气候与白昼长度变化对苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊种群日活动节律的影响

对生活于苏格兰西北部拉姆岛上的野化山羊(Capra hircus)种群在1981、1982和2000年三年中的日活动节律进行了分析研究。详细分析了两个主要气象因素(温度和降水)以及昼长季节变化对该种群动物的日活动节律的影响。研究结果表明，拉姆岛上野化山羊的日取食活动时间百分比随月平均温度上升而显著下降，但卧息活动时间百分比随月平均温度的上升而显著上升，而降水则对二者无显著影响。拉姆岛所在地区的昼长季节性变化明显，每年6、7月白昼时间最长，而12、1月最短。由于受昼长季节变化影响，尽管该山羊种群的日取食活动时间百分比随季节变化而由夏季到冬季增加，但其真正用于取食活动的白昼时间由夏季到冬季反而减少。研究表明，白昼时间长短的季节变化是制约该山羊种群取食活动的一个重要因素，尤其是在食物匮乏而天气寒冷、阴湿的冬季。进而探讨了这种制约作用对其冬季取食量和冬季存活率的影响，以及对种群数量的调节意义。     

苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊种群的取食生态学

2000年6～11月对苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊(Capra hircus)种群的取食生态学进行了研究.研究表明:山羊的觅食回合长度变化范围从1min到460 min不等,平均觅食回合长度是103.1±15.0 (SD)min,雌性动物的觅食回合长度较雄性的长(P=0.077).野化山羊单位时间的取食频率平均为46.3±0.6 口/min,取食频率随性别(P=0.023)和月份(P<0.001)而显著变化.雄性山羊在繁殖交配之前(6～7月)和之后(10～11月)的取食频率比繁殖交配期中(9～10月)的快(P<0.008),但雌性动物并没有这样的变化(P=0.327).雄性动物在繁殖交配期中的取食时间显著减少.雌、雄两性动物在取食频次和取食时间方面的这些差异可能导致该山羊种群在食物摄入量上的性别差异:雌性山羊的食物摄入量相对比较稳定,而雄性山羊的摄入量则变动很大.估计的食物摄入量随月份而下降(尽管9月份以后有一微小幅度的上升),这意味着拉姆岛上的山羊种群在食物匮乏而天气寒冷潮湿的冬季可能面临着能量收支不平衡的威胁.     

黄喉貂日活动节律及食性的季节变化

2016年4月至2017年4月,采用红外相机技术和粪便分析法(频率法和剩余物干重法)对四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区内黄喉貂不同季节的日活动节律及食物组成变化进行了研究。结果显示:(1)黄喉貂主要在白天活动(昼间独立照片数占总独立照片数的85. 64%),不同季节黄喉貂日活动节律无显著差异(χ~2=126. 950,df=132,P=0. 608),但在不同季节其日活动高峰出现时间不同,春季的活动高峰在16:00~19:00(31. 65%),夏季活动高峰在15:00~18:00 (26. 32%),秋季活动高峰在13:00~16:00 (34. 31%),冬季活动高峰在11:00~14:00 (25. 00%),并且冬季夜间活动与其他季节相比明显增多;(2)黄喉貂取食食物有兽类、鸟类、昆虫类和植物类等,但兽类是黄喉貂最主要的食物来源,在一年中以兽类的出现频率最高,为95. 28%,兽类剩余物的总相对干重百分比达80. 99%,其次是植物、鸟类和昆虫;(3)黄喉貂对食物类别的利用表现出明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋三个季节黄喉貂粪便中兽类所占比重最多,春季鸟类出现频率较高,冬季黄喉貂粪便中植物所占比重明显增多。本研究表明,黄喉貂在不同季节其日活动节律和食性均表现出一定的差异,这可能与其繁殖特性和生理代谢需求有关。本研究揭示了黄喉貂的日活动节律及食性的季节性变化,充实了黄喉貂的生物、生态学资料,也为该物种的保护管理提供了参考资料。     

环境和社会因素对喀斯特石山猕猴日活动节律和活动时间分配的影响

2007年9月至2008年8月,以广西弄岗国家级自然保护区内的一大群野生猕猴为研究对象进行连续的跟踪观察,采用瞬时扫描取样法收集其食物组成、活动节律和活动时间分配的数据,旨在探讨影响石山猕猴活动节律及活动时间分配的环境和社会因素。结果表明：研究猴群的日活动节律表现为上午和下午的觅食高峰以及中午的休息高峰,这与白天温度和日照强度的变化有关。日活动时间分配中,休息42.1%,移动34.5%,觅食15.1%,玩耍2.0%,理毛5.2%,其他行为1.3%。猴群依据食物的变化调整活动时间分配,其中用于移动的时间与食物中果实的比例成显著的正相关性。不同性别年龄组个体的活动时间分配表现出显著差异,主要表现为成年雄性花费更多的时间休息,而成年雌性花费更多的时间觅食和社会性理毛,未成年个体则花费更多的时间玩耍。与同域分布的小群猕猴相比,本研究群花费更多的时间休息,较少的时间觅食。这些差异可能与盗食农作物有关。     

基于红外相机监测的藏酋猴日活动节律及其季节性变化

日活动节律是动物在一天中不同时间段的活动强度及其周期性变化规律,与身体控制代谢和能量收支成本密切相关。2015年8月至2017年8月,在贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区,借助红外相机监测,对藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)日活动节律及不同季节的日活动节律的变化进行了研究。调查期间红外相机累计6370个工作日,共收获687张藏酋猴照片,其中独立有效照片105张。日活动节律分析显示,藏酋猴属于典型性的昼行性动物,日活动呈现"M"型,活动高峰出现在12:00—16:00。不同季节的日活动节律比较结果显示,藏酋猴在雨季和旱季的行为节律差异不显著(P>0.05)。与雨季相比,旱季的行为差异表现为活动时间缩短、日出时段活动减少以及主要活动时间从中午推移到下午。另外,随着年气温的变化,藏酋猴日活动温度范围在-2～34℃,其中,15～25℃时活动频次较高(占比59%)。本研究从红外相机的视角揭示了藏酋猴的日活动节律及其变化,为藏酋猴行为生态学研究的深入提供了科学依据。     

人为干扰对白腹锦鸡活动节律的影响

人类足迹的扩张增加了人与野生动物的相互作用。理解自然保护地的濒危物种对人为干扰的响应有助于更好地保护濒危物种和指导保护管理。以往的研究表明野生动物在时空维度会对人类的干扰进行规避, 然而这类研究在野生雉类中还较少, 尤其是分布在人为干扰相对较强的中低海拔区域的雉类, 如白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)。2017年11月至2018年10月, 我们在中国西南部的一个亚热带森林保护区中使用红外相机陷阱技术对白腹锦鸡和人为干扰进行调查, 并研究了白腹锦鸡在时空维度对3种不同类型人为干扰(人类活动、放牧和家养动物活动)的响应及其季节变化。结果表明, 白腹锦鸡在空间维度并未对人为干扰进行规避, 而在非繁殖季节的活动节律上对人为干扰在时间维度上进行了规避。具体而言, 白腹锦鸡在全年和非繁殖季节的活动高峰集中在17:30-18:30, 明显避开中午的人类活动高峰; 而在繁殖季节, 白腹锦鸡活动水平明显提高, 和人为干扰的重叠度很高, 可能是由于求偶、占区等繁殖行为使得白腹锦鸡无法规避人为干扰。此外, 在人为干扰强度较高的位点, 白腹锦鸡倾向于通过改变其日活动节律, 将活动高峰期推迟至傍晚以降低与人为干扰的重叠度, 进一步说明白腹锦鸡可通过调节其自身的日活动节律从而避开高强度的人为干扰。由于白腹锦鸡地面营巢和春夏季繁殖, 自然保护区管理部门可通过管理人为活动, 尤其在繁殖季节通过控制放牧和猫狗的活动来帮助白腹锦鸡及其他地面营巢鸟类维持繁殖成功率。     

四川王朗国家级自然保护区红喉雉鹑的日活动节律及种群密度

红喉雉鹑Tetraophasis obscurus是我国特有高山雉类,国家一级重点保护野生动物。为了解其生活习性及种群参数,2020—2021年在四川王朗国家级自然保护区采用红外相机技术、样线法和样点法对红喉雉鹑的日活动节律及其种群密度进行了调查。红喉雉鹑在保护区分布海拔为2 773～3 777 m,主要活动在3 200～3 400 m,常见于针叶林和针阔混交林,未在草甸生境中记录到;核密度函数绘制的日活动节律曲线表明,红喉雉鹑为昼行性动物,全年日活动曲线整体呈单峰模式,日活动强度在06∶00后快速升高,在08∶00—10∶00达到最高,之后快速降低至12∶00,其后缓慢下降,20∶00趋近于无;繁殖季和非繁殖季的日活动节律均呈双峰模式,但差异不显著（Δ=0.79）,均以早晨最为活跃,非繁殖季比繁殖季的活动高峰推迟1～2 h;红外相机拍摄的群体平均大小为2.63只/群,样线调查的为3只/群,样线法和样点法估算的种群密度分别为7.60只/km²和5.42～6.18只/km²。本研究丰富了红喉雉鹑的野外生态学资料,为其保护管理和种群监测、评估提供...     

生理节律与日常活动对人体疲劳程度的影响

目的:研究生理节律和日常活动分别对人体疲劳程度的影响大小。方法:选取某校7名大学生志愿者,在军训期间对每日军训科目严格限制条件下进行该实验,以闪光临界融合频率、心率变异性、反应时、静态姿势图TLX-NASA量表评分作为指标,对每天分别在训练前和训练后疲劳程度的大小进行测量,以这些指标描述训练前后的疲劳程度。结果:反应时降低(0.60±0.09)、反应正确率提高(0.97±0.03);闪光临界光融合频率升高(40.84±2.14);心率变异性TP(3076.60±382.08)降低、心率变异性SDNN(55.28±16.85)降低;静态姿势图晃动减少,中低频率段(0.15±0.01)、前后方向重心变位(7.92±0.63),TLX-NASA量表评分降低(30.47±10.23)。以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:生理节律相对于日常活动对机体的疲劳状态有更大的影响。     

天津盘山风景名胜区人类干扰对野生动物活动节律影响的初步研究

2019年7月—2020年8月,应用红外相机技术研究天津盘山风景名胜区人类干扰对野生动物活动节律的影响效应,比较分析相对多度指数(RAI)前5位的留鸟和哺乳动物在有、无人类干扰位点区域之间的活动节律差异,以及不同强度人类干扰区域之间的活动节律差异.结果发现:1)人类干扰对留鸟活动节律的影响较小,RAI最大的红嘴蓝鹊Ur...     

四川八月林自然保护区大灵猫日活动节律、栖息地利用及其对人类活动响应的初步研究

大灵猫(Viverra zibetha)是灵猫科的一种小型食肉动物,曾广泛分布于我国南方,但20世纪中后期以来其国内分布区域快速退缩,种群可能处于严重下降状态。为了填补我国大灵猫生态学研究空缺带来的保护和管理挑战,本研究在四川省八月林自然保护区开展了为期一年半的红外相机调查,共布设红外相机100台,获取19 912个相机日的红外相机照片,在23个位点完成大灵猫的独立探测77次。本研究采用非参数核密度指数法研究了大灵猫与同域小型食肉动物的日活动节律,构建占域模型评估了大灵猫的栖息地利用,并重点分析了大灵猫对人类活动的响应。结果显示大灵猫日活动节律为严格夜行性,与严格夜行性的花面狸(Paguma larvata)(Δ=0.88, P=0.290)和夜行偏晨昏性的猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)(Δ=0.80, P=0.056)日活动节律重叠程度最高,与夜行偏晨昏性的豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)(Δ=0.73, P=0.002)和严格夜行性的鼬獾(Melogale moschata)(Δ=0.72, P <0.001)日活动节律存在显著差异,而与昼...     

Group‐Size Effect on Vigilance and Foraging in a Predator‐Free Population of Feral Goats (Capra hircus) on the Isle of Rum,NW Scotland

Many previous studies have found that as group size increases, individual vigilance levels decrease and forage intake increases (group‐size effect), but few such studies have considered the impact of within‐group interactions and other confounding factors on the direction of group‐size effects. A free‐ranging population of feral goats (Capra hircus), with little predation threat, was studied on the Isle of Rum (northwest Scotland), from Jun. to Nov. 2000, to investigate the effects of group size on individual vigilance levels and foraging efficiency after taking into account the effect of confounding factors (e.g. sex, season, time of day, habitat, predation risk) and within‐group interactions (via changes in movement rates while feeding). Our results show that, while group size exerted a negative influence on individual vigilance levels and a positive effect on movement rate, foraging efficiency never increased with group size and even decreased at certain times of day. There was no sex difference in individual vigilance in feral goats, but foraging efficiency was higher in females than in males. Goats were more vigilant in fall than in summer. The results imply that the benefits for foraging obtained from the reduced vigilance level in larger groups may be constrained or offset by increased interaction (or competition) within larger groups even in a population that faces negligible predation risk.     

Feeding competition within a feral goat population on the Isle of Rum, NW Scotland

This study investigated feeding competition within and between different age–sex classes of feral goats (Capra hircus) on the Isle of Rum (northwest Scotland) from August to November 2000 (inclusive). Although contests in a feeding context were common, most were relatively passive: little overt agonistic behaviour was observed between opponents and the distance between feeding animals involved did not change significantly after an interaction. Month (but not sex or habitat type) had a significant effect on feeding interaction rates, and the proportion of interactions involving more intense forms of conflict was highest in November when forage availability was beginning to decline. The results show that the initiator won most feeding encounters, with adult males being dominant over females. The ability to win conflicts increased with age for both males and females. However, it decreased sharply for adult males older than 5 years, which may, in part, explain the reduced overwinter survival of these individuals.     

Density-Dependent Spacing Behaviour and Activity Budget in Pregnant,Domestic Goats (Capra hircus)

Very little is known about the spacing behaviour in social groups of domestic goats (Capra hircus) in the farm environment. In this experiment, we studied interindividual distances, movement patterns and activity budgets in pregnant goats housed at three different densities. Norwegian dairy goats were kept in stable social groups of six animals throughout pregnancy at 1, 2 or 3 m² per individual and their spacing behaviours (i.e. distance travelled, nearest and furthest neighbour distance) and activity budgets (e.g. resting, feeding, social activities) were monitored. Observations were made in the first, second and last thirds of pregnancy in the mornings, at noon and in the afternoons of each of these phases (4.5 hours per observation period). The findings show that goats held at animal densities of 2 and 3 m² moved longer distances when they had more space per animal and kept larger nearest and furthest neighbour distances when compared to the 1 m² per animal density. Less feeding activity was observed at the high animal density compared to the medium and low density treatments. The phase of gestation also had an impact on almost all behavioural variables. Closer to parturition, animals moved further distances and the increase in nearest and furthest neighbour distance was more pronounced at the lower animal densities. During the last period of gestation, goats spent less time feeding and more on resting, social behaviours and engaging in other various activities. Our data suggest that more space per goat is needed for goats closer to parturition than in the early gestation phase. We concluded that in goats spacing behaviour is density-dependent and changes with stages of pregnancy and activities. Finally, the lower density allowed animals to express individual preferences regarding spacing behaviour which is important in ensuring good welfare in a farming situation.     

山羊发情相关输卵管糖蛋白(gEGP)基因的克隆

哺乳动物的输卵管精心设计了一个独特的液体环境 ,使得雌、雄性生殖细胞的运输及最终成熟、受精和早期胚胎发育能够顺利进行 .其中有一种源于分泌细胞的蛋白—发情相关的输卵管糖蛋白 (ｅｓｔｒｕｓ ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｏｖｉｄｕｃｔｕａｌｇｌｙｃｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ,ＥＧＰ) ,自从Ｓｕｔｔｏｎ等于 1984年首次在绵羊中发现的[1] ,在其他的物种中 ,如 ,狒狒、人、小鼠、猕猴、牛、羊、猪、仓鼠等 ,也都有发现[2 ,3 ,4] .虽然已有实验数据证明 ,当卵子经过输卵管时 ,它们可与卵子的透明带 (ｚｏｎａｐｅｌｌｕｃｉｄａ ,ＺＰ)和 或卵黄周…     

青山羊（Capra，hircus）小肠凝集素的分离、纯化及性质研究

报道了青山羊小肠凝集素的分离、纯化及性质研究。青山羊小肠先经过含有巯基乙醇的磷酸缓冲液抽提,然后上Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ６Ｂ柱及ＤＥＡＥ－Ｃｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅ－２３柱,得到纯化的青山羊小肠凝集素。采用ＳＤＳ电泳法测得其分子量在６６１００左右,而且该凝集素不含糖,对人Ｂ型血球有专一性凝集作用。半抗原抑制实验表明它对半乳糖（乳糖）有亲和性。其中酸性氨基酸含量较高,组氨酸、蛋氨酸含量较低。该凝集素在胚胎期出现,出生后几个月达到高峰然后逐渐下降,最后消失。     

Cloning,characterization, and expression analysis of goat (Capra hircus) phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx)

Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx), as a ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme in the glutathione peroxidases (GPx) family, plays multiple roles in organisms. However, there is very little information on PHGPx in goats (Capra hircus). In this study, a full-length cDNA was cloned and characterized from Taihang black goat testes. The 844 bp cDNA contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 597 bp. The goat PHGPx nucleotide sequence contains a selenocysteine (sec) codon TGA^244-246, two potential start codons ATG^20-22 and ATG^108-110, a polyadenylation signal AATAAA^813-818 and selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) motif AUGA^688-691, UGA^729-731 and AAA^703-705. As a selenoprotein, the active-site motifs and GPx family signature motifs LAFPCNQF^101-108 and WNFEK^165-170 were also found. The order of PHGPx mRNA expression levels was: testes >> heart > brain > epididymis > kidney > liver > lung > spleen > muscle. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry results revealed similar expression differences in different age testes, with high expression levels during adolescence. Immunofluorescence results suggested that PHGPx mainly expressed in Leydig cells and spermatids in mature goat testes.     

Prevalence of ectoparasites in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) brought for slaughter in the Gwagwalada area, Abuja, Nigeria

Ectoparasites from the bodies of 600 slaughtered goats between the ages of 1 and 50 months, collected within a period of 10 months (February to November 2005), were isolated using fractionation techniques. Collected data were analysed by χ²‐test. A total of 60 of the 600 goats examined (10.00%) were infected with ectoparasites. The prevalent ectoparasites observed were species of Rhipicephalus (28 goats; 4.67%), Boophilus (8 goats; 1.33%), Amblyomma (6 goats; 1.00%), Hyalomma (6 goats; 1.00%), Linognathus (18 goats; 3.00%) and Damalina (1 goat; 0.17%). The infection rates according to age and sex of goats were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Goats were observed to have single or multiple infections of ectoparasites. More goats (46) had a single infection than a multiple infection (14). Regarding distribution of the ectoparasites on the various sites of the animal body, it was observed that lice preferred the head, back, ears and belly, while ticks were found in the hooves and interdigital spaces as well as at the sites listed for lice.     

Immunolocalization of natriuretic peptides and their receptors in goat (Capra hircus) heart

Natriuretic peptides are structurally similar, but genetically distinct, hormones that participate in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating blood and extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. We investigated the distribution of natriuretic peptides and their receptors in goat (Capra hircus) heart tissue using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method. Strong staining of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was observed in atrial cardiomyocytes, while strong staining for brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was observed in ventricular cardiomyocytes. Slightly stronger cytoplasmic C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) immunostaining was detected in the ventricles compared to the atria. Natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) immunoreactivity was more prominent in the atria, while natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B) immunoreactivity was stronger in the ventricles. Cytoplasmic natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPR-C) immunoreactivity was observed in both the atria and ventricles, although staining was more prominent in the ventricles. ANP immunoreactivity ranged from weak to strong in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Endothelial cells exhibited moderate to strong BNP immunoreactivity, while vascular smooth cells displayed weak to strong staining. Endothelial cells exhibited weak to strong cytoplasmic CNP immunoreactivity. Vascular smooth muscle cells were labeled moderately to strongly for CNP. Weak to strong cytoplasmic NPR-A immunoreactivity was found in the endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells stained weakly to moderately for NPR-A. Endothelial and vascular smooth cells exhibited weak to strong cytoplasmic NPR-B immunoreactivity. Moderate to strong NPR-C immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Small gender differences in the immunohistochemical distribution of natriuretic peptides and receptors were observed. Our findings suggest that endothelial cells, vascular smooth cells and cardiomyocytes express both natriuretic peptides and their receptors.