硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响

选用大球盖菇Stropharia rugosoannulata为试验材料,分析在镉胁迫处理下（2mg/L）添加不同浓度硒（0、6、15、20mg/L）对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响,初步研究了施加硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长抑制的缓解效应和作用机制。结果表明：镉对大球盖菇生长速度和生物量具有明显抑制作用,镉造成了大球盖菇渗透调节物质、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量显著增加;添加硒后,镉对大球盖菇菌丝的生长速度、生物量抑制作用均有所改善,且增加了渗透调节物质,促进镉胁迫下大球盖菇渗透调节能力;硒诱导抗氧化酶的活性上调,提高活性氧清除能力,降低了菌丝中丙二醛和过氧化氢的含量,缓解细胞膜过氧化程度,增强了大球盖菇对镉的耐受性。本研究重点探讨外源添加硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长、生理特性及抗氧化胁迫能力的影响,为进一步研究硒在食用菌抗镉栽培中的应用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

不同碳氮营养源和培养温度对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响

研究了碳源、氮源和温度对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响,结果表明碳源中蔗糖对大球盖菇的菌丝生长最有利,其次为可溶性淀粉. 氮源中尿素最好,其次为蛋白胨和酵母膏;经温度梯度试验得出大球盖菇菌丝生长温度在 5～35 ℃,适宜生长温度为 25～30 ℃.经生料栽培发现大球盖菇适于麦秸、稻草上生长.     

硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响

【背景】大球盖菇是我国新兴的食用菌栽培品种,其栽培技术简单、产量高、效益高,在农业废弃物高效转化和农民增收方面发挥重要作用。【目的】探究硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响,为富硒大球盖菇的实践生产提供依据。【方法】通过平板试验,测定添加不同质量浓度的Na₂SeO₃对菌丝生长速度和干重的影响。以木屑、稻壳、玉米芯为主要原料,添加0-10mg/kgNa₂SeO₃,进行大球盖菇生料栽培试验,测定一潮菇农艺性状、营养品质和抗氧化活性。【结果】Na₂SeO₃浓度为0-10mg/L时,对大球盖菇菌丝生长速度与干重无显著影响,分别为3.74-3.76 mm/d和40.67-41.33 mg;当浓度达到15 mg/L及以上时,显著抑制菌丝生长。栽培试验结果表明,添加0-10 mg/kg Na₂SeO₃对一潮菇生物学效率无显著影响,7.5 mg/kg剂量组表现出最佳的菌盖直径、菌柄直径和单菇鲜重。子实体营养分析显...     

培养基中添加海藻糖对大球盖菇、斑玉蕈菌丝生长的影响

【背景】大球盖菇和斑玉蕈是食药兼用且具有开发潜力的珍稀食用菌,培养基对菌丝生长及子实体发育具有重要作用,优化培养基显得尤为重要。【目的】筛选出最适合培养大球盖菇、斑玉蕈的新型培养基。【方法】使用添加海藻糖的新型培养基,对不同培养基培养的大球盖菇及斑玉蕈菌株的菌丝生长状况、生长速度和生物量及纤维素酶、漆酶活性进行测定与分析。【结果】相较于PDA培养基,添加海藻糖的培养基能够提高菌丝生长速度、增加生物量,海藻糖添加的比例对纤维素酶和漆酶的影响较大,对大球盖菇及斑玉蕈菌丝的生长产生显著的促进作用,但不会改变其蛋白质的组成。【结论】大球盖菇最适合选用PTA-5培养基,斑玉蕈的最佳培养基是PDTA培养基。     

碳源和氮源对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响

研究了四种碳源(蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉)和九种氮源(玉米面、麸皮、马铃薯、大豆粉、酵母粉、蛋白胨、硝酸钾、硝酸铵、尿素)对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响。从不同代数的菌丝体中提取多糖,并测定多糖含量、分子量分布范围及单糖组成。结果表明:黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉,最佳氮源为玉米面,最优碳氮组合为蔗糖和玉米面的组合。不同代数的菌丝体多糖性状基本稳定。     

大球盖菇硒多糖体内抗氧化能力检测

采用液体发酵的方法对大球盖菇菌丝进行富硒培养,提取硒多糖进行抗氧化能力测定.结果表明,大球盖菇硒多糖能明显提高小鼠血中SOD、GSH-Px的含量,能在一定程度上显著降低血中MDA的含量,具有显著的抗氧化功能.     

白葡萄酒活性干酵母对不同氮源利用的研究

选用5种不同的白葡萄酒活性干酵母,以硫酸铵、氯化铵、硝酸铵、尿素、酵母粉等5种物质为氮源,观察其生长量并称量菌体重,以此分析其对氮源利用情况及不同氮源对酵母生长的影响。研究表明:供试菌系在不同氮源中均能生长。不同氮源对酵母的生长速度和生长量有不同影响;不同酵母菌种对不同氮源的利用也有差异。在以酵母粉为氮源的培养基中生长最好。在实验提供的氮源中,酵母粉为供试菌最优氮源,其次是硫酸铵,氯化铵与硫酸铵基本相当,而硝酸铵最差。8#菌种对各种氮源的利用能力相对较强。17#菌种对各种氮源的利用能力最弱。     

广东8种野菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及Vc的含量

测定了广东菊科8种野菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和维生素C的含量,结果表明：革命菜、一点红、苣荬菜的硝酸盐含量低于轻度污染水平,属于一级野菜;山莴苣、地胆草、加拿大蓬和艾的硝酸盐含量低于785mg/kg,达中度污染水平,属二级蔬菜范围,不宜生食,煮熟或盐渍可安全食用;甜菜籽属于三级蔬菜,不可生食和盐渍,可熟食.这些野菜维生素C的含量均低于50mg/100g（鲜重）,属于中、低维生素C含量的野菜.     

铁尾矿区油松根际溶磷泛菌D2的筛选鉴定及溶磷特性

从河北省迁安市马兰庄镇铁尾矿植被恢复区油松根际分离出2株溶磷细菌,经过平板初筛和摇瓶复筛得到1株溶磷能力较强的菌株D2.通过菌落形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析,确定此菌株D2属于泛菌属.利用液体发酵试验测定不同碳源、氮源对菌株D2溶磷能力的影响,通过高效液相色谱测定D2在不同氮源条件下产生有机酸的种类和浓度.结果表明:菌株D2对磷酸三钙有较强的溶磷能力,培养液有效磷含量最高为392.13 mg·L^-1,菌株D2的溶磷能力在碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为硫酸铵时效果最好;高效液相色谱测定发现,不同氮源条件下,D2分泌有机酸的种类和浓度存在差异,以硫酸铵、氯化铵、硝酸钾、硝酸钠、硝酸铵为氮源,均产生草酸、甲酸、乙酸和柠檬酸,以硫酸铵、氯化铵、硝酸铵为氮源还产生苹果酸.相关性分析表明,乙酸含量与有效磷含量间呈显著正相关(r=0.886,P<0.05),表明溶磷泛菌D2分泌的乙酸对无机磷的溶解有明显的促进作用,这也很可能是该菌株的重要溶磷机制之一.     

山西汾河滩常见野菜安全可食性的探讨

对采自汾河滩的七种野菜的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、维生素C和氨基酸的测定及统计分析结果表明:刺儿菜、藜、碱蓬的硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐含量较高,且其亚硝酸盐含量均超标,不宜食用;苦荬菜,其硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐含量稍微超过限量标准,但是其维生素C含量极其丰富,若两食量作一定的限制,是可以安全食用的;而地肤、车前、苦菜这三种野菜其硝酸盐与亚硝酸含量均较低,且维生素C及氨基酸两项营养价值指标适中,为安全可食性野菜。     

NITROGEN METABOLISM OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS. II. THE ASSIMILATION OF NITRATE,NITRITE, AND AMMONIA BY BIDDULPHIA AURITA1

Biddulphia aurita, a centric diatom, can grow on either nitrate, nitrite, or ammonia as its sole nitrogen, source. Cells remove ammonium nitrogen from the medium 2.3–2.4 times faster than either nitrate or nitrite nitrogen and, when grown for 24 hr in the ammonium medium, contain higher levels of non-protein nitrogen than cells grown in the nitrate or nitrite medium for the same period of time. The nitrogenous compounds in the nonprotein nitrogen fraction from cells grown in the nitrate, nitrite, or ammonium medium contain the same level of soluble-free amino nitrogen, combined amino nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen. The high level of soluble nonprotein nitrogen in the medium of the cells grown in the ammonium medium is due to soluble amide nitrogen which represents 18% of the total soluble nitrogen present in these cells, whereas it represents only 2% in cells from the nitrite medium, and its level is negligible in cells from the nitrate medium. Cells grown in the nitrate medium have both nitrate- and nitrite-reductase activity. Cells grown in the nitrite medium have only nitrite-reductase activity in significant levels, while cells grown in the ammonium medium lack both enzymes.     

A study of the nitrate and nitrite discharge from the mutant cells of Neurospora crassa lacking nitrate and nitrite reductase activities

The Neurospora crassa mutants nit-2 (lacking both nitrite and nitrate reductases) and nit-6 (lacking nitrite reductase) grown in the medium with ammonium chloride as a sole source of nitrogen discharged nitrate and nitrite ions into culture medium. For nit-2, the content of nitrate exceeded that of nitrite in both the homogenate of fungal cells and growth medium; moreover, this difference was more pronounced in the culture medium. Unlike nit-2, the content of nitrite in the cultivation medium of the nit-6 mutant irradiated with visible light for 30 min during the lag phase of carotenogenesis photoinduction displayed a trend of increase as compared with the dark control. Further (to 240 min) irradiation of cells, i.e., irradiation during biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments, leveled this difference.     

The effect of nitrogen refeeding on starved cells of Platymonas striata Butcher

A rapid uptake of nitrogen was observed in nitrogen-starved cells of Platymonas striata after refeeding with ammonium or nitrate ions. This was followed by a net loss of nitrogen per cell. Cells initially grown in and then starved in a regime of continuous light showed greater increases in average cell nitrogen on refeeding with ammonium or nitrate ions than did cells initially grown in and then starved in a regime of alternating light and darkness. A particulate subcellular location was observed for nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) in broken cell suspensions prepared by sonication. Nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4) was located in the soluble fraction of these cell suspensions. Broken cell preparations displayed a lowered nitrate reductase activity as compared with the particulate component of these preparations. This was shown not to be due to heat-stable inhibitors present in the soluble phase of the cell. It appeared to be an artefact produced by the high nitrite reductase activity of the broken cell preparations, which removed much of the nitrite as it was formed. Nitrogen starvation of nitrate-grown cultures produced cellular increases in nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activities which were further increased after the addition of nitrate. The results are discussed.Abbreviations ASP2 complete culture medium - ASP2 INF medium lacking in inorganic nitrogen - ASP2 NF medium lacking all nitrogen - NAR nitrate reductase - NIR nitrite reductase - EDTA Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid - PVP Polyvinylpyrollidone, M.W. 44,000     

不同覆盖材料对夏秋苹果根区土壤硝酸盐代谢的影响

以3年生新红星苹果树为试验材料,在春季将稻草苫、农用地毯、透明塑料膜和园艺地布覆盖地表,于夏秋季调查根区土壤硝化-反硝化作用、硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性以及铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮含量和植株生长的变化.结果表明: 4种覆盖处理均降低了夏季土壤硝化强度和夏秋之交的土壤NiR活性,提高了秋季土壤铵态氮含量以及夏秋之交的土壤反硝化强度、NR活性和铵态氮含量,降低了夏秋季土壤硝化强度、反硝化强度和NR活性的变异系数;稻草苫提高了夏季和秋季土壤反硝化强度与硝态氮含量,降低了夏季土壤NR和NiR活性;在4种处理中,稻草苫覆盖的土壤硝化与反硝化强度及NR活性在整个夏秋季的变异系数最低;农用地毯降低了夏季土壤反硝化强度,提高了夏季土壤NR和NiR活性、夏秋之交土壤硝态氮含量和秋季土壤反硝化强度;透明塑料膜降低了夏季土壤硝态氮含量,提高了夏季土壤亚硝态氮含量、夏秋之交土壤硝态氮含量以及秋季土壤硝化强度和NiR活性;园艺地布提高了夏季土壤反硝化强度、夏秋之交和秋季土壤的硝化强度以及秋季土壤硝态氮含量.4种覆盖处理均促进了植株生长,其中稻草苫和园艺地布促进新梢和干径增粗的效果更显著;4种覆盖处理对夏秋季土壤硝酸盐代谢的影响不同,但对土壤硝酸盐代谢与转化都具有稳定作用,其中稻草苫的稳定效果最好.     

Responses of soil inorganic nitrogen to increased temperature and plant removal during the growing season in a Sibiraea angustata scrub ecosystem of eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau北大核心CSCD

Aims Little information has been available on the soil nitrogen transformation process of alpine scrubland under global warming and changing climate. This study aimed at clarifying seasonal dynamics of the soil nitrate and ammonium contents and their responses to increased temperature under different plant treatments. Methods We conducted a field experiment including two plant treatments (removal- or unremoval-plant) subjected to two temperature conditions (increased temperature or control) in Sibiraea angustata scrub ecosystem on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The contents of soil nitrate and ammonium were measured at the early, middle and late growing seasons. Important findings The results showed that soil nitrate and ammonium contents exhibited obvious seasonal dynamics. Throughout the entire growing season, the soil nitrate contents increased firstly and then decreased, while the soil ammonium contents increased continually. Particularly, in the early and middle growing season, the soil nitrate contents were significantly higher than those of ammonium, regardless of increased temperature and plant treatments; however, in the late growing season, the soil nitrate contents were significantly lower than those of ammonium. These results implied that soil nitrification was the major process of soil nitrogen transformation in the early and middle growing season; soil ammonification contributed mostly to soil nitrogen transformation in the late growing season. Furthermore, different responses of soil nitrate and ammonium contents to increased temperature and plant removal treatments were observed at the different stages in the growing season. The effects of increased temperature on soil nitrate contents mainly occurred in the middle and late growing season, but the effects varied with plant treatments. Increased temperature only significantly increased soil ammonium contents in the unremoval-plant plots during the middle growing season. The effects of plant treatments on soil nitrate contents only occurred in the control plots (controlled temperature). Plant removal only increased soil nitrate contents in the early and middle growing season, but significantly decreased soil nitrate contents in the late growing season. Plant removal significantly decreased soil ammonium contents in the increased temperature plots during the middle growing season. Probably, in the early and middle growing season, scrub vegetation mainly absorbed soil nitrate and the absorption process was not affected by increased temperature. These results would increase our understanding of the soil nitrogen cycling process in these alpine scrub ecosystems under global warming and changing climate. © 2018 Editorial Office of Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology. All rights reserved.     

Nitrate reductase activity in leaves and roots ofAlnus glutinosa (L) Gaertner

Summary Thein vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was determined inAlnus glutinosa plants grown nonsymbiotically on ammonium, nitrate, a combination of both, or symbiotically with atmospheric nitrogen as the only nitrogen source. Root NRA was absent when ammonium or atmospheric nitrogen was the nitrogen source. With nitrate in the culture solution the roots showed a high NRA. However, the leaf NRA behaved quite differently: with negligible activities on all nitrogen sources except atmospheric nitrogen. The foliar NRA measured, however, is likely not due to the activity of the plant but of microbial origin. Methods commonly used to facilitate produced nitrite to leak out of the tissue, such as addition of propanol and cutting the plant material, did not increase the nitrite release from the leaves. A turbidity developed when testing the samples for nitrite which was positively correlated with the NRA. Populations of microorganisms in the phyllosphere did not differ between the nutritional treatments. Bacteria, able to grow on a low-nitrogen medium, were present on the leaves. Nitrifiers could not be detected. The bacteria on the leaves appear to produce nitrite when incubated with leaf material. Grassland Species Research Group, Publication no. 106     

Inhibition of nitrate consumption by nitrite in entrapped Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells.

Whereas in freely suspended cell cultures growing photoautotrophically under non-limiting carbon conditions nitrite and nitrate were simultaneously consumed after ammonium consumption was complete, in alginate-entrapped cell cultures a sequential consumption of nitrite (first) and nitrate was observed after ammonium had almost been fully removed. In this paper results are reported that show inhibition of nitrate consumption by nitrite in immobilized cells. However no inhibition of nitrate active transport was observed. The sequential consumption of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate by Ca-alginate immobilized cells is explained on the basis of local ammonium accumulation due to its photoproduction by photorespiration, that could be caused by the increase of the O2/CO2 ratio around the entrapped cells. Measurements of light-dependent oxygen production (LDOP) and activity levels of nitrogen assimilation enzymes, including nitrite reductase (NiR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in immobilized cells, determined under photorespiration stimulating conditions, are shown that support this explanation.     

A study of the nitrate and nitrite discharge from the mutant cells of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neurospora crassa</Emphasis> lacking nitrate and nitrite reductase activities

The Neurospora crassa mutants nit-2 (lacking both nitrite and nitrate reductases) and nit-6 (lacking nitrite reductase) grown in the medium with ammonium chloride as a sole source of nitrogen discharged nitrate and nitrite ions into culture medium. For nit-2, the content of nitrate exceeded that of nitrite in both the homogenate of fungal cells and growth medium; moreover, this difference was more pronounced in the culture medium. Unlike nit-2, the content of nitrite in the cultivation medium of the nit-6 mutant irradiated with visible light for 30 min during the lag phase of carotenogenesis photoinduction displayed a trend of increase as compared with the dark control. Further (to 240 min) irradiation of cells, i.e., irradiation during biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments, leveled this difference.     

A mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii altered in the transport of ammonium and methylammonium

Summary A methylammonium-resistant mutant, named hereafter strain 2170 (ma-1), was isolated for the first time from a eukaryotic phototrophic organism. Mutant 2170 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii carries a single mendelian mutation which results in a decreased rate of uptake of both ammonium and methylammonium without being affected either in uptake of nitrate or nitrite or any of the tested enzyme activities related to ammonium assimilation. Mutant cells could not use methylammonium as nitrogen source nor excrete ammonium into the medium but they had derepressed nitrate and nitrite reductases when growing in the presence of ammonium. Mutant 2170 also exhibited a diminished methylammonium transport rate in comparison with the wild-type cells. We conclude that mutant 2170 is affected in a transport system responsible for the entrance of both ammonium and methylammonium into the cells.Abbreviations CHES 2-(N-Cyclohexylamino)ethanesulphonic acid - MOPS 3(N-morpholine)propanesulphonic acid     

Inhibition of tobacco nitrite reductase activity by expression of antisense RNA

A tobacco nitrite reductase (NiR) cDNA and its corresponding gene were isolated from cDNA and genomic libraries. An NiR antisense mRNA was expressed in transgenic tobacco under the control of a double 35S promoter. Transformants were obtained on a medium containing ammonium as the sole source of nitrogen. One plant growing normally on ammonium but displaying drastically reduced development and chlorotic leaves when grown on nitrate as the sole source of nitrogen was studied further. This plant accumulated nitrite fivefold over wild-type level and showed reduced amounts of ammonium (11% wild-type level), glutamine (19%), and total protein (8%). NiR mRNA and activity were below detectable levels. Under these conditions, nitrate reductase (NR) activity and mRNA were overexpressed, suggesting that N-metabolites resulting from nitrate reduction are responsible for the repression of the expression of the NR gene, independently from the presence or absence of a functional NR protein.