草原地区不同生态类型的植物生理特性的比较研究

比较研究了4种不同水分生态型植物在不同水分胁迫下的光合作用、叶片含水量和气孔阻力等生理指标的反应.结果表明,不同水分生态型植物抵御干旱的机制是不同的.中生植物主要是通过增加气孔阻力限制蒸腾失水,而旱生植物则依靠高浓度的细胞原生质减少水分的散失,后者保水效率远高于前者.植物从中生种到旱生种,生理特性亦显示出规律性的种间差异,叶片含水量和气孔阻力水平降低,而单位叶面积的净光合速率增加.     

上海市崇明岛城镇河流沉积物重金属累积与环境风险

小城镇河流沉积物重金属累积状况间接指示了河流水环境质量现状,研究河流沉积物重金属累积水平与环境风险具有重要的现实意义.对上海市崇明岛崇南分区3个典型城镇(城桥镇、堡镇、陈家镇)河流沉积物重金属累积特征进行了研究.结果表明,3个城镇河流沉积物中Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb和Cd平均含量分别为：城桥镇103.1、79.2、39.0、29.7和0.300 mg·kg^-1;堡镇99.0、104.0、50.5、32.7和0.308 mg·kg^-1;陈家镇86.7、79.5、32.2、30.5和0.274 mg·kg^-1;崇南分区94.72、81.35、38.52、30.78和0.297 mg·kg^-1.用地累积指数法(I_geo)对沉积物重金属进行的环境风险评估结果为：崇明3个城镇河流沉积物重金属均为低-中等环境风险,其中3个城镇达到中等环境风险的概率为城桥镇>堡镇>陈家镇.     

植物水通道的生理生态特性及其参与气孔运动的研究进展

植物水通道对水分运输具有专一性, 能够调节细胞中水分、一些离子和其他小溶质的转运, 因而在植物的生长发育中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了植物水通道的研究进展, 重点介绍了植物水通道的分子特性和生理生态特性及其在植物气孔运动中的作用, 讨论了水通道在气孔振荡中的作用和地位。     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林4个树种对增温的生理生态适应能力比较

以红枝蒲桃(Syzygium rehderianum)、海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)和木荷(Schima superba) 4种南亚热带常绿阔叶林典型树种为研究对象, 采用红外-箱式增温的方法, 研究4个树种叶片气孔性状(表征气孔调节能力)、叶片解剖结构(表征叶片组织调节能力)和光合特征(表征养分维持能力)对增温的响应情况, 比较不同树种在增温背景下的生理生态适应能力, 为预测该地区森林植物在全球变暖情形下的生长变化趋势提供理论依据。结果表明: 增温后, 红枝蒲桃叶片海绵组织厚度减小, 且光合氮利用效率(PNUE)和光合磷利用效率(PPUE)降低; 海南红豆气孔导度增大、气孔密度减小以及叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度减小, 同时光合速率、PNUE和PPUE升高; 红锥气孔大小缩小, 但光合速率不变; 木荷气孔增大而密度减小, 栅栏组织厚度减小, 光合速率、PNUE和PPUE降低。综上所述, 红枝蒲桃、海南红豆和木荷能够通过降低叶片厚度来适应高温环境, 不同物种的气孔调节、养分维持、光合速率和光合养分利用效率对增温的响应存在差异。增温有利于固氮植物海南红豆的生长, 但不利于传统优势树种木荷和红枝蒲桃的生长。因此, 在未来气候变暖的情况下, 固氮植物海南红豆由于具有较强的适应能力, 在南亚热带常绿阔叶林中可能会取代木荷和红枝蒲桃等成为新的优势树种。     

植物水通道的生理生态特性及其参与气孔运动的研究进展

植物水通道对水分运输具有专一性,能够调节细胞中水分、一些离子和其他小溶质的转运,因而在植物的生长发育中发挥着重要作用.本文综述了植物水通道的研究进展,重点介绍了植物水通道的分子特性和生理生态特性及其在植物气孔运动中的作用,讨论了水通道在气孔振荡中的作用和地位.     

水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气孔限制

评述了水分胁迫下植物叶片光合的气孔和非气限制研究的进展,提出了一个判别水分胁迫下气孔和非气孔限制的方法。     

植物叶片对沙尘的短时间生理生态反应

通过对在北京分布普遍的包括行道树,果树,林木,庄稼等的22种植物对模拟的沙尘在短时间的生理生态指标变化测定,表明沙尘在瞬时内确实影响各种植物叶片的生理生态过程,5种植物的净光合速率降低超过35％,但是银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)的净光合速率增加超过57％,12个物种的呼吸速度显增加,但是苹果（Malus pumila Mill.)(M.communis D C.)和黄栌（Cotinus coggygria(L.)Scop.)的呼吸速率显降低,另外8个种变化不大。5个种的蒸腾速度显增加,9个种蒸腾速率显降低,美国梧桐（Platanus occidentalis L.)有较大的附尘力。还对3个种柿（Diospyros kaki L.f.),银杏和毛白杨（Populus tomentosa Carr.)在沙尘覆盖2h后测定生理生态指标。本研究表明在沙尘源附近种植欧州白榆（Ulmus laevis Pall.),苹果,柿和银杏等比较适合阻挡沙尘还有利于当地经济,而在离沙尘源较远的城市（如北京)真有较大附尘力的植物有利于净化空气。     

松嫩草地羊草叶片光合作用生理生态特征分析

对松嫩平原盐碱化草地羊草叶片的光合生理生态特征分析表明,晴朗天气条件下,羊草叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰型,蒸腾速率属单峰型,叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔阻力在整个生长季受到多个环境因子的共同影响,不同时期起主导作用的环境因子有所差异,同一环境因子在不同时间对净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔阻力的影响程度不同,净光合有效国徽是对羊草光合作用影响最为强烈的环境因子,受环境因子控制最为显著的生理特征是羊草叶片的蒸腾速度。     

敦化南北不同景观生态类型鸟类群的比较研究

敦化县位于吉林省东部,长白山系的北段。北处张广才岭的东翼,与黑龙江省为邻;南隔牡丹岭与延边的安图、抚松县相望。 关于鸟类分布研究的文章甚多,大多是以植被为界限。并参考鸟类的分布规律对鸟类群进行划分。植被是影响鸟类分布的因素,但全面研究鸟类群生态地理规律,仅考虑植被因素的影响往往是不够的。笔者依据敦化南北部所进行的工作,试图选取一种综合     

喀斯特地区不同类型兰科植物的叶片性状

叶片性状能够反映植物对环境的适应.认识喀斯特地区兰科植物的叶片性状及其适应意义对其科学合理的保育具有重要参考价值.本文于干季与雨季研究了广西雅长兰科植物自然保护区内落叶、常绿地生、常绿石附生三种类型共19种野生兰科植物的叶片性状及其相互关系,并比较了不同类型兰科植物之间的差异.其中18种兰科植物为C3植物,仅棒叶鸢尾兰(Oberonia myosurus)为CAM植物.相比于落叶兰,常绿兰具有较高的比叶重( LMA)和叶片碳氮比(C/N),但其叶片氮、磷含量较低.在常绿兰科植物中,石附生兰的叶片Ca含量与δ13C高于地生兰.石附生兰的叶片磷含量在雨季要高于干季,而地生兰的叶片δ13C在于季要高于雨季.该地区常绿兰科植物的N/P值＞16,表明其可能受到磷的限制.     

小麦冠层反射光谱与植株水分状况的关系

研究了不同土壤水、氮条件下小麦冠层光谱反射特征与叶片和植株水分状况的相关性．结果表明,在小麦主要生育期,冠层叶片含水率与460～510、610～680和1480～1500nm波段范围内的光谱反射率有较高的相关性,植株含水率与810～870nm波段范围内的光谱反射率密切相关．在整个生长期内,小麦冠层叶片含水率与460～1500nm波段范围内的光谱反射率均有良好相关性,植株含水率与560～1480nm波段范围内光谱反射率的相关性均达到极显著水平．冠层叶片(CL)、上层叶(UL)和下层叶片(LL)含水率与光谱指数的相关程度为CL>LL>UL．冠层叶片和植株含水率与比值指(R(610,560))和光谱指数(R(610,560)／ND(810,610))呈极显著线性负相关,与归一化指数((R810-R610)／(R810+R610))呈极显著线性正相关．其中,用光谱指数(R(610,560)／ND(810,610))监测不同生育期小麦冠层叶片和植株含水率的效果最好。     

几种作物的生理指标对土壤水分变动的阈值反应

 在生长盛期,谷子、高梁、冬小麦的气孔导度、叶水势和光合速率在一定土壤含水量范围内并不随着土壤含水量的降低而发生明显变化,只有当土壤含水量低于一定程度时,才随着土壤湿度的降低而减少,表现为对土壤水分有明显的阈值反应。不同作物此阈值下限存在差异,高粱在大于田间持水量42％～45％的根层土壤湿度条件下,气孔阻力和叶水势基本维持恒定;谷子的这个指标在50％左右,冬小麦在60％左右。而夏玉米在所试土壤湿度范围内(20％～30％土壤体积含水量),气孔阻力和叶水势基本维持不变,而光合作用随着土壤含水量的增高而出现增加趋势。表明在这4种作物中,只有玉米需要充足的水分供应才能维持其良好的生长发育,而高粱具有比其它3种作物更强的适应土壤水分变动能力,从而比其它作物更抗旱和耐旱。     

Salt-induced modulation in growth,photosynthesis and antioxidant system in two varieties of Brassica juncea

The present study was carried out to examine salt-induced modulation in growth, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant system in two cultivars of Brassica juncea Czern and Coss varieties (Varuna and RH-30). The surface sterilized seeds of these varieties were sown in the soil amended with different levels (2.8, 4.2 or 5.6 dsm⁻¹) of sodium chloride under a simple randomized block design. The salt treatment significantly decreased growth, net photosynthetic rate and its related attributes, chlorophyll fluorescence, SPAD value of chlorophyll, leaf carbonic anhydrase activity and leaf water potential, whereas electrolyte leakage, proline content, and activity of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased in both the varieties at 30 d stage of growth. The variety Varuna was found more resistant than RH-30 to the salt stress and possessed higher values for growth, photosynthetic attributes and antioxidant enzymes. Out of the graded concentrations (2.8, 4.2 or 5.6 dsm⁻¹) of sodium chloride, 2.8 sm⁻¹ was least toxic and 5.6 dsm⁻¹ was most harmful. The variation in the responses of these two varieties to salt stress is attributed to their differential photosynthetic traits, SPAD chlorophyll value and antioxidant capacity, which can be used as potential markers for screening mustard plants for salt tolerance.     

叶片叶肉结构对环境光强的适应及对光合作用的影响

本文利用Kubelka-Munk理论描述了平行光在叶片内的吸收和散射,同时利用叶片分层光合作用非直角双曲线光反应模型,给出了整张叶片光合作用计算式。最后利用优化理论阐明了叶片叶肉分化成光合特性具有明显差异的栅栏组织和海绵组织可能是对叶片内光梯度的一种适应;同时证明了叶片叶肉在一定环境光强下存在一个最佳的栅栏组织和海绵组织比例,并且这个比例随环境光强增大而增大,这最佳比例也受叶肉组织光合特性差异的影响。     

Reconciling the apparent difference between mass- and area-based expressions of the photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship

The relationship between photosynthetic carbon assimilation (A _max) and leaf nitrogen content (N _leaf) can be expressed on either a leaf area basis (A _area vs N _area) or a leaf mass basis (A _mass vs N _mass). Dimensional analysis shows that the units for the slope of this relationship are the same for both expressions (μmol [CO₂] g⁻¹ [N] s⁻¹). Thus the slope measures the change in CO₂ assimilation per gram of nitrogen, independent of leaf mass or leaf area. Although they have the same units, large differences between the area and mass-based slopes have been observed over a broad range of taxonomically diverse species. Some authors have claimed that regardless of these differences, the fundamental nature of the A _max-N _leaf relationship is independent of the units of expression. In contrast, other authors have claimed that the area-based A _max-N _leaf relationship is fundamentally different from the mass-based relationship because of interactions between A _max, N _leaf, and leaf mass per area (LMA, g [leaf] m⁻² [leaf]). In this study we consider the mathematical relationships involved in the transformation from mass- to area-based expressions (and vice versa), and the implications this transformation has for the slope of the A _max-N _leaf relationship. We then show that the slope of the relationship is independent of the units of expression when the effect of LMA is controlled statistically using a multiple regression. The validity of this hypothesis is demonstrated using 13 taxonomically and functionally diverse C₃ species. This analysis shows that the slope of the A _max-N _leaf relationship is similar for the mass- and area-based expressions and that significant errors in the estimate of the slope can arise when the effect of LMA is not controlled. Received: 7 May 1998 / Accepted: 19 October 1998     

The response of sorghum and sunflower to short-term waterlogging

Summary The effect of waterlogging on water use and nutrient uptake in sunflower and sorghum was investigated in relation to stage of development of the crops and the timing and duration of waterlogging. Waterlogging at the vegetative and floral initiation stages of plant growth induced a reduction in water use of sunflower, with corresponding declines in leaf expansion and leaf water potential; in sorghum, the transpiration rates were much lower than for sunflower and relatively unaffected by waterlogging. Waterlogging at anthesis, however, caused an immediate reduction in water use in sunflower with a similar but delayed effect in sorghum. The differences in response of these two species are discussed in relation to the relative importance of water stress and nutrient uptake. Plant analysis at maturity indicated that waterlogging at any growth stage reduced both total and seed phosphorus in sunflower; similar effects were recorded with sorghum, with the exception of anthesis waterlogging which did not reduce nutrient uptake. Waterlogging effects on plant potassium levels were variable.     

Differential response of photosynthesis in greenhouse- and field-ecotypes of tomato to long-term chilling under low light

Three greenhouse- and four field-ecotype varieties of domestic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were compared for the sensitivity of their photosynthetic apparatus to chilling under low light intensity. After chilling at 12/7 degrees C under 100 micromolm(-2)s(-1) of light for 10 days, they were allowed to recover at 25/18 degrees C and 600 micromolm(-2)s(-1) of light for 10 days. For both pre-chilling and recovered plants, greenhouse-ecotype varieties did not necessarily show higher net CO(2) assimilation rate (A), quantum yield of electron transport at PSII (Phi(PSII)) and photochemical quenching (q(P)) than field-ecotype varieties. However for the post-chilling period, greenhouse-ecotype varieties, exhibited higher A, and Phi(PSII) values than field-ecotype varieties. The difference in Phi(PSII) was found to be largely due to q(P). The absence of ecotypic differences in pre-chilling plants indicates that the trait was not expressed constitutively, but relied mainly on adaptation/acclimation mechanisms. Greenhouse-ecotype varieties were able to adapt to low temperature and low light more quickly, and then exhibited higher A, Phi(PSII), q(P) values and greater re-growth capacity after chilling than field-ecotype varieties. Plant re-growth capacity after chilling was highly correlated with Phi(PSII) and q(P) measured in chilled plants, suggesting the usefulness of Phi(PSII) and q(P) measured at low temperature after defined chilling stresses as screening indexes for chilling tolerance in breeding programs.     

Freezing tolerance and avoidance in high tropical Andean plants: Is it equally represented in species with different plant height?

Summary CO₂ assimilation in relation to light intensity and the relationship between leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and CO₂ assimilation in 14 species of ecologically important Zimbabwean trees were examined. Eight of the species are members of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae). In the majority of Zimbabwean climax woodlands, the dominant trees are non-nodulating members of the sub-family Caesalpinioideae. The species examined have higher light saturation points (>700 mol m^–2 s^–1) than woody species from temperate areas; one species, Acacia nigrescens, did not reach saturation at photon fluxes greater than 1500 mol m^–2 sec^–1. Higher leaf nitrogen content was found to correlate positively with higher CO₂ assimilation rates (r=0.85; P0.0003); there was no correlation between leaf phosphorus content and CO₂ uptake rates. There were no significant differences between sites in terms of leaf nitrogen or phosphorus content, but the mean photosynthetic rate at one of the sites (Chizedzi) was lower. Taxa from the nodulating legumes were found to have higher leaf nitrogen contents (309.1±SD 22 mmol m^–2) than those of the non-nodulating species (239±33); the lowest nitrogen contents were found in nonleguminous trees (179±42), with the exception of Ziziphus mucronata. This species may form an association with an N₂-fixing actinomycete.     

植物营养与作物抗旱性

本文综述了近30年来植物营养与作物抗旱性关系的研究进展,重点讨论了植物必需的营养元素氮、磷、钾等对作物抗旱性的影响,指出这些营养元素主要通过水分调节、渗透调节、气孔调节和光合调节等一系列生理生化机制来增强作物的代谢活性、提高作物抗旱性。并对今后这方面研究中的重点内容进行了评述。