COMPARISON OF DISCRIMINATION ABILITY BETWEEN TASTE PANEL ASSESSORS

Expanded tables are presented for the selection of assessorsfor taste panels. These tables may also be used for comparingthe assessors' discrimination ability, after the panel sessionshave been completed. ^*Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, TheVolcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. 1976 Series, No. 159-E.     

DETECTION AND INTERPRETATION OF VARIATION WITHIN AND BETWEEN ASSESSORS IN SENSORY PROFILING

In this paper we discuss methods that can be used to evaluate the performance of sensory panels. In particular we concentrate on detection of variation within and among panelists. A systematic presentation of some simple, graphically oriented tools will be given. Interpretation aspects of the tools will be emphasized. The methods will be illustrated by computations from a sensory experiment based on 4 sausage products. The example demonstrates how the tools can be used to evaluate the reproducibility of the assessors and also how they can be used to detect different types of individual differences among the assessors.     

DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF PHOTOPHASE IRRADIANCE ON METABOLIC AND URINARY STRESS HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN BLIND AND SIGHTED RODENTS

The effects of different photophase irradiance levels on the daily rhythms of energy expenditure (DEE, calculated from oxygen consumption, VO₂) and urinary metabolites of stress hormones in sighted (Microtus socialis) and blind (Spalax ehrenbergi) rodents were compared. Five groups of each species were exposed to different irradiance levels (73, 147, 293, 366, and 498 μW/cm²) under short photoperiod (8L:16D) condition with constant ambient temperature 25?±?2°C for 21 days before assessments. As light intensity increased from 73 μW/cm², both species reduced DEE, especially among M. socialis. Cosinor analysis revealed significant ultradian rhythms in VO₂ of M. socialis with period length being inversely related to irradiance level. Conversely, in S. ehrenbergi, robust 24 h VO₂ rhythms were detected at all irradiances. In M. socialis, significant 24 h rhythms in urinary output of adrenaline were detected only at 293 μW/cm², whereas for cortisol, unambiguous rhythms were detected at 73 and 147 μW/cm². Distinct adrenaline daily rhythms of S. ehrenbergi were observed at 73 and 293 μW/cm², whereas this species exhibited significant rhythms in cortisol at 147 and 293 μW/cm². Changes in photophase irradiance levels affected stress hormone concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. There were significant negative and positive correlations of M. socialis and S. ehrenbergi stress hormones, respectively, with increasing irradiance. Our results indicate photophase light intensity is another environmental factor that can significantly affect entrainment of mammalian daily rhythms. Both low and high irradiance conditions can trigger stress responses, depending on the species' natural habitat. (Author correspondence: zubidat3@013.net.il)     

用肝素释放细胞表面受体结合的LDL并比较兔及人血清LDL结合能力

应用人血清清蛋白代替LDS,建立了肝素释放细胞表面与受体结合的LDL的方法,并比较了人及家兔LDL结合家兔细胞表面受体的能力。在37℃不同保温时间(从0—180分钟),肝素释放的细胞表面受体~(125)I-LDL量增加缓慢而通过受体进入细胞的LDL量增加迅速。在37℃以不同剂量的LDL(13—78μg/ml)与细胞保温2小时,肝素释放的细胞表面受体LDL量也增加缓慢,而进入细胞的量增加更为迅速。结果显示LDL在细胞表面受体部位不断进入细胞内并迅速被新的LDL分子所取代,但当LDL增至78μg/ml时逐渐变慢,与Goldstein观察相似。肝素释放的~(125)LDL量在加入量约50 μg/ml时呈现平坦,与Goldstein观察相似。这说明用人血清清蛋白代替LDS同样可以观察到LDL受体的饱和特性。在同一实验条件下。肝素释放家兔的~(125)I-LDL比人高l倍,家兔通过受体进入细胞的~(125)I-LDL比人高1.7倍。二者差别非常显著(P<0.001)。显示兔血清LDL的结构可能在某些方面不同于人。     

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL PROFILING DATA: A COMPARISON OF A BRITISH AND A NORWEGIAN TRAINED PANEL

Many studies have shown that conventional profiling provides reproducible and meaningful results. However, comparison of the technique as used in different countries appears to be nonexistent. In addition, data analysis is often approached differently, and this aspect is also addressed. This paper describes a study to compare the results obtained from profiling milk chocolate samples, using trained panels in Britain and Norway. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis, generalized Procrustes analysis and partial least squares regression. Results indicate that the underlying perceptual structure of the sample spaces obtained from both panels were similar, however, the emphasis on the underlying sensory dimensions differed. Moreover, it was possible to calibrate the two profiles, which has implications for marketing products for export, as well as providing a potential tool for panel monitoring and calibration across cultures.     

小麦品种间杂种优势与配合力分析

对９个冬小麦亲本１３个性状的杂种优势分析表明,产量性状的杂种优势较强,品质性状的杂种优势较弱。籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度和湿面筋、干面筋含量偏低亲或中亲遗传,沉淀值偏高遗传,存在较明显杂种优势（１６．１－２３．８％）。     

EVOLUTION OF GENETIC INTEGRATION BETWEEN DISPERSAL AND COLONIZATION ABILITY IN A BIRD

Discrete behavioral strategies comprise a suite of traits closely integrated in their expression with consistent natural selection for such coexpression leading to developmental and genetic integration of their components. However, behavioral traits are often also selected to respond rapidly to changing environments, which should both favor their context-dependent expression and inhibit evolution of genetic integration with other, less flexible traits. Here we use a multigeneration pedigree and long-term data on lifetime fitness to test whether behaviors comprising distinct dispersal strategies of western bluebirds—a species in which the propensity to disperse is functionally integrated with aggressive behavior—are genetically correlated. We further investigated whether selection favors flexibility in the expression of aggression in relation to current social context. We found a significant genetic correlation between aggression and dispersal that is concordant with consistent selection for coexpression of these behaviors. To a limited extent, individuals modified their aggression to match their mate; however, we found no fitness consequences on such adjustments. These results introduce a novel way of viewing behavioral strategies, where flexibility of behavior, while often aiding an organism's fit in its current environment, may be limited and thereby enable integration with less flexible traits.     

A COMPARISON OF CHROMOSOME KNOB FREQUENCIES BETWEEN SYMPATRIC AND ALLOPATRIC POPULATIONS OF TEOSINTE AND MAIZE

Unrestricted gene flow would be expected to lead to similar chromosome knob frequencies in sympatric populations of maize and teosinte. Chi-square tests were therefore used to compare chromosome knob frequencies of 45 collections of Mexican teosinte, grouped according to six geographic regions, with sympatric and allopatric populations of maize. Comparisons of knob frequencies between sympatric and allopatric populations within each region produced an initial classification for each knob-forming position. Further comparisons for each knob position over all regions, led to an interpretation of results for sympatric populations of maize and teosinte in terms of gene flow, selection, differentiation, ancestral similarities, and ancestral differences. Within regions, a high number of knob positions suggesting gene flow was associated with a low number of knob positions suggesting recent differentiation, and vice versa. It is suggested that the teosinte populations most likely to represent unique sources of germplasm are those most susceptible to future genetic erosion by maize. These relationships may represent a general model applicable to a number of crop plants and associated weed races.     

mtDNA基因树拓扑距离比较和基因分群

基因树间拓扑距离数据的比较进一步证明：与分割拓扑距离相比,能经拓扑距离是一种更为精确的测度,利用相对通经拓扑距离构建了8个基因的拓扑距离树。基因的拓扑距离树能直观地反映不同基因树的拓扑结构差异大小,可用来对基因进行分群。此外,发现不同DNA序列用于构建多基因树中其系统发生信息存在“累加”,“合取”,“含盖”,“相斥”等数学关系。这可解释在mtDNA基因组中一些基因比另一些基因更适合用来的构建树的结果。结果提示从GenBank中应选择具有累加基因的DNA序列或蛋白质氨基酸序列合并来构建物种。在讨论中还提出了一种获得真树的新建树策略。     

COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL TRIATHLETES AND CYCLISTS

Anthropometric characteristics of athletes are considered to be an important determinant of success in sport. The aim of the present study was to compare several anthropometric parameters and subjective characteristics of professional elite triathletes with anthropometric profiles of professional cyclists and sportive students. In total 93 volunteers (21 male and female triathletes, 26 male cyclists and as a control group 46 male and female students) participated in this study. Eight different anthropometric parameters were measured and a five-page questionnaire containing 35 general questions had to be completed. Interestingly, there were no significant differences between the arm span, the lengths of the lower limb and the circumference of waist and hip between male triathletes and cyclists. As expected, the athletes had significantly lower heart rates and lower weights as compared to the controls. Further results showed that male cyclists had a higher BMI, larger thighs and were taller as compared to the male triathletes. The present study could not evaluate specific anthropometric characteristics as predictive factors of performance in elite athletes. Thus, individual successful performance is linked to discipline and talent rather than to a specific anthropometric profile.     

A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF A TRAINED SENSORY PANEL1

Cluster analysis, consonance analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and the GRAPES program (Schlich 1994) were compared for the evaluation of panel performance. Ten judges evaluated 25 Merlot wines for 24 color, aroma and flavor attributes. Cluster analysis grouped similar judges. PCA identified judges according to their attribute use. Consonance analysis determined a numerical index for attribute agreement and the GRAPES program compared judges in their use of the scale, reliability, discrimination and disagreement. Three of the four techniques provided a graphical representation of similarities and differences between judges. Methodologies were best used in conjunction with one another. Ultimately the application of these tools will serve to improve the quality of sensory evaluations.     

养殖与非养殖型大型水库间浮游甲壳动物的比较

作者从群落结构相似性、生物多样性、现存量等方面比较了两座地理位置接近、营养水平相当的养殖型与非养殖型大型水库的浮游甲壳动物,结果表明：栖息环境的不同以及鲢、鳙的摄食引起两座水库各区域间的浮游甲壳动物种类的差别。鲢、鳙对浮游甲壳动物尤其是枝角类的摄食压力在7月和10月表现明显。鲢、鳙的摄食也降低了枝角类的生物多样性,但是对浮游甲壳动物的体长大小没有影响。     

高原鼢鼠繁殖期和非繁殖期的行为比较

本文在室内饲养条件下对高原鼢鼠（Myospalax baileyi）非繁殖期和繁殖期的行为进行了观察,定性、定量地对16中行为进行了描述和分析。结果表明,这两个时期的行为基本没有变化,但行为发生的频次和持续时间有极大的不同。个中行为的时间的分配在24小时内及其在两个不同时期之间均有一定的差异,而每小时内动物的主要行为表现为睡眠和休息、移动、取食、挖掘、相互接触。繁殖期,动物的活动时间增加,表现为挖掘活动和接触时间的加长,动物社会行为发生的频次和持续时间高于非繁殖期。     

大蹼铃蟾与昭觉林蛙的肌肉系统比较

本文从肌肉系统对大蹼铃蟾和昭觉林蛙进行了观察比较,结果表明这两种无尾两栖类的从存在一定差异。大蹼铃蟾的肌肉结合紧密程度不如昭觉林蛙,且肌肉分节现象较昭觉林蛙了后,以形态－功能－适应三位一体的分析原理为依据,就２个种存在的形态差异,从功能与适应的意义和生物进化地角度两个方面进行了分析和探讨。