrows and white crowned sparrows were trained to discriminate between two distinct song types. In test sessions, they were presented with hybrid songs synthesized from varying proportions of the two training song types. For most birds and most song pairs, song classification was influenced by all parts of the song, with the beginning elements being most important. The field playback experiment used song type matching as the response measure. Each subject was presented a hybrid stimulus song consisting of the first half of one of his song types and the second half of another of his song types. Subjects replied with both ‘front matches’ and ‘back matches’ (60% were front matches).     

Phonology and Geographic Song Discrimination in Song Sparrows

We investigated whether song sparrows discriminate foreign from local songs using specific phonologic markers, a mechanism of geographic discrimination previously described for some other songbirds. Song sparrows from Linesville, Pennsylvania (PA) respond more strongly to local songs than to songs from Millbrook, New York (NY). We identify 61 note categories in PA and NY songs, of which 13 are unique to PA, 17 are unique to NY, and 31 are shared. The most common note category in PA song, ‘buzz BO5’, is present in 89% of PA songs and only in 8% of NY songs; this difference in percentage representation is the largest we found for any note category. Substituting this potential PA marker into NY songs, however, did not make those songs more salient to PA sparrows; instead, PA males tested with territorial playback responded significantly less aggressively to NY/PA hybrid songs than to NY songs. A series of control experiments showed that song sparrows do not detect substitution of PA notes into PA songs or of NY notes into NY songs. The results weigh against the hypothesis that geographic discrimination in song sparrows is accomplished simply by recognition of a small number of phonologic markers.     

Isolation and Identification of Steroidal Saponins and Sapogenins from Aspidistra zongbayi K. Y. Lang et Z. Y. Zhu

Two steroidal saponins were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of the rhizome of Aspidistra zongbayi K. Y. Lang et Z. Y. Zhu. Their structures were elucidated as 3-O-{β-D-glucopyr-anosyl (l→2)-[β-D-xylopyranosyl (1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl (l→4)-β-D-glactopyranosyl}-diosgenin (aspidistrin) and proto-aspidistrin by physical and chemical methods. Three steroidal sapogenins were isolated from the acid-treated n-BuOH extract. They were identified as△3.5 deoxyfigogenin, diosgenin and gentrogenin, β-sitosterol was isolated from the rhizome of this plant also.