嗜碱菌Alkalimonas amylolytica N10在不同pH条件下的膜蛋白差异表达研究

为了探讨嗜碱菌的嗜碱机制,对一株新型专性嗜碱菌（Alkalimonas amylolytica N10）在不同pH条件下的差异膜蛋白质组进行了初步的研究。在3种pH条件下（pH值分别为84、94和104）培养的该菌的膜蛋白,通过8%～20%的梯度SDSPAGE进行分离。经胶图图像和统计计算,7条电泳条带的相对染色强度随培养液的pH值变化而改变,其中仅有一条条带强度随pH值增高而增加。这些条带经胰蛋白酶胶内消化和高效液相色谱电喷雾离子阱串联质谱（LCMS/MS）分析,共鉴定出了12种蛋白质。其中4种膜蛋白已有报道直接或间接参与细胞pH稳态的保持,其他几种蛋白则是首次发现其表达水平与生活环境的pH变化可能相关。     

嗜碱微生物

最适生长在pH8．0以上,通常在9-10之间的微生物,称之为嗜碱菌（alhallphiles）,而能在高pH条件下生长,但最适值并不在碱性pH范围的微生物,称为耐碱菌（alhalitolerant）。在嗜碱菌中,有些菌在pH中性或以下不能生长,称为专性嗜碱菌（obligal6alkaliphiles）,而有些菌在pH中性或以下可以生长,称为兼性嗜碱菌师cultivealhaliphiles）。嗜碱菌的价值已被广泛认识,它不仅在工业应用上具有特殊的优势和特点,还可作为研究生命原理的模式系统,如膜交换机制、蛋白质结构与功能等,并将加强我们对生物多样性的认识。自从Mite。hell的化…     

耐盐碱菌株的分离筛选及生物学特性和盐碱去除效率的研究

将采集于黑龙江省大庆市盐碱地的土壤样品经适当稀释后,涂布于高盐碱的培养基中,分离纯化获得41株菌。经过不断分别或同时提高培养基的盐、碱浓度进行耐盐碱菌株的筛选,获得1株耐盐碱菌株7,其在pH值13且盐(NaCl)浓度达到200g.L-1的培养基中仍可生长,该菌株既属于极端嗜盐微生物又属于极端嗜碱微生物。分别于不同碳源、氮源、碳氮比、初始pH值和培养温度条件下,对菌株7的生物学特性和盐、碱去除能力进行研究。结果表明,该菌株生长和去除盐碱的最佳碳源为牛肉膏;最佳氮源为蛋白胨;碳氮比为4:1时,最有利于菌株的生长和对盐、碱的去除;菌株生长的最适初始pH值为9.5,最适温度为20℃,而盐、碱去除的最佳温度则为30～35℃。     

“正常”膜蛋白取向的细菌视紫红质脂质体制备及其瞬态光学响应

细菌视紫红质 (bR)是嗜盐菌质膜上的一种跨膜蛋白质 ,有其独特的光驱质子泵功能 ,可以被定向组装到磷脂脂质体膜上 ,并且表现出和细胞膜上相反的取向。通过细菌培养和细胞膜分离 ,获得了含bR蛋白质的紫膜悬浮体系 ,在pH =2 .5时将bR悬浮液和两亲性的DPPC磷脂混合、通过自组装的方式形成了含bR膜蛋白的磷脂脂质体 ,并通过瞬态光学响应测量考察了bR的取向和质子泵生物活性。结果表明 ,bR膜蛋白可以被整合到DPPC的脂质体膜上 ;蛋白质的质子泵运行规律的测量进一步验证了在酸性条件下所制备的脂质体上bR保持了不寻常的择优取向 ,与细胞膜上的“正常”取向一致 ,而与绝大多数文献报道的中性条件下制备的脂质体质子泵取向相反。     

嗜碱Bacillus sp. N16-5不同碳源条件下比较蛋白质组分析

为了解碳水化合物对嗜碱微生物代谢途径的影响, 用蛋白质组学方法比较分析了不同碳源条件下培养的嗜碱菌的胞浆蛋白质变化, 试图找到差异表达的蛋白. 分离自内蒙古乌杜淖尔碱湖的嗜碱Bacillus sp. N16-5, 在含有5种不同碳源(葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖和木糖)的培养基中培养. 比较蛋白质组学分析鉴定了61个差异表达蛋白, 它们主要参与碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸转运和代谢、能量的产生和贮存. 结果表明, 不同碳水化合物条件下参与中央代谢途径酶的丰度发生了很大的变化, 尤其是碳代谢调控蛋白A(CcpA)均被上调. 同时发现, 在CcpA参与调控的碳代谢抑制现象中戊糖表现出比己糖更强的效应. 上述结果为进一步理解嗜碱微生物碳水化合物代谢奠定了基础.     

反胶团萃取蛋白质的研究

本文以溶菌酶,胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶为对象,研究了水相pH值,离子强度、阳离子种类和蛋白质分子量等因素对反胶团萃取蛋白质的影响。结果表明,反胶团萃取的单级萃取率高,调节PH值和离子强度等工艺条件,就可以实现不同种类蛋白质的有效分离,可望成为一种生物产品分离的新方法。     

盐、碱胁迫下小冰麦体内的pH及离子平衡

通过混合两种中性盐（NaCl和Na₂SO₄）和两种碱性盐（NaHCO₃和Na₂CO₃）分别模拟出不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件,对小冰麦苗进行12 d胁迫处理,测定茎叶组织液的pH值及Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、H₂PO₄-和有机酸等溶质的浓度,以探讨盐、碱两种胁迫下小冰麦体内的pH及离子平衡特点.结果表明：盐、碱胁迫下小冰麦茎叶内的pH值均稳定不变;随胁迫强度的增加,盐胁迫下小冰麦茎叶内有机酸浓度没有明显变化,Cl^-浓度大幅度增加,而碱胁迫下有机酸浓度大幅度增加,Cl^-浓度没有明显变化.盐、碱胁迫下小冰麦茎叶中的阳离子均以Na⁺和K⁺为主,但阴离子的来源明显不同.盐胁迫下无机阴离子对负电荷的贡献起主导作用,其贡献率达61.3%～66.7%;而碱胁迫下,随胁迫强度的增大,有机酸对负离子的贡献率从38.35%上升到61.60%,逐渐成为主导成分.实验结果表明,有机酸积累是小冰麦在碱胁迫下保持体内离子平衡和pH稳定的关键生理响应.     

乳酸、乙酸及pH对嗜酸乳杆菌和 阴道加德纳菌的生长及交互作用影响

目的探讨乳酸、乙酸及pH值变化对嗜酸乳杆菌和阴道加德纳菌的生长及交互作用影响,为探究细菌性阴道病患者治疗失败的可能原因提供依据。方法 (1)两菌经不同浓度乳酸、乙酸作用后,检测其细菌浓度变化。(2)两菌经不同pH的SBHIG肉汤单独及混合培养,检测其细菌浓度变化并涂片观察生长情况。结果乳酸、乙酸浓度1.0%~5.0%时,均可抑制两菌的生长。0.1%乳酸对阴道加德纳菌生长的抑制能力较弱,但可促进嗜酸乳杆菌的生长。肉汤培养基在pH 3.5时,几乎只有嗜酸乳杆菌能生长;pH 8.5时,生长的细菌中阴道加德纳菌占绝大多数;pH 5.5和7.0时,两菌虽然共同生长,但嗜酸乳杆菌生长明显受抑制。结论嗜酸乳杆菌与阴道加德纳菌存在交互作用,但受细菌浓度、乳酸和乙酸浓度及pH的影响。细菌性阴道病患者需多疗程疗治疗或治疗失败可能与乳杆菌累积浓度未能达到抑制阴道加德纳菌生长的要求有关。     

嗜酸菌及其应用

自然界大多数环境的pH值为5～9,它适合多数微生物生长。嗜酸菌是一种能在低pH条件下生长和繁殖的极端环境微生物［‘－’］,通常在pHZ～5生长很好,pHS．5以上生长不好。有些嗜酸菌在中性pH条件下根本不生长,如氧化硫硫杆菌（Thiobacillusthiootidans）,酸热硫化叶菌（deghlobusacidocaldarius）,酸热芽抱杆菌O沏ciousacidoca儿brius）等,最佳生长pH是2．0～3．0,这些都是专性嗜酸菌。一些真菌也能在pHS．0或更低条件下生长,实际上是耐酸菌。l嗜酸菌生态分布及其对环境适应机制嗜酸菌生长在酸性环境,这主要与硫或硫化物的存在…     

嗜盐嗜碱杆菌属的一个新种

从内蒙古自治区哈马台碱湖分离到一株多形态嗜盐嗜碱菌(编号HAM—2),其生长的NaCI浓度范围为12％～30％,最适17.5％;生长的pH范围为7.8～10.4,最适pH9.0～9.5。革兰氏染色阴性。细胞为不规则杆状、椭圆形、三角形等多形态,细胞大小为1.0～2.0×2.0～5.Oμm。该菌株主要极性脂是磷脂酰甘油磷酯(PGP)和磷脂酰甘油(PG),还含有一种未知的次要磷脂成分(PL4)。DNA中G+C含量为59.5mol％。根据这些特征,菌株可归入嗜盐嗜碱杆菌属,又根据细胞形态和极性脂组份不同于该属正式承认的三个种,因此,鉴定此菌株为嗜盐嗜碱杆菌属(Natronobacterium)的—个新种,定名为内蒙古嗜盐嗜碱菌(Natronobacterium innermongoliae Sp.nov.)。     

Exploring membrane and cytoplasm proteomic responses of Alkalimonas amylolytica N10 to different external pHs with combination strategy of de novo peptide sequencing

Identification of differentially proteomic responses to external pHs would pave an access for understanding of survival mechanisms of bacteria living at extreme pH environment. We cultured Alkalimonas amylolytica N10 (N10), a novel alkaliphilic bacterium found in Lake Chahannor, in media with three different pHs and extracted the correspondent membrane and cytoplasm proteins for proteomic analysis through 2‐DE. The differential 2‐DE spots corresponding to the altered pHs were delivered to MALDI TOF/TOF MS for protein identification. Since the genomic data of strain N10 was unavailable, we encountered a problem at low rate of protein identification with 18.1%. We employed, therefore, a combined strategy of de novo sequencing to analyze MS/MS signals generated from MALDI TOF/TOF MS. A significantly improved rate of protein identification was thus achieved at over than 70.0%. Furthermore, we extensively investigated the expression of these pH‐dependent N10 genes using Western blot and real‐time PCR. The conclusions drawn from immunoblot and mRNA measurements were mostly in agreement with the proteomic observations. We conducted the bioinformatic analysis to all the pH‐dependent N10 proteins and found that some membrane proteins participated in iron transport were differentially expressed as external pH elevated and most of differential proteins with increased or bell‐shape mode of pH‐dependence were involved in bioenergetic process and metabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acid, amino acids, and nucleotides. Our data thus provide a functional profile of the pH‐responsive proteins in alkaliphiles, leading to elucidation of alkaliphilic‐adaptive mechanism.     

Synthesis and turnover of plasma-membrane proteins and glycoproteins in a neuroblastoma cell line.

A kinetic analysis of the appearance of 14C-labelled proteins in the surface membranes isolated from exponentially growing neuroblastoma cells (N2a) showed that the total membrane proteins reached a steady-state specific radioactivity in 18-20 h. However, examination of individual protein bands resolved by sodium dodecyl sulphate-urea-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis illustrated that differences in the kinetics of specific surface-membrane proteins could be detected. Although most of the protein bands reached a steady-state specific radioactivity at a time similar to that for total membrane proteins, at least two bands (mol. wt. 180000 and 130000) attained the steady-state within 8-10 h. It was shown by the use of dual-labelling techniques that these two protein bands turned over in the surface membranes of neuroblastoma N2a cells at least 180 and 150% faster than the total membrane protein. These two proteins were glycosylated and located on the outer surface of the cells, since they were labelled with radioactive carbohydrates and readily removed by treatment of the intact neuroblastoma cell with proteinases.     

Deblocking and subsequent microsequence analysis of N alpha-blocked proteins electroblotted onto PVDF membrane.

A method was developed for direct microsequencing of N alpha-acetylated proteins electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes from polyacrylamide gels. N alpha-Acetylated proteins (greater than 32 pmol), including horse heart cytochrome c, five mutants of yeast cytochrome c, and bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, were separated by SDS-PAGE and electroblotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The portions of the membrane carrying the bands were cut out and treated with 0.5% polyvinylpyrrolidone in acetic acid solution at 37 degrees C for 30 min. The protein was digested on the membrane with 5-10 micrograms of trypsin at 37 degrees C for 24 h. During tryptic digestion, the resultant peptides were released from the membrane and the N-terminal peptide was efficiently deblocked with 50 mU of acylamino acid-releasing enzyme at 37 degrees C for 12 h. Picomole levels of the deblocked proteins could be sequenced directly by use of a gas-phase protein sequencer.     

Effects of various culture environments on expression of major outer membrane proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis

We examined the effects of various culture environments on major outer membrane proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277. Major outer membrane protein patterns on gel electrophoresis showed little difference over the culturable range of osmolarity and pH. With elevated temperature or prolonged culture, the intensities of the gingipain bands decreased; however, bands of RagA, RagB and the putative porins were relatively stable. Similar results were observed with several different culture media. Although the precise functions of RagA, RagB and the putative porins are unknown, these factors may be strongly related to the initiation and progression of adult periodontitis.     

Analysis of mouse liver membrane proteins using multidimensional separations and tandem mass spectrometry

In the field of proteomic investigation, the analysis of membrane proteins still faces many technical challenges. A fundamental question in this puzzle is how to maintain a proper solvent environment to allow the hydrophobic proteins to remain solubilized. We propose that the denaturation of membrane proteins in a highly concentrated urea solution enables them to be ionized such that ionic exchange chromatography can be employed to separate them. The membrane proteins prepared from the mouse liver were dissolved in 6M guanidine hydrochloride, 20mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.0, and loaded onto a tandem chromatography apparatus coupled with Q-Sepharose FF and Sephacryl S-200HR. These columns were able to adsorb 97.87% of the membrane protein preparations. Using a linear NaCl (0-1.0M) gradient, the bound proteins were eluted out at 0.1-1.0M NaCl, and examined by SDS-PAGE. Furthermore the protein bands underwent excision and digestion with trypsin, followed by reverse-phase chromatography for the separation of the digested peptides and ionic-trap mass spectrometry for the identification of the proteins. From the SDS-PAGE gels, the overlap between proteins from neighboring bands was only 21.34%, indicating that the anionic-size exclusion coupling chromatography efficiently separated these membrane proteins. Of a total of 392 proteins identified, 306 were membrane proteins or membrane-associated proteins. Based on the calculation of hydrophobicity, the GRAVY scores of 83 proteins are greater than, or equal to, 0.00. Taking all of this evidence together, our results revealed that this approach is satisfactory for studies on the membrane proteome from the mouse liver.     

Isolation and characterization of the outer membrane of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The cell envelope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain 2686, colonial type 4, was isolated from spheroplasts formed by the action of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and lysozyme. Isopycnic centrifugation of osmotically ruptured spheroplasts resolved the cell envelope into two main membrane fractions. Chemical and enzymatic analyses were used to characterize these isolated membranes. Succinic dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, and d-lactate dehydrogenase were localized in the membrane fraction of buoyant density, rho degrees = 1.141 g/cm(3). Lipopolysaccharide and over half of the cell envelope protein were associated with the membrane that banded in sucrose at rho degrees = 1.219 g/cm(3). These fractions were consequently designated cytoplasmic and outer or L-membrane, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis of isolated membranes demonstrated the relative simplicity of the protein spectrum of the outer membrane. The majority of the protein in this membrane could be accounted for by proteins of molecular weights 34,500, 22,000, and 11,500. The protein of molecular weight 34,500 accounted for 66% of the total protein of the L-membrane. Isoelectric precipitation at pH 4.6 with 10% acetic acid selectively removed this protein from a 150 mM NaCl in 10 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-hydrochloride, pH 7.4, extract of purified outer membrane. At pH 4.0, the other proteins of the L-membrane were precipitated. It was concluded that the membrane components of the cell envelope of N. gonorrhoeae were similar to those of other gram-negative bacteria. The cell envelope fractions described here, in particular the outer membrane, are sufficiently well defined to provide a valuable tool for future biochemical and immunological studies on N. gonorrhoeae.     

中度噬盐菌Bacillus sp.Ⅰ121的质膜蛋白质组学分析

膜蛋白是连接细胞与外界环境的重要载体,发挥着物质转运、信号传导等作用。通过对一种新分离出来的中度噬盐菌Bacillussp.Ⅰ121进行了质膜蛋白质组学分析,盐胁迫下该菌株主要靠积累脯氨酸来维持细胞渗透压。在对Bacillussp.Ⅰ121在不同盐浓度下的生长情况进行测定的基础上,我们选取了1%,5%,10%,15%（w/v）NaCl4个盐浓度进行细胞培养,并分别提取细菌的质膜,通过5%～20%的梯度凝胶SDS-PAGE电泳将疏水的膜蛋白进行分离,随后对盐胁迫响应的8条不同的蛋白条带进行了ESI-LC-MS/MS质谱分析。将所得结果在NCBI数据库中进行比对,最终成功鉴定出10种蛋白。这些蛋白涉及物质跨膜转运,膜的生物合成以及胁迫信号转导等功能。为膜蛋白在盐胁迫响应过程中的作用方面的研究开辟了新思路。     

Amino acid analysis on polyvinylidene difluoride membranes

A procedure for the amino acid analysis of proteins electrotransferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes is described. The proteins are first separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and then electroblotted onto a PVDF membrane. After staining with Coomassie brilliant blue, the visualized protein bands are excised from the membrane. Each band is placed in a vial and subjected to gas-phase hydrolysis in 6 N HCl in a vacuum desiccator at 110 degrees C. The amino acids are extracted from the membrane into 0.1 N HCl/30% CH3OH and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC using postcolumn o-phthalaldehyde-derivatizing reagent. The method was shown to give reproducible and reasonably accurate compositions for several proteins, as well as to provide an estimate of protein content. As little as 10 pmol of a 67-kDa protein can be determined.     

Vesicle release from rat red cell ghosts and increased association of cell membrane proteins with cytoskeletons induced by cadmium

When rat red cell ghosts were incubated with 0.1-0.5 mM CdCl2 in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C for 30 min, they became irregular in shape and released small vesicles. The release of vesicles was dependent on the incubation temperature and Cd2+ concentration. The maximum release occurred at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0.2 mM Cd2+. The protein composition of Cd2+-induced vesicles was similar to that of the vesicles released from ATP-depleted red cells. Upon incubation with 0.1-0.2 mM Cd2+, more than 90% of the Cd2+ added to the incubation buffer was recovered in ghosts and 15-20% of the ghost Cd2+ was located on the cytoskeletons prepared by washing ghosts with 0.5% Triton X-100 solution containing 0.1 M KCl and 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4). Moreover, the cytoskeletons prepared from Cd2+-treated ghosts markedly contained cell membrane proteins, bands 2.1, 3, 4.2 and 4.5, and glycophorins. The association of bands 3 and 4.2 with cytoskeletons increased with increasing concentrations of Cd2+ added to the incubation buffer and saturated at 0.2 mM Cd2+. The solubilization of cytoskeletal proteins, bands 1, 2 and 5, from ghosts at low ionic strength was almost completely suppressed by preincubation of ghosts with 0.1 mM Cd2+. HgCl2, PbCl2 and ZnCl2 at 0.2 mM each also produced an increased association of cell membrane proteins with cytoskeletons, whereas CaCl2 and MgCl2 did not.     

The cytosol of human erythrocytes contains a highly Ca2+-sensitive thiol protease (calpain I) and its specific inhibitor protein (calpastatin)

The cytosol of human erythrocytes was found to contain a Ca2+-dependent thiol protease (calpain) and its specific inhibitor (calpastatin) by DEAE-cellulose chromatography at pH 8.0, although no proteolytic activity toward casein was detected in the unfractionated hemolysate. The protease required only 40 microM Ca2+ for 50% activation, indicating that it belongs to the highly Ca2+-sensitive type of calpain, namely, calpain I. It was not inactivated by heating at 58 degrees C for 10 min at pH 7.2, the optimal pH for its action on casein. The inhibitor comprised major and minor components, calpastatin H (Mr = 280,000) and caplastatin L (Mr = 48,000). Both were heat-stable proteins which were readily inactivated by tryptic digestion. The inhibition of erythrocyte calpain by erythrocyte calpastatin H or L was not due to sequestering of Ca2+ from the reaction medium by the inhibitor protein. The calpain preparation preferentially digests bands III and IVa of human erythrocyte membrane proteins, with little or no cleavage of the bands corresponding to spectrin.