铜山阿魏和草甸阿魏根的化学成分及其系统分类学意义

从铜山阿魏（ＦｅｒｕｌａｌｉｃｅｎｔｉａｎａＨａｎｄ．Ｍａｚｚ．ｖａｒ．ｔｕｎｓｈａｎｉｃａＳｈａｎｅｔＱ．Ｘ．Ｌｉｕ）和草甸阿魏（Ｆ．ｋｉｎｇｄｏｎｗａｒｄｉＷｏｌｆ）的根的乙醚提取物中共提取分离得１０种化合物,其中化合物９为一新化合物：１（７,８二甲氧基５,６甲二氧基苯）丙基（Ｚ）２甲基１丁烯酸酯。阿魏属的这两种植物分布于该属现代分布区的边缘,但都未检出本属植物的特征成分之一７氧倍半萜类香豆素,且两种植物所含成分较相似且较简单。作者推测存在着这样的可能性,即：和伞形科其他某些属植物一样,阿魏属也起源于中国的西南地区。     

苘麻挥发油对小麦、玉米和大豆萌发及幼苗生长的化感作用

苘麻是旱田常见杂草,可造成作物减产,化感作用是造成减产的可能原因之一。本研究分析了苘麻挥发油成分对3种旱田作物小麦、玉米和大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明: 应用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS),从苘麻挥发油中鉴定出26种化学成分,占总峰面积的98.1%,其中,低分子量萜类成分有α-蒎烯、桉树醇、α-松油烯、β-松油烯、反式α-紫罗兰酮、反式β-紫罗兰酮。苘麻挥发油饱和水溶液能通过滤纸和土壤2种基质抑制3种作物种子萌发。苘麻挥发油能通过空气、滤纸和土壤3 种基质抑制3种作物幼苗生长,对小麦的抑制作用最强,玉米和大豆次之。苘麻挥发油对小麦生长的抑制作用以空气载体最强,滤纸和土壤载体次之。挥发油中低分子量的萜类成分可能是重要的化感成分。     

药用女贞属植物化学成分的研究进展

在约50种女贞属植物中已进行化学成分研究的有15种,从该类植物中提取分析出一百多种化合物,其中大部分是结构新颖的活性化合物。主要有单萜类,三萜类,环烯醚萜类,裂环烯醚萜类,黄酮类,苯乙醇类,挥发油和其它化合物,本文综述了从该属植物中得到的各类化学成分的结构和^13C-NMR谱图数据。     

大花金挖耳不同部位挥发油化学成分比较分析

采用GC-MS技术,对利用水蒸气蒸馏法从大花金挖耳根、茎、叶、花及花托等5个部位获得的挥发油组分进行了分析.从大花金挖耳5种挥发油中共鉴定出99种成分,从根、茎、叶、花及花托分别鉴定出了37、34、47、29和40种化合物,已鉴定的组分分别占相应挥发油的85.86%、84.98%、83.06%、84.58%和89.06%.5个部位挥发油化学组成差异较大,根挥发油主要成分为倍半萜类和酯类;茎挥发油主要为倍半萜和烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮);叶和花挥发油主要为烯类(包括烯醇、烯酸、烯酮)和酯类;花托挥发油主要为倍半萜类和二萜类.     

鄂西香茶菜中挥发油成分分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法分别从鄂西香茶菜的叶、花和果实中提取挥发油,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对其挥发油中的化学成分进行分离和结构鉴定,运用气相色谱峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对百分含量。从鄂西香茶菜的3种挥发油中共鉴定出39种成分,分别从叶、花及果实中鉴定出18、19和23种成分,其中只有6种成分在这3个部位都被鉴出,3种不同部位得到的挥发油成分差异较大。它们的挥发油中主要成分为单萜、倍半萜和二萜类化合物。     

小黄皮叶挥发油的化学成分

利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取小黄皮叶挥发油,运用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用法对挥发油进行了分析,分离出40个峰,鉴定了其中的37种成分,所鉴定成分占挥发油总量的99.87%,其主要化学成分为单萜及倍半萜类化合物。     

圆瓣姜花根茎挥发油的化学成分

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取圆瓣姜花根茎挥发油,运用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用法对挥发油进行了分析,分离出60个峰,鉴定了其中的51种成分,所鉴定成分占挥发油总量的97.32%,其主要化学成分为单萜及倍半萜类化合物。     

蛇苔挥发油化学成分的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对我国四川省峨嵋山地区蛇苔挥发油的化学成分进行了研究,共鉴定出38种成分,占挥发油成分总量的91．157％,其中单萜、倍半萜类成分较多,顺异丁子香酚的含量最高,占挥发油成分总量的14．4％,并且我们从乙醇浸膏中分离得到了化合物3,4-二甲氧基苯乙烯、β-谷甾醇和胡萝卜苷。     

黔产莪术不同炮制品中挥发油成分GC-MS分析

本研究利用GC-MS法分析比较不同炮制品的黔产莪术中挥发油含量及其化学成分的差别。本实验通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同炮制类型的黔产莪术中挥发油类成分,采用GC-MS法对黔产莪术挥发油的化学成分进行分析,通过标准谱库检索分析计算,确定黔产莪术挥发油中所含的主要成分,并比较四者所含化学成分的异同。结果显示,从4种饮片中共检测出78种化学成分,其中鲜品莪术挥发油中有58个化学成分,生切饮片挥发油中有53个化学成分,蒸制饮片挥发油中有52个化学成分,醋炙莪术挥发油中有51个化学成分。由此得出结论,4种挥发油中的主要成分为单萜和倍半萜类,但是不同炮制法制备的黔产莪术中挥发油的含量及其成分组成存在较大的差异。本研究将为黔产莪术加工炮制及综合开发利用提供指导。     

10味山姜属药物挥发油成分的气相-质谱联用分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,用气相-质谱联用法(GC-MS),对高良姜等10味山姜属药物的挥发油成分进行比较分析,了解亲缘关系、辛温药性与挥发油成分的关系。结果表明,10种挥发油中有9种含有桉叶油醇。此外,γ-杜松烯、γ-萜品烯、芳樟醇、莰烯、石竹素、4-萜烯醇、4,7,10-Cycloundecatriene,1,1,4,8-tetramethyl-,cis,cis,cis-也是它们的主要成分。这说明山姜属药物辛温性味与挥发油成分具有一定的相关性。     

Spongia属沐浴海绵化学成分及生理活性研究概况

已进行化学成分研究的Spongia属沐浴海绵有15个种,主要化学成分有大环内酯,萜类,甾醇,神经酰胺和一些长链脂肪酸,脂等,其中一些化学成分具有结构新颖性和较好的生理活性,综述了国内外有关该属沐浴海绵化学成分及生理活性的研究概况。     

Distribution and strain-dependent formation of volatile metabolites in the genus Ceratocystis

The accumulation of volatile metabolites in cultures of 34 strains comprising ten species of the genus Ceratocystis (Ascomycetes) has been investigated under defined culture conditions. The identified compounds include short-chain alcohols and esters, lower terpenes, terpenoids, and 2-phenylethyl acetate. Certain species can be recognized by a number of common volatiles traced in all strains, although the quantities of these constituents may vary enormously (up to a factor 1:1000) within one species. The formation of some metabolites is restricted to a few strains.     

9,10-Anthraquinones and other biologically active compounds from the genus Rubia

The secondary metabolites isolated from Rubia species, their biological activities, and colouration properties have been reviewed. Over 150 chemical constituents belonging to different classes of bioactive compounds such as anthraquinones and their glycosides, naphthoquinones and glycosides, terpenes, bicyclic hexapeptides, iridoids, and carbohydrates are listed together with their source(s) and corresponding references.     

生姜不同有机溶剂提取物的GC-MS分析

用GC－MS方法从生姜的甲醇、乙酸乙酯和正己烷提取中分别鉴定了35、36和44个成分。 显示三种有机溶剂提取物主要成分均为萜类化合物,但萜类含量各不相同：总萜类及倍半萜类成分的含量随提取溶剂极性增大而增多,单萜类成分则随提取溶剂极性增大而减少;具抗氧化活性的不饱和倍半萜成分随提取溶剂性增大而增多,说明了生姜有机溶剂提取物的抗氧化活性随提取溶剂极性增大而增强的原因。     

Different effects of the constituents of EGb761 on apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals

The present study was conducted to evaluate the different effects of the constituents of EGb761 (Ginkgo biloba Extract) on apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals. The total flavonoid component of EGb761, two pure EGb761 components (rutin and quercetin), and a mixture of flavonoids and terpenes protected cerebellar granule cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by hydroxyl radicals. ESR(electron spin resonance) results showed that the IC50 of the flavonoids for scavenging hydroxyl radicals was almost the same as that of EGb761, even though flavonoids make up only 24% of EGb761, implying that other constituents of EGb761 besides flavonoids can scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Total terpenes of EGb761 did not protect against apoptosis. Flavonoids and terpenes did not show a synergistic effect in this regard. Terpenes did not scavenge hydroxyl radicals directly, which might be related to their "cage-like" structures.     

Every plant for himself; the effect of a phenolic monoterpene on germination and biomass of Thymus pulegioides and T. serpyllum

Thyme plants are known for their production of aromatic oils, whose main component is terpenes. The plants leach terpenes to their surroundings and thereby affect the seed germination and biomass of associated plants, but also potentially themselves. A variation in the dominant terpenes produced by thyme plants is found both within and among species. In Denmark two thyme species (Thymus pulegioides and T. serpyllum) are naturally occurring. The essential oil of T. pulegioides in Denmark is mainly dominated by one monoterpene; ‘carvacrol’. In contrast, the essential oil of T. serpyllum constitutes a mix of two–four different types of terpenes, both mono‐ and sesqui‐terpenes. As the effects of terpenes on plant performance can vary with the type of terpene, and in order to study species‐specific responses, we examined how the dominating T. pulegioides monoterpene ‘carvacrol’ affected germination and growth of both T. pulegioides and T. serpyllum. We compared the performance of seeds and seedlings of both thyme species on soil treated with carvacrol versus control soil. We found no effect of treatment on germination, but we detected a highly significant effect of treatment on seedling biomass. For both thyme species, seedling biomass was significantly higher on terpene soil compared to control soil, suggesting a general adaptation to the presence of terpenes in the soil for both thyme species. Moreover, while no difference in seedling biomass between species on control soil was found, T. pulegiodes seedlings were significantly larger than T. serpyllum when grown on soil treated with its ‘home’ terpene, suggesting an additional species specific response. Dividing the biomass into aboveground and root biomass showed that the increased biomass on terpene‐soil was due to increased aboveground biomass, whereas no difference in root biomass was detected among treatments and species. We discuss whether this response may be caused by an adaptation to a predictable terpene‐mediated alteration in nitrogen‐availability.     

Characterisation of tolbutamide hydroxylase activity in the common brushtail possum, (Trichosurus vulpecula) and koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): inhibition by the eucalyptus terpene 1,8-cineole

Plant constituents such as terpenes are major constituents of the essential oil in Eucalyptus sp. 1,8-Cineole and p-cymene (Terpenes present in high amounts in Eucalyptus leaves) are potential substrates for the CYP family of enzymes. We have investigated tolbutamide hydroxylase as a probe substrate reaction in both koala and terpene pretreated and control brushtail possum liver microsomes and examined inhibition of this reaction by Eucalyptus terpenes. The specific activity determined for tolbutamide hydroxylase in the terpene treated brushtails was significantly higher than that for the control animals (1865+/-334 nmol/mg microsomal protein per min versus 895+/-27 nmol/mg microsomal protein per min). The activity determined in koala microsomes was 8159+/-370 nmol/mg microsomal protein per min. Vmax values and Km values for the terpene treated possum, control, possum and koala were 1932-2225 nmol/mg microsomal protein per min and 0.80 0.81 mM; 1406-1484 nmol/mg microsomal protein per min and 0.87-0.92 mM and 5895-6403 nmol/mg microsomal protein per min and 0.067-0.071 mM, respectively. Terpenes were examined as potential inhibitors of tolbutamide hydroxylase activity. 1,8-Cineole was found to be a competitive inhibitor for the enzyme responsible for tolbutamide hydroxylation (Ki 15 microM) in the possum. In koala liver microsomes stimulation of tolbutamide hydroxylase activity was observed when concentrations of cineole were increased. Therefore, although inhibition was observed, the type of inhibition could not be determined.     

多裂翅果菊的挥发油成分

用GC/MS联用技术分离鉴定河南桐柏产多裂翅果菊 (Pterocypselalaciniata)挥发油的化学成分 ,应用峰面积归一化法测定各组分的相对含量 ,共鉴定出 3 5种化合物 ,占挥发油总量的 79.0 3 % ,主要为长链脂肪烃和萜烯类及其含氧衍生物等。     

Differences in volatile terpene composition between the bark and leaves of tropical tree species

Volatile terpenes are among the most diverse class of defensive compounds in plants, and they are implicated in both direct and indirect defense against herbivores. In terpenes, both the quantity and the diversity of compounds appear to increase the efficiency of defense as a diverse blend of compounds provides a more efficient protection against a broader range of herbivores and limits the chances that an enemy evolves resistance. Theory predicts that plant defensive compounds should be allocated differentially among tissues according to the value of the tissue, its cost of construction and the herbivore pressure on it. We collected volatile terpenes from bark and leaves of 178 individual tree belonging to 55 angiosperm species in French Guiana and compare the kind, amount, and diversity of compounds in these tissues. We hypothesized that in woody plants, the outermost part of the trunk should hold a more diverse blend of volatile terpenes. Additionally, as herbivore communities associated with the leaves is different to the one associated with the bark, we also hypothesized that terpene blends should be distinct in the bark vs. the leaves of a given species. We found that the mixture of volatile terpenes released by bark is different and more diverse than that released by leaves, both in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. This supports our hypothesis and further suggests that the emission of terpenes by the bark should be more important for trunk defense than previously thought.     

白僵菌天然产物及其药理活性和生物合成研究进展

白僵菌是重要的昆虫病原真菌,能产生多肽类、聚酮类、生物碱类、苯丙素类、萜类、核苷类等多种结构类型的天然产物,其中很多天然产物显示出优良的抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒和杀虫等活性,具有极大的应用开发潜力。随着白僵菌基因组测序的完成,白僵菌素、白僵菌交酯、球孢交酯、卵孢素及纤细素等活性分子的生物合成基因簇及其生物合成机制已得到阐明,这些研究将大大促进白僵菌来源的新结构活性天然产物的基因组挖掘和发现以及已知重要活性分子的开发应用。本文对已知白僵菌产生的天然产物、药理活性及重要活性分子的生物合成途径进行了概括总结,为系统开发白僵菌天然产物资源提供参考。