植物生长调节剂对火龙果坐果率和果实生长的影响

以‘红龙果Ⅱ’为试材,研究不同生长调节剂处理对火龙果坐果率和果实生长的影响。结果表明：浓度为30 mg/L GA3或100 mg/L 6-BA对提高火龙果坐果率及促进果实生长效果最佳。     

福尔美对猕猴桃果实发育的影响

应用生长调节剂促进植物生长发育的报道已经很多,但是用于促进果实肥大效果显著的药剂还不多。福尔美(Fulmet)是继赤霉素之后,新开发的植物生长调节剂,是一种能够促进细胞分裂,增加细胞数的人工合成的细胞分裂素,分子式为C_(12)H_(10)。CINO_4O,分子量为247.68,该药剂日本已有市售,它能有效地促进猕猴桃、梨、葡萄等果实增大。近年,大量试验表明,福     

亏缺灌溉对大棚甜瓜果实发育及品质影响

以甜瓜伊丽莎白品种为试验材料,在大棚甜瓜生殖生长期设置5个不同梯度的灌水量,甜瓜坐果后开始不同灌水处理,分别为T85(85%θfc,θfc表示田间持水量)、T75(75%θfc)、T65(65%θfc)、T55(55%θfc)、T45(45%θfc),研究不同亏缺灌溉程度下果实生长发育状况及对果实品质影响。结果表明:果实发育分3个阶段,分别为授粉后的7~10 d(果径增长速率3~5 mm·d-1)、10~19 d(1~2 mm·d-1)和19~35 d(1 mm·d-1);果实增长速率随着补充灌水的进行而呈波动趋势,不同灌溉条件下补充灌水后产生不同程度的复水补偿效应,一定程度上弥补了水分胁迫对产量造成的影响;随着灌水量的减少,各处理与T85相比产量分别降低了0.60%、3.59%、10.18%和16.17%,单果重T75与T85无差异,其他各处理则与T85差异显著;随着亏缺灌溉程度的加深,果实横、纵径减小,果皮变薄,果形指数随之降低;可溶性固形物含量、边糖、心糖先升高后降低的趋势,以T75最高;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以T75含量最高,各处理差异不显著;Vc及游离氨基酸含量以T65最高,并与其他各处理差异显著;糖、酸含量以T75最高,T65、T55、T45均与之差异显著。在武汉地区可以T75为甜瓜生殖生长期的灌水指标,指导大棚甜瓜的水分管理。     

菠萝果实发育相关RFD1基因的克隆及表达

Blast菠萝果实不同发育时期的cDNA文库测序结果,并用信息生物学软件和相关网站进行拼接和分析,设计特异引物RT-PCR．得到一个2750bp、编码761个氨基酸的全长基因序列,命名NRFD1。预测该蛋白是一个亲水性、且具有多个磷酸化位点的分泌性蛋白,可能位于叶绿体中。半定量PCR分析发现RFD1基因表达量在果实发育期不断增加,70d达到最高：而在70d果实的不同部位并没有显著差异性,仅果实外部略有增高。     

授粉对黄瓜果实发育和品质的影响

以“滓绿3号”黄瓜为试材．研究了授粉对黄瓜果实发育、营养成分变化及采后果形变化的影响。结果表明,授粉可减少化瓜、刺激果实发育、提高果实商品性,并提高产节,其坐瓜率、商品瓜率、单瓜重及产节分别较单性结实提高63．0％、68．7％、22．6％和127．6％。授粉瓜和单性结实瓜均表现为随着果实发育．可溶性蛋白质和维生素C含量呈减少的趋势,可溶性糖含量呈逐渐增长的趋势,游离氨荩酸含量呈波动变化,但授粉瓜的4种营养成分均高于单性结实瓜。在采后1～5d,授粉瓜头部易膨大形成大头瓜．而单性结实瓜果形变化不大。     

梨花序不同序位坐果对果实发育及品质的影响

以'黄花'、'砀山酥梨'和'丰水'梨为试材,在大蕾期选择不同花序疏花后进行人工授粉,研究梨花序不同序位坐果与果实发育及品质的关系.结果显示:(1)'黄花'、'砀山酥梨'和'丰水'果形指数、果实硬度均随坐果序位的升高而升高,石细胞含量随坐果序位的升高而减少,且3个品种均表现第1序位果石细胞含量最高,5～7序位果单果质量小.(2)'黄花'、 '砀山酥梨'、 '丰水'的可溶性糖含量最高分别为2～4、1～3、3～5序位果,Vc含量最高的分别是1～4、2～5、3～5序位果,(3)果柄粗度和果柄粗/长值随序位的升高而降低,果柄粗度与果实单果质量、果实纵横径及可溶性固形物含量呈正相关,与果实硬度呈负相关.研究表明,各品种最佳坐果部位为:'黄花'2～4序位,'砀山酥梨'2～3序位、'丰水'3～4序位,生产中多数梨品种疏果时建议以留第3序位果较为稳妥.     

野生玫瑰果实发育过程中种子的细胞组织结构和内源激素变化对其休眠性的影响

以吉林珲春自然群落的野生玫瑰(Rosa rugosa Thunb.)为试验材料,探究野生玫瑰在果实形成过程中种子的发育及休眠性的形成和变化。选取青果期(1~35 d)、转色期(35~60 d)、红果期(60~75 d)的果实及种子,结合形态学、组织细胞学观察法及高效液相色谱技术,对果实各发育时期的种子形态、种胚及内果皮的发育进行研究,并分析种子内源激素含量变化与果实发育、种子休眠之间的关系。结果表明:果实和种子在青果期(1~35 d)时发育速度最快,种胚在花后24 d发育完全,种子不存在形态休眠。花后24 d内果皮开始沉积木质素并逐渐木质化,种子开始产生机械休眠。种子激素含量的变化与果实的发育、转色及内果皮的木质化密切相关,种子内源GA3和ABA含量在青果期(1~35 d)达到峰值,内源IAA含量在果实转色期(35~60 d)达到最大值,高浓度的ABA含量是种子尚未脱离果实时便已进入生理休眠的主要原因。     

柑橘果实遮光处理对发育中的果实光合产物分配、糖代谢与积累的影响

研究了柑橘果实膨大初期遮光处理对果皮色素、果实含糖量、光合产物在果实内的分配及果实中蔗糖代谢相关酶活力变化的影响。结果表明：遮光处理使果皮中的叶绿素含量迅速降低而类胡萝卜素积累缓慢,蔗糖的相对含量则明显上升,遮光处理还促进了光合产物向果皮运输,相应地降低了汁囊中光合产物分配比率,使果实汁囊中蔗糖含量下降。果皮中SS、SPS和转化酶活力在遮光处理后均有较大的提高,而汁囊中则差异不大。上述结果表明,在果实自身光合作用被抑制的条件下,果皮是通过提高酶活力来增强库强度,从而使其在与汁囊竞争中获得更多的光合产物,造成汁囊含糖量下降。     

CPPU对猕猴桃果实组织发育及内源细胞分裂素含量的影响

对经生长调节剂ＣＰＰＵ处理的猕猴桃果帝进行了组织学及内源细胞分裂素含量变化的研究。结果表明：处理后的果帝细胞分裂时期延长,细胞的数目增多,体积增大;处理果实中,内源细胞分裂素的含量在果肉细胞分裂盛期及其之后都有所增高。     

Influence of pollination systems on fruit set and fruit quality in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (Chev.) Liang and Ferguson) is a dioecious species highly pollination dependent, since fruit size is directly correlated with seed number. To evaluate the best pollination system for this species a study of two natural and two artificial pollination systems was carried out and their effect on fruit set and fruit quality was determined. While anemophilous pollination produced few and small fruits, that were not commercially acceptable, high fruit set percentages and good quality fruits were obtained when insects participated in the pollination process. Artificial pollination, performed as hand pollination, improved yield quantity and quality. When environmental conditions impair insect activity this method can be an useful agricultural practice in order to assure a good yield.     

软枣猕猴桃控制授粉对果实和种子的影响

为了研究软枣猕猴桃授粉规律,以11年生软枣猕猴桃紫果3号为试验材料,设置剪留花柱数量为0、2、5、8、11、14、17和23(全留对照组)共8个处理。人工授粉,收获后调查测定其单果重、坐果率、果型指数、果实可溶性固形物含量和果实内含种子数量。结果表明:随着授粉柱头数的增加,单果重等主要指标相应增加;当授粉柱头数增至为8时,其果型指数和果实可溶性固形物含量与对照全留柱头23相比差异不明显;当授粉柱头数增至为11时,其单果重、坐果率和果实内含种子数量与对照全留柱头23相比差异不明显。据此软枣猕猴桃充分授粉的数量级指标为11,当授粉柱头数小于11时,产量降低、品质下降;当授粉柱头大于11时,浪费花粉。生产上可利用猕猴桃精准充分授粉技术,节约使用花粉或减少果园雄株数量,以提高生产效率。     

授粉对黄瓜果实发育和品质的影响

以 津绿 3号 黄瓜为试材 ,研究了授粉对黄瓜果实发育、营养成分变化及采后果形变化的影响 .结果表明 ,授粉可减少化瓜、刺激果实发育、提高果实商品性 ,并提高产量 ,其坐瓜率、商品瓜率、单瓜重及产量分别较单性结实提高 6 3.0 %、6 8.7%、2 2 .6 %和 12 7.6 % .授粉瓜和单性结实瓜均表现为随着果实发育 ,可溶性蛋白质和维生素 C含量呈减少的趋势 ,可溶性糖含量呈逐渐增长的趋势 ,游离氨基酸含量呈波动变化 ,但授粉瓜的 4种营养成分均高于单性结实瓜 .在采后 1～ 5 d,授粉瓜头部易膨大形成大头瓜 ,而单性结实瓜果形变化不大     

传粉方式和果实类型对木本植物繁殖物候的影响

该研究利用谱系独立比较法(Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts,PIC)和Wilcoxon秩和检验法,分析中国科学院植物研究所植物园(39°54'N,116°12'E)中的84个物种170株个体的传粉方式和果实类型对木本开花时间和结实时间的影响,其中Wilcoxon秩和检验法检验的结果作为PIC检验结果的参考。结果表明:(1)传粉方式显著影响植物开花和结实时间,风媒花植物比虫媒花植物开花和结实早;(2)果实类型对结实时间的影响在考虑和不考虑物种间系统发育关系时表现不同,当不考虑物种间系统发育关系时,肉质果实植物结实时间比非肉质果实植物早;(3)不同的传粉方式间以及不同的果实类型间植物的花果间隙期无显著差异,但本研究结果显示肉质果实植物结实时间比非肉质果实植物大约早20d。由此推论:(1)植物固有属性,如传粉方式和果实类型,会影响植物繁殖物候,且不同的属性影响强度不同;(2)与某一特定物候期或繁殖器官相关性大的属性对该物候期的影响可能更大,如传粉方式对开花时间的影响可能大于其对结实时间的影响,而果实类型对结实物候期的影响更大。     

Influences of Cross Pollination on Pollen Tube Growth and Fruit Set in Zuili Plums （Prunus salicina）

Zuili plum （Prunus salicina L.） trees usually set fruit poorly, although they produce high quality fruit. To elucidate the causes of the poor fruit set, pollen tube growth into pistils and fruit set percentage were investigated after cross-, self- and open-pollination. Ovule development in Zuili pistils was also investigated. Pollen tube penetration into the ovules via the obturator and micropyle was best when Zuili pistils were pollinated by cv. Black Amber （P. domestica） pollen grains, although cross-pollinations with Hongxinli and Miili （P. salicina） pollen were more effective than self- and open-pollination. The fruit set percentage was also highest in pistils pollinated with Black Amber pollen grains. Morphological observation of Zuili pistils revealed that the trees produce ＂double pistils＂, developing two ovaries from a basal pistil, at a rate as high as 28%. In such abnormal pistils, most ovules were lacking an embryo sac or were entirely degenerated. The percentage of normally developed ovules was 24.3% and 8.9% in normal and double pistils, respectively. From these results, we conclude that the main causes of poor fruit set of Zuili plums are a lack of effective cross-pollination and the production of high percentages of double pistils in which normally developed ovules are scarcely formed.     

中华蜜蜂对猕猴桃的访花行为及授粉效果研究

本研究采用中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana(简称"中蜂")为猕猴桃授粉,研究中蜂对猕猴桃的访花授粉行为规律,以及中蜂授粉对猕猴桃果实生长发育及品质的影响,以期为规范猕猴桃中蜂授粉和产业提质增效提供理论依据.结果表明:中蜂既采集雄花又采集雌花,每日的访花活动时间为7:40-19:30,访花的温度区间为18.9...     

Corolla herbivory, pollination success and fruit predation in complex flowers: an experimental study with Linaria lilacina (Scrophulariaceae)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Herbivory on floral structures has been postulated to influence the evolution of floral traits in some plant species, and may also be an important factor influencing the occurrence and outcome of subsequent biotic interactions related to floral display. In particular, corolla herbivory may affect structures differentially involved in flower selection by pollinators and fruit predators (specifically, those ovopositing in ovaries prior to fruit development); hence floral herbivores may influence the relationships between these mutualistic and antagonistic agents. METHODS: The effects of corolla herbivory in Linaria lilacina (Scrophulariaceae), a plant species with complex flowers, were considered in relation to plant interactions with pollinators and fruit predators. Tests were made as to whether experimentally created differences in flower structure (resembling those occurring naturally) may translate into differences in reproductive output in terms of fruit or seed production. KEY RESULTS: Flowers with modified corollas, particularly those with lower lips removed, were less likely to be selected by pollinators than control flowers, and were less likely to be successfully visited and pollinated. As a consequence, fruit production was also less likely in these modified flowers. However, none of the experimental treatments affected the likelihood of visitation by fruit predators. CONCLUSIONS: Since floral herbivory may affect pollinator visitation rates and reduce seed production, differences among plants in the proportion of flowers affected by herbivory and in the intensity of the damage inflicted on affected flowers may result in different opportunities for reproduction for plants in different seasons.     

Cytokinins and fruit development in the kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). II. Effects of reduced pollination and CPPU application

The significance of changes in cytokinin content during early fruit growth was examined in the kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa cv. Hayward). Fruit growth was modified by the reduction of seed number or by the application of the synthetic phenylurea cytokinin N -(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)- N -phenylurea (CPPU). The influence of these treatments on cell division was monitored by flow cytometry and changes in the endogenous cytokinins were measured at days 10 and 20 after anthesis, using high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Total cytokinin levels appeared not to be limiting growth since the highest total cytokinin concentration was detected in unpollinated fruit, which abscised by day 25 after anthesis. However, compared with control fruit which had the highest concentration of zeatin (Z) 10 days post anthesis, Z levels were low in unpollinated fruit. It is hypothesised that an increase in Z is the critical change in cytokinin metabolism required for the initiation of cell division and fruit growth. The synthetic cytokinin CPPU promoted fruit development, but there was a decrease in the endogenous cytokinin concentration. Zeatin was not detected in CPPU-treated fruit. Cell division was reduced in unpollinated fruitlets but there was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between the other treatments. Differences in final fruit size appeared to be due to cell expansion.     

扇脉杓兰果实生长动态及胚胎发育过程观察

对授粉后不同发育阶段扇脉杓兰(Cypripedium japonicum Thunb.)果实的生长动态进行了观察和分析,并分别采用TrC法和常规石蜡切片法研究了种子生活力及其胚胎发育过程.观察结果湿示:扇脉杓兰果实形态成熟时间约为110 d,其中,授粉后0～20 d为第1次迅速生长期,授粉后20～30 d为第1次缓慢生长期,授粉后30～50 d为第2次迅速生长期,授粉后50～110 d为第2次缓慢生长期;果实纵径和横径的生长动态变化过程相似,但横径的生长动态曲线较纵径平缓,形态成熟时果实的纵径和横径分别为48.87和13.59 mm.成熟种子由内外2层种皮和球形胚构成,不具胚乳,内外种皮间具空气腔;败育种子只具有内种皮和外种皮而无种胚.胚胎发育类型为石竹型,种胚自受精形成合子到发育为成熟球形胚约需95 d.种胚发育时合子第1次不均衡横裂形成基细胞和顶细胞;基细胞发育为胚柄细胞,胚柄细胞高度液泡化,在胚胎发育的过程中不进行分裂并逐渐退化消失;顶细胞不参与胚柄形成,并且经过有丝分裂最终形成球形胚;内珠被在种子成熟时发育成为1层致密的紧贴胚体的内种皮.种胚纵径和横径的生长动态变化相似,成熟球形胚的纵径和横径分别为208.71和106.19 μm.扇脉杓兰种子生活力较高,有生活力的种子占56％.根据研究结果推测:自然状态下扇脉杓兰种子萌发率较低,可能与致密的种皮、种子中较小的胚体以及无胚乳导致的营养成分不足有关.     

Effects of local density on pollination and reproduction in Delphinium nuttallianum and Aconitum columbianum (Ranunculaceae)

Plant populations vary in density both naturally and as a consequence of anthropogenic impacts. Density in turn can influence pollination by animals. For example, plants in dense populations might enjoy more frequent visitation if pollinators forage most efficiently in such populations. We explored effects of plant density on pollination and seed set in the larkspur Delphinium nuttallianum and monkshood Aconitum columbianum. At our site in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, flowers of D. nuttallianum are pollinated primarily by queen bumble bees, solitary bees, and hummingbirds, whereas those of A. columbianum are pollinated primarily by queen and worker bumble bees. We found that the quantity of pollination service to both species (pollinator visitation rate and pollen deposition) was at best weakly related to density. In contrast, seed set declined by approximately one-third in sparse populations relative to nearby dense populations. This decline may stem from the receipt of low-quality pollen, for example, inbred pollen. Alternatively, sparsity may indicate poor environmental conditions that lower seed set for reasons unrelated to pollination. Our results demonstrate the value of simultaneously exploring pollinator behavior, pollen receipt, and seed set in attempting to understand how the population context influences plant reproductive success.