黑莓鲜果及其加工品的营养成分

本文首次报道了黑莓引入南京后其果实和加工品的营养成分。结果表明:黑莓鲜果富含V_E,还含有较高的钾、锌、铁、硒等矿质元素以及γ-氨基丁酸。其加工品也都不同程度地保持了黑莓的营养特点。黑莓汁饮料和黑莓果酱值得大力开发。     

不同品种黑莓鲜果营养成分的比较

对5个黑莓(Rubusspp.)新品种鲜果的营养成分进行了比较分析。结果显示,5个品种黑莓鲜果的糖酸比较低,为3.11~6.18,风味偏酸。VC含量较高,达0.064~0.566 mg.g-1;VE含量为0.013~0.049 mg.g-1,品种间差异较大,以品种‘Triple Crown’的VE含量最高。矿质元素含量较高,其中品种‘Boysen’的Se含量最高,是其他品种的6~13倍;品种‘Young’的K、Ca、Zn和Fe含量都较高。黑莓鲜果含有8种人体必需氨基酸,不同品种黑莓鲜果的总氨基酸含量差异较大,其中品种‘Brazos’的总氨基酸含量最高,可达15.21 mg.g-1。     

黑莓在湖南的引种及果实的生理特性

从江苏引种黑莓品种切斯特（Ｃｈｅｓｔｅｒ）到湖南栽培,对果实生长过程中主要营养成分含量变化和呼吸作用特点进行测定。引种的黑莓生长发育正常;开花后１７～４２ｄ是果实产量、品质形成的关键时期;果实生长过程中呼吸速率经过先降后升再降的变化;果实成熟时呼吸峰不明显;果实呼吸酶对持续低温（０℃）和高温（４５℃）表现较强的抗逆性。     

玉米灵芝菌粮营养成分及加工特性变化研究

玉米作为主要的杂粮谷物,营养价值高,维生素、膳食纤维等含量丰富,可以预防多种亚健康疾病,受到市场追捧。但是玉米粉营养结构不均衡、加工性差,限制其应用。有研究表明,微生物发酵技术可以改善谷物的营养成分、大分子物质结构和加工特性。基于此,利用灵芝固态发酵玉米,得到玉米灵芝菌粮（简称菌粮）,从营养成分、大分子物质结构和加工特性3个方面对其进行评价。结果显示,与未发酵玉米相比,菌粮中碳水化合物、蛋白质含量分别提高了748%、28.00%,且蛋白质的氨基酸评分提高,而脂肪含量降低了52.56%;维生素C、核黄素和烟酸含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,分别提高了56.19%、73.91%和20.27%,且玉米中缺乏的硫胺素在菌粮中被检测到;菌粮中各类淀粉和纤维的含量也发生了显著变化（P<0.05）,淀粉、支链淀粉含量分别降低了11.17%、34.70%,直链淀粉含量提高了26.66%,粗纤维、不溶性膳食纤维含量分别降低了21.07%、21.47%,可溶性膳食纤维含量提高了13.57%;菌粮粉粘度降低,水溶性指数提高,吸水性指数和溶胀力降低;此外,与灵芝子实体相比,菌粮中灵芝三萜和灵芝酸含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,分别为灵芝子实体的1.68和2.07倍。灵芝固态发酵玉米得到的玉米灵芝菌粮,营养结构更加均衡,功能活性提高,具有更高的营养价值;大分子物质结构发生改变,加工特性得到改善,冲调特性更好。研究结果为食用菌发酵改良谷物特性的研究提供了参考和指导。     

黑莓品种'Boysen'鲜果贮藏特性的研究

对黑莓(Rubus spp. )品种'Boysen'不同成熟度(七成熟、八成熟和九成熟)的鲜果在常温(25 ℃)和低温(4 ℃)条件下的贮藏特性进行了研究,对贮藏时间以及贮藏前后果实的感官指标(色泽、香味和霉烂指数)、形态指标(质量和平均果径)及品质指标(可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、总花色苷含量以及固酸比)进行了比较.结果表明,不同成熟度和贮藏温度对黑莓鲜果的贮藏时间有明显影响,常温条件下九成熟、八成熟和七成熟果实的贮藏时间分别为3、4和5 d,低温条件下则分别为7、9和14 d;果实霉烂指数则随成熟度的提高及贮藏时间的延长不断提高,成熟度或贮藏温度越低(大于0 ℃),霉烂指数越小,果实的贮藏时间就越长;七成熟和八成熟的果实贮藏后色泽加深、香味变浓,而九成熟果实贮藏前后色泽和香味变化不大.采摘时不同成熟度的果实形态指标和品质指标具有一定的差异,其中,果实成熟度越大,果实质量、平均果径、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比及总花色苷含量越高,可滴定酸含量越低.低温及常温下贮藏后果实质量及平均果径、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量均不同程度减少,而固酸比和总花色苷含量均不同程度提高,但在低温贮藏条件下各项指标的变化幅度明显小于常温.总体上,在低温条件下,八成熟果实的霉烂指数低,贮藏时间较长,贮藏后的果实质量和平均果径变化幅度小,可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和总花色苷含量以及固酸比逐渐接近九成熟果实,果实品质提高.因而,在实际生产中宜采收八成熟果实并在4 ℃条件下贮藏和运输,能较好地保持黑莓鲜果的品质.     

生命之果——美洲黑莓

黑莓（Rubusallegheniensis）,别名黑草萄、草莓树,系为蔷薇科悬钩子属多年生藤本植物,是小果类果树。原产美洲,分布于美国和欧洲的暖温带至亚热带地区,它是近年来迅速发展的世界第三代水果。黑萄树呈灌木型,树姿半在立、无刺。萌校由根茎基部生出,当年以营养生长为主,     

三叶木通果实生物学特性及营养成分的研究

本文报道了陕西省野生三叶木通果实的生物学特性及营养成分。三叶木通座果率低。落果高峰在5月下旬,以短缩枝结果为主;果实纵横径生长呈双S曲线,食用部分是发达胎座;果实类型有紫红皮和黄褐皮,或随圆形和卵圆形。成熟果实富含矿物质,可溶性糖主要是果糖,有机酸主要是乳酸,蛋白质氨基酸主要是谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸。脂肪酸主要是油酸和亚油酸。种子脂肪酸主要是油酸。果实可食率低。     

桑椹汁澄清工艺及营养成分的分析

本文对桑椹汁的澄清工艺作了探讨,并对桑椹营养成分进行了分析。结果表明,采用该工艺生产的桑椹汁及饮料,不仅保留了原有的风味,而且较好地保留了营养物质     

香蕉束顶病毒的纯化及理化特性

从具有典型香蕉束顶病(BBTD)症状的香蕉病组织中提纯了香蕉束顶病毒(Banana bunchy top virus,BBTV)。电镜下可观察到直径为18nm的球形病毒颗粒。最高紫外吸收在255nm,最低紫外吸收在240nm,A_(260)/A_(280)为1.30。用标准BBTV抗体通过ECL-Western转印法测定其外壳蛋白分子量为21kDa。其核酸经DNaseI、RNaseA和Mung Bean Nuclease分析,表明是约1kb的ssDNA。结果与国外文献报道一致。     

彩叶草红色素的理论性质

天然色素可从动植物相应组织中提取。从吊竹梅（Zebrina pendula Schnizl．）中已得到非常稳定的天然色素,从Acalypha uilkesiana中得到大量的花青苷色素,从Setcrease purpurea中也得到非常稳定的天然紫红色素。彩叶草（Coleus blumei Benth）含有大量类黄酮物质,目前,对其色素的理化性质没有详细的报道。本文探讨彩叶草红色素的理化性质,旨在为该色素的开发应用提供科学依据。     

木莓果实红色素的理化性质及其稳定性

对木莓（Rubus swinhoei Hance)果实中提取的红色素理化性质进行了探讨,并就光、温度、pH值、氧化还原介质、7种金属离子、葡萄糖、蔗糖和苯甲酸钠等对其稳定性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,木莓鲜果中总花色苷含量高,属水溶性性花色苷类。该色素对热的耐受性较好,但耐氧化还原性和耐Vc较差;7种金属离子中Na^ 、Mg^2 、Al^3 和较高浓度Mn^2 (≥5.0mmol/L）对该色素的稳定性较好,并有不同程度的护色效果,Zn^2 对其稳定性较好,而Fe^3 和Cu^2 对共稳定性有明显的影响或破坏作用;葡萄糖、蔗糖和苯甲酸钠无不良影响。     

不同树种混交林及其纯林对土壤理化性质影响的研究

对针阔混交林土壤理化性质的研究表明,针阔混交林比针叶树纯林对土壤的改良作用要好,它使土壤总孔隙度增加２—１９％,水分含量增加６—３１％,枯枝落叶年凋落量增加２—２００％;土壤养分含量全Ｎ、ＮＨ４－Ｎ、代换性Ｃａ、代换性Ｍｇ和腐殖质含量分别增加４５—７５％、３３—８２％、５５—８５％、４４—８４％和３７—４６％．     

Review of chemical,physical, and toxicologic properties of components of total petroleum hydrocarbons

Risk is a function of exposure and hazard, and both aspects must be incorporated into sound risk assessment efforts. However, risk assessment for sites contaminated with petroleum products is complicated by a general lack of information relevant to exposure to and toxicity of petroleum mixtures (especially total petroleum hydrocarbons, or TPH). Specifically, there is often inadequate information about the components of the TPH present at the site and the physical and chemical properties and toxicities of these components. Such information is crucial to developing a strong conceptual model of exposure to and risk from petroleum hydrocarbons at contaminated sites. This article presents information that can be incorporated into risk assessments for sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.     

沸石对土壤养分生物有效性和土壤化学性质的影响研究

在花岗岩发育的赤红壤上进行的天然沸石混施化肥的盆栽试验研究结果表明,沸石提高了土壤养分的生物有效性,显著促进玉米的生长,增加玉米的生物量和提高了玉米对N,P,K的吸收量,15N示踪技术表明,沸石处理可以显著提高氮肥的利用率,两造玉米最高的氮肥利用率分别比对照提高28．8％和60．0％,土壤的分析结果表明,沸石处理也可提高土壤阳离子交换量,盐基饱和度和土壤pH值。     

Effects of partial acid hydrolysis on physical and chemical properties of agar from a newly reported Japanese agarophyte (Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)

Physical and chemical properties of alkali-treated agar polymers extracted from Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, newly reported Japanese agarophyte, were investigated after partial acid hydrolysis. The alkali-treated agar was hydrolyzed in boiling 0.1 N, 0.01 N, and 0.001 N sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, and citric acid solutions, for 1, 2, and 3 h at 100 °C. Partial acid hydrolysis of the agar polymers indicated strong effects on the physical properties. Different kinds of acid used for hydrolysis gave different agar properties. Gelling polymers were obtained from the agar hydrolysed in boiling 0.001 N acetic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid solutions, and in 0.01 N acetic acid solution. High gel strength (715 ± 74.6 g cm-2) with low viscosity (2.47 cP) was obtained from 1 h treatment by 0.001 N acetic acid on hydrolysed agar. The results indicated that partial hydrolysis of agar under appropriate conditions probably improve agar quality and produce good grade agar from the Japanese agarophyte. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic growth of strawberry plantlets in vitro and changes in nutrient composition of the medium

Explants excised from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) plantlets were cultured in vitro for 21 days on half-strength MS (Murashige & Skoog 1962) basal liquid medium with 20 g l^-1 sucrose and without sugar in the vessels capped with gas permeable microporous polypropylene film. The experiments were conducted under CO₂ nonenriched (350–450 mol mol^-1 in the culture room) and CO₂ enriched (2,000 mol mol^-1 during the photoperiod in the culture room) conditions with a PPF (photosynthetic photon flux) of 200 mol m^-2 s^-1. The CO₂ concentration in the vessels decreased to approximately 200 mol mol^-1 during the photoperiod on day 21 under CO₂ nonenriched conditions. The fresh and dry weight, net photosynthetic rate (NPR) per plantlet, NPR per g leaf fresh weight, NPR per g leaf dry weight, the number of unfolded leaves, and ion uptake of PO₄ ^3-, NO₃ ^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ on day 21 were the greatest under photoautotrophic (no sugar in the medium) and CO₂ enriched conditions. The residual percent of PO₄ ^3- was 3% on day 21 under photoautotrophic and CO₂ enriched conditions.Abbreviations MS Murashige & Skoog (1962) basal medium composition - NPR net photosynthetic rate - PPF photosynthetic photon flux     

福建石荠荣挥发油化学成分分析

报道了福建省不同产地石蔼荣全草挥发油含量在不同生育期的变化,其含量变化范围为0.320%-1.020%。对五个不同产地的全草挥发油主要化学成分进行分析,其挥发油主要成分为：番荆芥酚、1,8－桉叶油素、百里香酚、β－石竹烯、侧柏酮、异胡萍荷酮等,不同产地的挥发油化学成分存在遗传相似性,但亦有一定差异,石荠荣资源在香精香料、医药、化妆品等行业具有广阔的开发利用前景。     

Relevance of lipid polar headgroups on boron-mediated changes in membrane physical properties

Using liposomes composed of either brain phosphatidylcholine (PC), or binary mixtures of PC and phosphatidylserine (PS), galactolipids (GL), phosphatidylinositol (PI), cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidic acid (PA), or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), we investigated the effects of graded amounts of boric acid (B, 0.5-1000 microM) on the following membrane physical properties: (a) surface potential, (b) lipid rearrangement through lateral phase separation, (c) fluidity, and (d) hydration. Incubation of the different populations of vesicles with B was associated with a small, but statistically significant, increase in membrane surface potential in PC, PC:PS, PC:GL, PC:PI, PC:PA, and PC:PE liposomes. B-induced lipid lateral rearrangement through lateral phase separation in PC, PC:PA, and PC:PE liposomes; but had no effects on PC:PS, PC:GL, and PC:PI liposomes. In PC liposomes B affected membrane fluidity at the water-lipid interface without affecting the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. In all the other binary liposomes studied, B increased membrane fluidity in both, the hydrophobic portion of the membrane and in the anionic domains. The above was associated with a decrease in the fluidity of the cationic domains. B (10-1000 microM) decreased membrane hydration regardless the composition of the liposomes. The obtained results demonstrate the ability of B to interact with membranes, and induce changes in membrane physical properties. Importantly, the extent of B-membrane interactions and the consequent effects were dependent on the nature of the lipid molecule; as such, B had greater affinity with lipids containing polyhydroxylated moieties such as GL and PI. These differential interactions may result in different B-induced modulations of membrane-associated processes in cells.