瓜蚜为害对寄主植物主要营养物质和次生物质的影响

为明确瓜蚜Aphis gossypii Glover与其寄主植物相互作用关系及其机理,本文采用蒽酮比色法、考马斯亮蓝法、磷钼酸－磷钨酸比色法及索氏回流法,分别测定了瓜蚜为害对黄瓜、哈密瓜、南瓜、瓢葫芦和搅瓜等5种寄主植物叶片内可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白质、单宁及黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,瓜蚜为害后,供试寄主植物叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,而单宁和黄酮的含量明显上升。说明瓜蚜为害导致寄主植物营养质量下降,而次生代谢物质含量上升,从而对植食者产生诱导抗性。     

棉铃虫为害诱导棉花内物质含量变化

由于昆虫为害的影响,植物往往能产生有利于自身而不利于害虫的变化,从而避免或减轻虫害。如在甘薯组织中,正常情况下几乎不存在多酚化合物,在受到虫害后12h就开始合成[1],大白菜被盲蝽Lygusclisponsi取食后,在取食点周围组织内酚类化合物含量增加,并且过氧化物酶活性也增强[2]。我们在室内对棉花受二代棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（Huhuer）的为害进行模拟实验,研究了棉花受害后叶内次生物质和营养物质的含量变化。1材料与方法棉花品种（系）：表现为高抗的有590s;中抗的有HG－BR－8、291、中12;感虫的有Pay－784、中无383－12…     

营养和次生物质与植物的抗虫性

植物在千万年的繁衍过程中,由于长期受以植物为食的昆虫的选择,那些对害虫没有抵抗能力的植物陆续被淘汰了。现存的植物一般都有很好的防御系统,即使是那些害虫喜食的所谓“感虫植物”也不例外。如用营养价值相似的感虫玉米品种先锋3368A幼苗和人工饲料饲养小地老虎,至第6天,饲以幼苗的幼虫体重只及饲以人工饲料的8．l％。这表明感虫玉米的幼苗也能抑制小地老虎的生长。植物能否被害虫作为寄主取决于植物体内化学成分的重量和数量。化学成分包括营养成分和次生物质。前者指植物体内的氨基酸、蛋白质、糖类、脂类和维生素等基本有机物…     

受害马尾松针叶营养及次生物质含量与思茅松毛虫种群参数的相关分析

为了揭示受害马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶主要化学物质变化对思茅松毛虫Dendrolimus kikuchii Matsumura种群变动的影响, 本研究以受思茅松毛虫危害程度不同（轻度、 中度和重度）的马尾松针叶喂养思茅松毛虫幼虫, 测定思茅松毛虫饲养种群的特征参数和不同受害程度马尾松针叶营养物质与次生物质含量, 用综合相关系数分析法对试验结果进行分析。结果表明： （1）随植株受害程度加重, 针叶黄酮含量增加, 可溶性糖、 蛋白质、 多糖含量减少, 各龄幼虫平均历期延长、 死亡率升高。单宁和总酚含量的变化与各龄幼虫平均历期、 死亡率之间没有显著的相关性; （2）除6龄幼虫外, 其他各龄幼虫的平均历期、 死亡率均与松针营养物质和次生物质含量有直接的和综合的相关性; （3）随受害程度加重, 7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力减小。单宁、 总酚含量的变化对7龄幼虫体重、 幼虫平均取食量、 蛹重、 幼虫平均死亡率、 化蛹率、 雌性比、 每雌生殖力都没有显著影响。总体上, 松针营养和次生物质含量对思茅松毛虫种群参数有重要影响, 其重要性依次为可溶性糖＞蛋白质＞多糖＞黄酮, 单宁和总酚的作用相对较小。     

栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育与几种寄主内含物的关系

【目的】探讨饲喂不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang生长发育及繁殖的影响,分析寄主植物内含物与其生长发育及繁殖的关系,为研究不同寄主植物对栎黄枯叶蛾种群动态的影响提供理论依据。【方法】在室内条件下,利用沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides、山杏Armeniaca sibirica、山杨Populus davidiana、旱柳Salix matsudana饲养该虫,观察幼虫发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量等指标,同时测定寄主叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、水分、单宁及黄酮的含量,并进行线性回归分析。【结果】不同寄主植物饲喂栎黄枯叶蛾幼虫的发育历期、蛹历期、蛹重及产卵量均存在显著差异。取食沙棘的幼虫历期最短,仅为(74.50?1.76)d,而取食旱柳历期最长,达(106.00?1.51)d。取食山杨的蛹历期最长,为(44.00?1.41)d,最短的是取食旱柳的,仅为(32.70?3.13)d。饲喂沙棘和山杏的雌、雄蛹重和成虫产卵量显著高于饲喂山杨和旱柳的。对不同寄主的营养物质、次生物质和水分含量测定结果表明:不同寄主间营养物质、次生物质与水分的含量差异显著。回归相关分析表明:幼虫发育历期与寄主植物可溶性蛋白质含量呈显著负相关;雌蛹重和产卵量与寄主植物可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关;雌、雄蛹重与寄主植物含水量呈显著正相关;蛹历期与单宁含量呈显著正相关,但黄酮含量的高低与栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育等指标无相关性。【结论】沙棘是栎黄枯叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的最适寄主植物;并且寄主植物中可溶性糖、单宁的含量低、含水量和可溶性蛋白质含量高有利于栎黄枯叶蛾的生长发育和繁殖。     

南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性与植物营养物质及叶绿素含量的关系

采用非自由选择法,在室内研究了南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性及其与植物叶片营养物质和叶绿素含量的关系.结果表明,南美斑潜蝇成虫对不同供试植物的选择性存在显著差异,选择性最强的为菜豆、茼蒿和西葫芦,最差的为番茄和甘蓝.相关分析表明,南美斑潜蝇成虫寄主选择性与叶片可溶性糖含量存在显著的正相关关系(R＝0.5014,P=0.0174,F＝6.717),而与叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量相关关系不显著.     

西花蓟马繁殖力与寄主营养物质的关系

研究了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)在6种蔬菜寄主上的繁殖力,同时测定了寄主植物叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量,并分析了它们之间的相关性。研究结果表明,西花蓟马繁殖力与叶片可溶性蛋白质含量存在正相关关系,与叶片的可溶性含糖量、叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量与可溶性含糖量比例的相关关系不显著。     

水稻挥发性次生物质对褐飞虱寄主定向及生长的影响

从褐飞虱的抗虫与感虫水稻品种植株中提取挥发性次生物质,分析其对褐飞虱的定向选择、生长发育及成虫触角电位反应影响.结果表明,感虫品种TN1挥发性次生物质对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ若虫的取食及生长发育未表现不良作用,对其定向选择有引诱作用;而抗虫品种IR36的挥发性物质对褐飞虱为负作用,表现为褐飞虱取食添加挥发性物质的人工饲料后,其死亡率均增加,生长发育受阻,且随着浓度的增加,不良影响加大.触角电位试验结果表明褐飞虱的电位反应总的趋势是对相同浓度的TN1挥发性物质的触角电位反应值比IR36大,且触角电位值基本都随着挥发性物质浓度的升高而增大;短翅型成虫电位值强于长翅型成虫,雄性成虫的电位值强于雌性成虫.挥发性物质气质联用检测分析结果发现抗虫与感虫水稻中挥发性次生物质的化学组成及含量相差较大,从抗感两个品种的挥发性物质中共检到44种已知化合物,部分化合物对褐飞虱有引诱作用.     

A meta-analysis of the effects of galling insects on host plant secondary metabolites

The idea that galling insects actively manipulate host plant chemistry has been previously documented but has not been quantified across a range of galler and host plant taxa. We present the first quantitative review of the relationship between insect galling and levels of secondary metabolites in host plants. Using meta-analytic techniques, we examined this relationship across 40 galler and host plant species combinations. We found that galling insects are associated with significantly higher levels of tannins and phenolics; however, no difference was found for volatiles. Hymenoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera were associated with higher levels of secondary metabolites; however, only Hymenoptera was significant. The climatic zone of the study area did not explain significant differences in gall-induced secondary metabolites. Overall the results show that the ability of galling insects to manipulate host plant secondary chemistry is widespread across insect and plant taxa. The evolutionary success of galling insects may be in part due to this unique ability.     

Endophytic fungi associated with Macrosolen tricolor and its host Camellia oleifera

Endophytic fungi play an important role in terrestrial ecosystem, while little is known about those in hemi-parasitic plants, a group of special plants which absorb nutrients from its hosts by haustoria. The relationship of the endophytes in the two parts of the bipartite systems (hemiparasites together with their hosts) is also poorly understood. Endophytic fungi of a hemi-parasitic plant Macrosolen tricolor, and its host plant Camellia oleifera were investigated and compared in this study. M. tricolor contained rich and diversified endophytic fungi (H′ = 2.829), which consisted mainly of ascomycetes, distributed in more than ten orders of four classes (Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Eurotiomycetes) besides Incertae sedis strains (23.2 % of total). In addition, 2.2 % of isolates were identified to be Basidiomycota, all of which belonged to Agaricomycetes. Obvious differences were observed between the endophytic fungal assembles in the leaves and those in the branches of M. tricolor. The endophytic fungi isolated from C. oleifera distributed in nearly same orders of the four classes of Ascomycota and one class (Agaricomycetes) of Basidiomycota as those from M. tricolor with similar proportion. For both M. tricolor and C. oleifera, Valsa sp. was the dominant endophyte species in the leaves, Torula sp. 1 and Fusarium sp. 1 were the dominant endophytic fungi in the branches. The similarity coefficient of the endophyte assembles in the two host was 64.4 %. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the endophyte assembles of M. tricolor and C. oleifera were significantly different (p < 0.01).     

The interaction between wetland nutrient content and plant quality controls aquatic plant decomposition

We conducted an in situ decomposition experiment to better understand how habitat nutrient content controls aquatic plant decomposition and, more precisely, to determine the relative importance of the wetland conditions in decomposition, and the intrinsic degradability of plant tissues. We collected the green leaves of three aquatic plant species with contrasting plant strategies from three wetlands of differing nutrient contents, and allowed them to decompose in seven wetlands along a nutrient gradient. The plant mass loss was higher for competitive and ruderal species collected in nutrient richer wetlands as well as when they were led to decompose in nutrient richer wetlands. Plant water content correlated with mass loss for the competitive and ruderal species, which may explain the increase in mass loss with increasing nutrient content in the collection wetlands. Litter decomposition rate may be enhanced by wetland eutrophication, because of both the modification of wetland decomposition conditions and by changes in plant tissue quality.     

Ecochemical studies of interrelationships between epiphytic bacteria and host plants via secondary metabolites

The plant surface, which is representative of the phylloplane and rhizoplane, is a characteristic habitat for microorganisms. In this review, the ecological roles of phytoepiphytic bacteria will be described. The phylloplane and rhizoplane, which are adjacent to the atmosphere and soil sphere respectively, accumulate topically and/or selectively release secondary metabolites that are specific to the plant genera and species which reside within these regions. Some epiphytes have abilities to decarboxylate xenobiotic phenolic acids that have accumulated in the plant tissues and surfaces as a majority of such secondary metabolites. In physicochemically stressed soil, rhizosphere microflora often remedy such microenvironments within the rhizosphere in order to assist in the survival of the host, and some of the microfloral compositions behave as if they were symbionts. Specifically, some Sphingomonas spp., which are frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of acidic soil-tolerant plants in tropical zones, make possible the development of a rhizo-biocomplex. In this review, the possibility of rhizosphere regulation utilizing such a rhizo-biocomplex is discussed.     

植物次生代谢物的应用和开发

植物次生代谢是植物对环境的一种适应,植物次生代谢物为人类提供了丰富的药用、食用等资源。近年来,植物次生代谢物成为研究热点,就其应用价值和开发途径作了简要概述。     

Biotechnology for the production of plant secondary metabolites

The production of plant secondary metabolites by means of large-scale culture of plant cells in bioreactors is technically feasible. The economy of such a production is the major bottleneck. For some costly products it is feasible, but unfortunately some of the most interesting products are only in very small amounts or not all produced in plant cell cultures. Screening, selection and medium optimization may lead to 20- to 30-fold increase in case one has producing cultures. In case of phytoalexins, elicitation will lead to high production. But for many of the compounds of interest the production is not inducible by elicitors. The culture of differentiated cells, such as (hairy) root or shoot cultures, is an alternative, but is hampered by problems in scaling up of such cultures. Metabolic engineering offers new perspectives for improving the production of compounds of interest. This approach can be used to improve production in the cell culture, in the plant itself or even production in other plant species or organisms. Studies on the production of terpenoid indole alkaloids have shown that the overexpression of single genes of the pathway may lead for some enzymes to an increased production of the direct product, but not necessarily to an increased alkaloid production. On the other hand feeding of such transgenic cultures with early precursors showed an enormous capacity for producing alkaloids, which is not utilized without feeding precursors. Overexpression of regulatory genes results in the upregulation of a series of enzymes in the alkaloid pathway, but not to an improved flux through the pathway, but feeding loganin does result in increased alkaloid production if compared with wild-type cells. Indole alkaloids could be produced in hairy root cultures of Weigelia by overexpression of tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase. Alkaloids could be produced in transgenic yeast overexpressing strictosidine synthase and strictosidine glucosidase growing on medium made out the juice of Symphoricarpus albus berries to which tryptamine is added. Metabolic engineering thus seems a promising approach to improve the production of a cell factory.     

The effect of elevated CO2 concentration and nutrient supply on carbon-based plant secondary metabolites in Pinus sylvestris L.

This study investigated changes in carbon-based plant secondary metabolite concentrations in the needles of Pinus sylvestris saplings, in response to long-term elevation of atmospheric CO₂, at two rates of nutrient supply. Experimental trees were grown for 3 years in eight open-top chambers (OTCs), four of which were maintained at ambient (∼350 μmol mol⁻¹) and four at elevated (700 μmol mol⁻¹) CO₂ concentrations, plus four open air control plots. Within each of these treatments, plants received either high (7.0 g N m⁻² year⁻¹ added) or low (no nutrients added) rates of nutrient supply for two years. Needles from lateral branches were analysed chemically for concentrations of condensed tannins and monoterpenes. Biochemical determinations of cellulase digestibility and protein precipitating capacity of their phenolic extracts were made because of their potential of importance in ecological interactions between pine and other organisms including herbivores and decomposers. Elevated CO₂ concentration caused an increase (P<0.05) in dry mass per needle, tree height and the concentration of the monoterpene α-pinene, but there were no direct effects of CO₂ concentration on any of the other chemical measurements made. High nutrient availability increased cellulase digestibility of pine needles. There was a significant negative effect of the OTCs on protein precipitating capacity of the needle extracts in comparison to the open-air controls. Results suggest that predicted changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration will be insufficient to produce large changes in the concentration of condensed tannins and monoterpenes in Scots pine. Processes which are influenced by these compounds, such as decomposition and herbivore food selection, along with their effects on ecosystem functioning, are therefore unlikely to be directly affected through changes in these secondary metabolites. Received: 20 October 1997 / Accepted: 28 February 1998     

寄主抗性与黄龙病寄主植物次生化合物相关性初步探讨

本文通过使用甲醇浸泡浸提和气相色谱-质谱连用(GC-MS)方法,对黄龙病易感寄主椪柑Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan的健叶、病叶以及隐症寄主九里香Murraya paniculata(L.) Jack健叶中部分次生化合物的种类及相对含量进行了差异分析。结果显示:椪柑的健康叶片鉴定出32种次生化合物,感病叶片有31种,九里香健康叶片有21种。其中脂肪酸类和简单芳香族类化合物在3样本之间未显示差异;烷烃类化合物在椪柑健叶中含量较高,椪柑病叶和九里香健叶中相对较少;萜类、黄酮类和香豆素类化合物在椪柑健病间的含量相差无几,其中萜类和黄酮类显著多于九里香,而香豆素类则相反。萜类化合物α-石竹烯在椪柑健叶中未检出,但在其病叶和九里香健叶之间无显著差异,此外九里香中特有的萜类有α-姜黄烯(0.15%)、左旋-姜烯(1.00%)、β-倍半水芹烯(0.26%);特有且含量较高的香豆素类化合物主要为蛇床子素(13.97%);而黄酮类化合物在九里香中未检出。两种寄主植物之间以及同种植物在感病与不感病的状态下,次生化合物的种类及相对含量均有显著差异,并初步探讨了其与寄主抗性的相关性。     

Chemistry and pharmacology of oxyprenylated secondary plant metabolites

Oxyprenylated natural products (isopentenyloxy-, geranyloxy- and the less spread farnesyloxy- compounds and their biosynthetic derivatives) represent a family of secondary metabolites that have been considered for years just as biosynthetic intermediates of C-prenylated derivatives. Only in the last decade these natural products have been recognized as interesting and valuable biologically active phytochemicals. Up to now about 300 molecules have been isolated from plants mainly belonging to the families of Rutaceae and Compositae, comprising common edible vegetables and fruits. A wide variety of compounds containing a prenyloxy side chain have been isolated and these comprise alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, phenols, alcohols, aldehydes, anthraquinones, chalcones, lignans, xanthones, aceto- and benzophenones and other more uncommon skeletons. Many of the isolated oxyprenylated natural products and their semisynthetic derivatives were shown to exert in vitro and in vivo remarkable anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-fungal effects. The aim of this review is to examine in detail the different types of oxyprenylated natural compounds from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view.