菜豆属（Phaseolus L.）两种食用作物的核型研究

作者研究了红花菜豆品种大白芸豆和菜豆品种珍珠豆的核型。大白芸豆和珍珠豆的核型公式分别为;２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２２＝１４ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ;２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２２＝６ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋１４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。这两处品种的核型存在明显差异,但也有相似之处。     

Karyotypes of four wild Paeonia species from Greece

The karyotypes of eight wild Greek Paeonia taxa were studied, viz. P. clusii ssp. clusii (2n = 10, 20), P. clusii ssp. rhodia (2n = 10), P. mascula ssp. mascula (2n = 20), P. mascula ssp. hellenica (2n = 20), P. mascula ssp. icarica (2n = 20), P. mascula ssp. russi (2n = 10), P. peregrina (2n = 20) and P. parnassica (2n = 20). P. mascula and P. clusii have a very similar haploid chromosome complement, x = 5, including three metacentric chromosomes, one submetacentric and one subtelocentric. In the chromosome complements of the tetraploid P. peregrina and P. parnassica the same chromosome types are included but their karyotype differ from those of the former two species by a number of characters. The main karyotype differences are concerned with the size differentiation of the chromosomes which in the case of P. peregrina has resulted in the diploidization of the tetraploid karyotype.
From the individuals examined, six were found to have abnormal karyotypes suggesting chromosomal exchanges. These structural aberrations in which mainly submetacentric and subtelocentric chromosomes are involved have also been described and discussed.     

Phylogenetic interpretation of chromosomal and nuclear-DNA-content data in the genus Blennius (Blenniidae: Perciformes)

The haploid DNA content and karyotypes of eight species of Blennius are studied. Six species had 2n=48, two had 2n=46.The karyotypes of these species have been compared with those of related species of the genus and it was suggested that pericentric inversions played an important role in the evolution of their karyotypes. No sex chromosomes were morphologically identifiable in these gonochorist species. The data are discussed in connection with possible lines of evolution within the genus.     

黄精属细胞分类学研究——Ⅲ.国产6种黄精的染色体数目和核型

本文对国产6种黄精的染色体数目和核型进行了研究,结果为:康定玉竹2n=28=6m+8sm+14st;狭叶黄精2n=30=12m+12sm+6st;毛筒玉竹2n=22=6m+6sm+10st;大苞黄精2n=22=4m+12sm+6st;轮叶黄精有两种细胞型,分别为2n=54和2n=58;点花黄精2n=90;此外,在部分类群中还发现有明显的杂合现象。作者通过与现有资料进行对比,对各类群染色体数目和结构变异的特点和机制进行了初步分析。     

Comparative cytotaxonomy of 3 species of Cichlasoma (Pisces: Cichlidae) native of Costa Rica]

The karyotype of three species of Cichlasoma: C. dovii, C. managuense and C. friedrichstali were studied. The number of diploid chromosomes is 2n = 48 in the first two species. Their karyotypes are composed of four pairs of meta-submetacentric chromosomes. The arms fundamental number (NF) is 56. C. friedrichstali has three pairs of meta-submetacentric chromosomes and 21 pairs of subtelocentric-telocentric chromosomes. This species presents two different diploid numbers, 2n = 48 and 2n = 47.     

Karyotypes of 5 species of Soricidae-Crocidura in the fauna of the USSR

The chromosomes of five Crocidura species have been studied by means of routine, G-, C- and Ag NOR-banding techniques. The karyotypes of the species with 2n = 40, i.e. C. gueldenstaedtii, C. suaveolens and C. sibirica, are identical. Short arms of the Y-chromosome of C. sibirica are larger. The karyotypes of C. leucodon (2n = 28) and C. zarudnyi (2n = 22) could be obtained as a result of tandem and centric fusion and pericentric inversions. Small amounts of heterochromatin were detected in autosomes of the species investigated. The Y-chromosomes are completely heterochromatic. Four NOR-bearing pairs are detected in the species investigated.     

蝙蝠科七种蝙蝠的核型

报道了贵州7 种蝙蝠科蝙蝠的核型。伏翼和印度伏翼的染色体数为2n = 26 , 常染色体都由10 对双臂染色体和2 对微小点状染色体组成, N.F = 44 , 性染色体是大小悬殊的端着丝粒染色体; 两者核型的主要区别在于前者的No.3 是中着丝粒染色体, 后者为亚中着丝粒染色体; 大鼠耳辐(四川亚种) 、水鼠耳蝠和西南鼠耳蝠的染色体数都是2n = 44 , 常染色体都由4 对中着丝粒染色体和17 对端着丝粒染色体组成, N.F = 50 , 其中大鼠耳蝠(四川亚种) 和水鼠耳蝠核型非常相似, 西南鼠耳蝠与前二者有一定区别; 山蝠(福建亚种) 是2n = 36 , 常染色体包括7 对中着丝粒染色体、1 对亚中着丝粒染色体和9 对端着丝粒染色体, N.F = 50 ; 南蝠2n = 50 , 常染色体由24 对端着丝粒染色体组成, N.F = 48 , X染色体是最大的中着丝粒染色体。     

C-heterochromatin pattern of ten species of tetrigids (Tetrigidae, Orthoptera)

The karyotypes of species belonging to the Tetrigidae is characterised by structural conservatism. The standard chromosome set of T. japonica, T. simulans, T. bolivari, P. meridionalis, U. depressus, and F. robustus consists of 2n = 13 acrocentric chromosomes in males and 2n = 14 in females, with a sex determining mechanism of X0 male and XX female. C-bands distribution often species belonging to 4 genera were studied. Differences in the position of C-bands and number of chiasma between species are discussed.     

Karyotype structure in species of Propsilocerus genus (Diptera, Chironomidae)

Karyotype structure and polytene chromosome banding patterns were studied in two Orthocladiinae siblings--Propsilocerus akamusi (China) and Propsilocerus jacuticus (Russia). Both species have haploid number of chromosome typical for Orthocladiinae (n = 3). An unusual structure of centromeric regions was observed in all three chromosomes of karyotypes in both species. Photomaps of polytene chromosomes are presented. A comparison of karyotypes of P. akamusi and Propsilocerus jacuticus revealed a high level of homology in their banding sequences, however, the presence of fixed paracentric inversions in chromosomal arms IR, IIR, IIIR of Propsilocerus jacuticus has shown a clear-cut phylogenetic divergence. No chromosomal polymorphism was found in both species.     

云南乌头属牛扁亚属的核形态研究

对云南乌头属牛扁亚属３种、１变种共９个居群的核形态进行了研究。其中弯短距乌头、粗花乌头和滇川乌头的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。所有种类的静止核和前期染色体形态基本相似,分别属于复杂中央染色微粒型和中国型;分裂中期染色体数目为２ｎ＝４ｘ＝３２,染色体类型通常为ｓｍ或ｍ,ｓｔ染色体少见,染色体从大到小逐渐过渡,核型的二型性不明显。结合有关资料,重点指出了乌头属不但在亚属之间,而且在牛扁亚属内也存在着较     

车前属两种植物的核型研究

本文对我国两种车前属Ｐｌａｎｔａｇｏ植物的核型进行了分析。２个种的染色体数目均为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１２。它们的核型是：海滨车前Ｐ．ｃａｍｔｓｃｈａｔｉｃａＬｉｎｋ,Ｅｎｕｍ．２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１２＝８ｍ＋４ｓｍ;毛车前Ｐ．ｊｅｈｏｈｌｅｎｓｉｓＫｏｉｄｚ．２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１２＝６ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。它们的核型均属“２Ａ”型。由１２条染色体组成。     

小檗科鬼臼亚科植物的核型研究

本文首次报道了中华山荷叶与川八角莲的核型,分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝８ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ＋２ｔ及Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝４ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）十４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｔ,核型类型均为ＺＡ型。本文报道的桃儿七及八角莲的核型与前人的结果有一定差异,前者为：Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝６ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ＋２ｔ,２Ｂ型,后者为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝１２＝８ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｔ,为２Ａ型。本文分析了小檗科鬼臼亚科４个属共７种植物的核型,结果是该类植物的核型极为相似,染色体数目均为２ｎ＝１２,由８条ｍ或ｓｍ,２条ｓｔ以及２条ｔ染色体组成。核型的相似性反映了这类植物的亲缘关系,这４个属的植物是一个自然类群。但随着系统发育,核型的不对称性有所增加,其中以山荷叶属最为对称,八角莲属居中,桃儿七属与足叶草属最不对称。笔者认为,核型上的高度相似是该类植物在系统发育上不发达,属内种类稀少,通常为寡种属或单种属的重要原因。     

六种云杉的核型分析

对６种（含１变种）云杉属植物的染色体数目及形态特征进行了分析研究。研究树种均为我国特有种,其中４种在本文中首次报道。分析材料全部取自各树种中心产区的原始林内。其核型公式：鳞皮云杉（Ｐ．ｒｅｔｒｏｆｌｅｘａ）Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２２ｍ＋２ｓｍ;云极（Ｐ．ａｓｐｅｒａｔａ）Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ;青插（Ｐ．ｗｉｌｓｏｎｉｉ）Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ＋１Ｂ;紫果云极（Ｐ．ｐｕｒｐｕｒｅａ     

伞形科3个种5个居群的核型分析

对伞形科前胡属(PeucedanumL.)2个种以及羌活属(NotopterygiumH.Boiss.)1个种3个居群的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。研究表明,它们的染色体数目均为2n=22,核型公式可分别表示为长前胡:2n=2x=22=22 m(1 SAT),属1A型;松潘前胡:2n=2x=22=20 m 2 sm,属2A型;宽叶羌活的3个居群分别是:马边大风顶居群1为2n=2x=22=6 m 12 sm 4 st,属2A型;马边大风顶居群2为2n=2x=22=12 m 4 sm 6 st,属2B型;屏山老君山居群为2n=2x=22=4 m 14 sm 4 st,属2A型。其中长前胡和松潘前胡的染色体数目和核型为首次报道。     

Chromosome Studies of 10 Chinese Species of Adenophora Fisch.

This paper is a cytological part of biosystematic studies on Adenophora Fisch. in Heilongjiang, China. Chromosomal numbers and karyotypes of 10 spp. and 1 var. are reported. The results are summarized in Table 1. The chromosomal numbers and karyotypes of 6 spp. and 1 var. are first reported, including tetraploid species (2n=68) (A. pereskiifolia var. alternifolia, A. amurica and A. gmelinii). The basic number of chromosomes in the genus is mainly 17 (x=17), but that of A. trachelioides and A. remotiflora (2n=36) is 18 (x=18), an unique one in the genus. The karyotypes of all the species examined are relatively uniform, which means that they are derived from a common ancestral type. The chromosomes are smaller, varying between 2-4 μm. The majority of chromosomes are m and sm ones. And a pair of sat-chromosomes and a pair of st chromosomes are always present. The centromeric terminalization value of chromosomes is 57.5-61.9%, showing higher symmetry of karyotypes in the genus. The karyotype of A. tetraphylla (2n=34) is the most symmetrical among these species. Based on its morphological characters and distribution, the species may be considered as a relatively primitive member of the genus. The results show two revolutionary trends in karyotypes of the genus: number variation (including polyploidy and aneuploidy) and structural variation. The polyploidy is one of the principal patterns of speciation in the genus. Combined with the other characters, these species are taxonomically discussed, and two new taxa (A. amurica Fu et Liu and A. pereskiifolia ssp. alternifolia (Fuh ex Y. Z. Zhao) Fu et Liu) are confirmed. A. trachelioides and A. remotiflora (both 2n=36) with obvious petioles seems more advanced than the other species (2n 34).     

Karyotaxonomical analysis in the genusAngelica (Umbelliferae)

Morphometric karyotype characters were studied in 25Angelica spp. (Umbelliferae, Apioideae) and in one species of the related genusTommasinia. For three species the chromosome numbers are new. In our study the majority of the species investigated are diploids with 2n = 22, some are tetraploids with 2n = 44 (for these tetraploids also diploid cytotypes are reported in the literature). Among the diploid species,A. miqueliana has a distinct karyotype consisting of submetacentric and acrocentric chromosomes only, the remaining diploids with 2n = 22 as well as tetraploids with 2n = 44 have rather symmetrical karyotypes, consisting of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. The very different chromosome number 2n = 28 has been found inA. gmelinii. Its karyotype includes two distinct groups of chromosomes: 8 pairs of rather large metacentrics and submetacentrics and 6 pairs of very short and asymmetrical chromosomes. Chromosome numbers and structures appear to be useful in the taxonomy of some intrageneric taxa inAngelica.     

Studies on pachytene and somatic chromosomes ofPhaseolus mungo L.

The pachytene and somatic chromosomes ofPhaseolus mungo L. (2n=22), were identified and classified on the basis of their relative length, arm ratio, chromomere pattern and nucleolar association. A comparison of the karyotypes during the somatic and pachytene stages, revealed that some chromosomes are of different relative lengths during the two phases. Thus, the two nucleolar organizer chromosomes are the 2nd and 3rd longest at somatic metaphase, but only 7th and 9th longest during pachytene. The pachytene chromosomes belong to the differentiated group.     

黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙不同地理居群的染色体多样性

本文研究温州地区的黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙的核型,分析了三个地理居群的黑星期五蟾蜍、四个地理居群的黑斑蛙、三个地理居群的中国雨蛙核型。结果表明不同地理居群的同种蛙有相同的染色体数和核型模式。黑星期五蟾蜍为2n＝22,NF＝44,核模式6＋5;黑斑蛙为2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;中国雨蛙为2n＝24,NF＝48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等有所不同。说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。     

三种小鲵和极北鲵的核型

本文报道了安吉小鲵（Ｈｙｎｏｂｉｕｓａｍｊｉｅｎｓｉｓ）、中国小鲵（Ｈ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、东北小鲵（Ｈ．ｌｅｅｃｈｉ）（辽宁桓仁）和极北鲵（Ｓａｌａｍａｎｄｒｅｌａｋｅｙｓｅｒｌｉｎｇｉ）（吉林白河）的核型。３种小鲵２ｎ＝５６,染色体按大小和形状分为大、中、小型双臂和小型单臂４组。极北鲵２ｎ＝６２,染色体按大小和形状可分为大、中、小型３组。对东北小鲵辽宁桓仁与辽宁千山标本核型的显著差异结合分类学问题进行了讨论。对３种小鲵核型进行了比较分析,并讨论了中国的小鲵属核型特点。比较了不同地区极北鲵核型的异同,并将其与小鲵属核型进行了比较。     

Reversal and convergence in marsupial chromosome evolution

The karyotypes of marsupial species are characterized by their relatively low number of chromosomes, and their conservation. Most species have diploid numbers lying between the two modes, 2n = 14 and 2n = 22, but the karyotype of Aepyprymnus rufescens is exceptional in containing 2n = 32 chromosomes. Many differences in diploid number between marsupial species can be accounted for by particular fissions and fusions, which are easy to detect because of the low numbers of chromosomes in each karyotype. This should be a system in which it is possible to detect reversals and repeated chromosome rearrangements. We have used chromosome-specific paints derived from A. RUFESCENS to compare the karyotypes of eight marsupial species, representing closely and distantly related taxa, to trace chromosome change during evolution, and especially to detect reversals and convergence. From these and other painting comparisons, we conclude that there have been at least three reversals of fusions by fissions, and at least three fusions or fissions that have occurred independently in different lineages.