长枝木霉对禾谷胞囊线虫的寄生和致死作用

【目的】明确长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的防治潜力和可能的作用机理。【方法】通过室内显微观察和测定不同时期长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum)孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫(H.avenae)胞囊的寄生和致死作用及其可能的机理。【结果】显微观察结果表明,侵染初期长枝木霉孢子寄生于胞囊的表面,并且萌发产生大量的菌丝,侵染后期整个胞囊被致密的菌丝包围,胞囊内卵的胚胎发育停止和内容物凝集,甚至有的胞囊表面突起形成深褐色的小液泡,或者胞囊破裂和溶解。室内测定结果表明,不同浓度长枝木霉孢子悬浮液对胞囊具有明显的寄生和致死作用,并且其可能的寄生和致死作用机理主要是通过胞囊诱导和提高长枝木霉菌几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和酪蛋白酶的活性,进而使胞囊体壁溶解和内容物外渗。处理后第18天浓度为1.5×108CFU/mL的长枝木霉孢子悬浮液对胞囊的寄生率为93.3%,第10天对胞囊孵化的相对抑制率为93.6%;经胞囊诱导后第4天浓度为1.5×108CFU/mL的长枝木霉孢子悬浮液几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶活性最高为0.78和0.96 U/(min·mL),第6天浓度为1.5×108CFU/mL的长枝木霉孢子悬浮液酪蛋白酶活性最高为4.03 U/(min·mL),并且诱导后其几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和酪蛋白酶活性随着长枝木霉孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而增加。【结论】长枝木霉对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫胞囊具有较强的寄生和致死作用,且可能的寄生和致死作用机理主要通过胞囊诱导和提高长枝木霉菌几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶和酪蛋白酶的活性。     

长枝木霉对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的致死作用

通过室内显微观察和测定不同时期长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫2龄幼虫的致死作用,初步研究了长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的防治潜力和作用机理.结果表明： 侵染初期大量分生孢子吸附或寄生于虫体体壁,并且在分生孢子寄生的部位出现明显的缢缩.侵染后期寄生于虫体的分生孢子萌发产生大量菌丝,并形成致密的菌网将虫体缠绕或穿透虫体体壁,甚至有的虫体完全被分解.不同浓度长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对2龄幼虫具有明显的致死和寄生作用,且不同浓度之间存在显著差异.致死和寄生作用随着长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液浓度的增加而增强,浓度为1.5×107 cfu·mL-1的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液处理后72 h,2龄幼虫的死亡率和校正死亡率分别为91.3%和90.4%,14 d后对2龄幼虫的寄生率为88.7%.表明长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的致死作用较强,该菌具有对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的防治潜力.     

蓖麻提取物对南方根结线虫的防治作用

通过毒力测定及盆栽试验,研究了蓖麻提取物对南方根结线虫的杀线活性及防治效果.结果表明:蓖麻碱及蓖麻水提液均具有较强毒杀线虫活性,蓖麻碱浓度为2g·L-1、处理48 h杀线虫活性最强,线虫校正死亡率达91.5％,LC50为0.6 g·L-1;蓖麻水提液浓度为100g·L-1、处理48 h杀线虫活性最强,线虫校正死亡率达83.5％,LC50为18.3 g·L-1;蓖麻碱、蓖麻水提液和蓖麻叶植物粉处理接种南方根结线虫的番茄苗后,植株平均根结数分别为(17.6±1.7)、(20.6±1.5)和(22.8±3.7),均显著低于对照(37.4±2.3),根长分别比对照提高46.8％、34.5％和33.8％,株高分别比对照提高33.5％、22.6％和15.8％,植株鲜质量分别比对照增加41.4％、18.9％和10.1％.蓖麻提取物能减轻线虫危害,对盆栽番茄南方根结线虫病控制效果明显.     

巨大芽胞杆菌luxAB标记菌株的根际定殖研究

通过三亲本杂交方法成功地用发光酶基因luxAB标记巨大芽胞杆菌ATCC14581,所获得的标记菌株ATCC14581-L在不同的条件下能稳定发光.将该标记菌株制成微生物接种剂,并利用土壤微缩系统将其接种小麦进一步研究它在小麦根际的定殖动态和散布规律.结果发现,ATCC14581-L在灭菌土壤中的定殖水平高于不灭菌土壤,在垂直方向上主要的定殖在0～7cm根段间,且随深度增加而降低.ATCC14581-L在小麦种后第7d之前就已达到最高定殖水平,在初始接种量为3.40×107cfu/g根情况下,第7d时灭菌土壤处理的根际菌数为2.54×105cfu/g根,而不灭菌土壤的根际菌数为8.87×104cfu/g根;随着时间的增长,定殖数量明显降低.     

硅酸盐细菌NBT菌株在小麦根际定殖的初步研究

对硅酸盐细菌NBT菌株进行了耐药性标记,得到稳定的链霉素抗性标记菌NBT菌株,采用选择性培养基分离计数,通过琼脂平板和盆栽试验,研究了标记菌NBT在小麦根际的定殖动态及影响因素。结果表明,在灭菌土盆栽中,播种后9d左右NBT菌株在小麦根际的定殖水平达最高(1．4×10^8cfu·g^-1根土),播种后54d左右趋向稳定,NBT菌株细胞数量为2．4×10^3cfu·g^-1根土;未灭菌土盆栽中,播种后9d左右NBT菌株的定殖水平达最高(3．8×10^8cfu·g^-1根土),60d左右趋向稳定,菌数为3．1×10^3cfu·g^-1根土,牛物和非牛物因素对NBT菌株定殖小麦根系有影响。     

长枝木霉对禾谷胞囊线虫寄生和致死作用的显微观察及测定

通过室内试验测定长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫胞囊的寄生和致死作用.结果表明： 不同浓度（1.5×10⁵～1.5×10⁷ cfu·mL^-1）长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫胞囊具有明显的寄生和致死作用,并且不同浓度的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液之间存在显著差异.第18天浓度为1.5×10⁷ cfu·mL^-1的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对胞囊的寄生率为96.7%,第22天对胞囊孵化的相对抑制率为91.2%.显微观察表明,侵染初期长枝木霉分生孢子附着在胞囊体表,并且萌发产生大量的菌丝寄生于胞囊体表,使〖JP2〗胞囊胚胎发育停止和内容物凝集,甚至有的胞囊出现畸形和表面形成深褐色的小液泡.侵染后期大量菌丝穿透胞囊体表,胞囊破裂,内容物外渗,有的胞囊体表菌丝形成分生孢子梗,其上着生卵圆形的分生孢子.表明长枝木霉可作为一种高效的生防制剂防治小麦禾谷胞囊线虫的发生与危害.     

蓖麻提取物和淡紫拟青霉对南方根结线虫的防治作用

通过杀线活性测定及盆栽试验,研究了蓖麻提取物和淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的杀线活性及防治效果.结果表明:蓖麻碱不影响淡紫拟青霉孢子的萌发.蓖麻碱和淡紫拟青霉均具有较强杀线活性,蓖麻碱处理对南方根结线虫的卵孵化抑制率和二龄幼虫死亡率分别达61.7%和59.2%,显著高于对照处理;蓖麻碱和孢子液复合处理接种南方根结线虫的番茄苗后,植株平均根结数为15±3,显著低于对照的平均根结数37±2,株高、鲜重和根长增长率分别比对照提高38.5%、44.0%和57.0%.说明蓖麻提取物和淡紫拟青霉能减轻线虫危害,对番茄南方根结线虫病控制效果明显.     

巨大芽胞杆菌luxAB标记菌株的根际定殖研究

通过三亲本杂交方法成功地用发光酶基因luxAB标记巨大芽胞杆菌ATCC1 4581 ,所获得的标记菌株ATCC1 45 81 L在不同的条件下能稳定发光。将该标记菌株制成微生物接种剂 ,并利用土壤微缩系统将其接种小麦进一步研究它在小麦根际的定殖动态和散布规律。结果发现 ,ATCC1 45 81 L在灭菌土壤中的定殖水平高于不灭菌土壤 ,在垂直方向上主要的定殖在 0～ 7cm根段间 ,且随深度增加而降低。ATCC1 45 81 L在小麦种后第 7d之前就已达到最高定殖水平 ,在初始接种量为 3     

淡紫拟青霉在大豆根际的定殖及对根际微生物的影响

温室实验证明淡紫拟青霉M－14菌株发酵液对大豆种子包衣,无菌土中种植1周后有1／10的生防菌能够在大豆根际定殖,其中内根际（根表与根内）可检测到菌剂包衣量的1／1000．第2周时内根际菌量提高10倍以上,4周后有所下降。2％NaClO表面消毒后,检测出植物根内也有少量淡紫拟青霉存在。大豆胞囊线虫感病土中,该菌3周后开始大量增殖。病土中引入菌剂,1周后根际其它各种微生物数量略有减少,真菌、细菌、放线菌分别减少16％、27％和27％,4周时均达到平衡,与对照一致。     

茶树内生木霉种的鉴定及其在植物体内的定殖

采用分离自健康茶树叶片组织的一株长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum菌株CSN-18,研究茶树内生木霉的人工接种、再分离及其在茶树地上部组织中的内生性。该菌在PDA培养基上生长速度快,产孢量大。用CSN-18回接茶苗,接种后一个月可以从茶苗的茎和叶组织中再分离获得该真菌。接种后的茶苗没有观察到明显的病害表现;与对照相比,接种后6个月组培苗生长良好,叶色更绿;接种后1个月,实生苗生长正常。通过石蜡切片和苯胺蓝染色,在已接种的茶树组培苗的叶片内部组织中可观察到木霉的存在,从而证明了木霉能够在茶树地上部组织内定殖,是茶树的一种内生真菌。     

接种木霉菌对黄瓜幼苗生长和根际土壤AM真菌侵染的影响

在盆栽试验中分别接种3株长枝木霉菌株Trichoderma longibrachiatum MF-1、MF-2和MF-3,以不接种木霉菌处理作为对照,研究木霉菌接种对土著AM真菌和黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,菌株MF-1和MF-2显著提高了AM真菌侵染率和根外菌丝密度,与对照相比,AM真菌侵染率分别提高了26.85%和54.66%,根外菌丝密度分别是对照的3.94和3.76倍。接种菌株MF-2使植株地上部生物量显著提高了39.07%。菌株MF-3显著提高土壤pH和土壤有效磷含量。Pearson相关分析发现,添加木霉菌后,AM真菌侵染率与根外菌丝密度和孢子密度均呈显著正相关关系,土壤pH与植株地上部生物量和土壤有效磷含量均呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,3株长枝木霉与土著AM真菌的联合作用效果有明显差异,菌株MF-1和MF-2显著促进AM真菌生长,菌株MF-2更有利于黄瓜幼苗生长,而菌株MF-3主要改善土壤pH和有效磷含量。将几种木霉菌复合应用,有助于达到联合促生和改善土壤环境的综合效果。     

Ralstonia solanacearum colonization of tomato roots infected by Meloidogyne incognita

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most serious diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Concomitant infection of R. solanacearum and root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita increases the severity of bacterial wilt in tomato, but the role of this nematode in disease complexes involving bacterial pathogens is not completely elucidated. Although root wounding by root‐knot nematode infection seems to play an important role, it might not entirely explain the increased susceptibility of plants to R. solanacearum. In the present study, green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐labelled R. solanacearum distribution was observed in the root systems of the tomato cultivar Momotaro preinoculated with root‐knot nematode or mock‐inoculated with tap water. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that GFP‐labelled R. solanacearum mainly colonized root‐knot nematode galls, and little or no green fluorescence was observed in nematode‐uninfected roots. These results suggest that the gall induced by the nematode is a suitable location for the growth of R. solanacearum. Thus, it is crucial to control both R. solanacearum and root‐knot nematode in tomato production fields to reduce bacterial wilt disease incidence and effects.     

Efficacy of Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the control of Heterodera avenae

Trichoderma longibrachiatum can be used for the control of Heterodera avenae in crops, but the effectiveness and possible mechanisms are unknown. Here we determined the efficacy and the mechanism responsible for the nematode control in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat seedlings inoculated with T. longibrachiatum at the concentrations from 1.5 × 10⁴ to 1.5 × 10⁸ spores ml^?1 significantly increased plant height, root length, and plant biomass; decreased H. avenae infection in both rhizospheric soil and roots; and enhanced chlorophyll content, root activity, and the specific activities of resistance-related enzymes (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase), compared to the control. Those reactions occurred soon after T. longibrachiatum inoculation and the effect reached the maximum 7–9 days after inoculation. Promoting competitive plant growth and inducing enzyme-trigged resistance serve as the main mechanism responsible for T. longibrachiatum against H. avenae. T. longibrachiatum can be considered an effective biocontrol agent against H. avenae in wheat.     

Efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum as a biocontrol agent in combination with humate and chitosan against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato

Abstract

A pot trial was conducted to estimate the role of Trichoderma harzianum alone or in combination with two organic substances, potassium humate and chitosan in controlling Meloidogyne incognita on tomato. All treatments caused greater decreases in parameters of M. incognita in comparison to the control treatment (nematode only) and this led to noticeable enhancements in growth and yield of tomato. The lowest numbers of eggmasses, eggs/eggmass, galls/root, females/root, and second stage juveniles/250?g soil were recorded due to the combination of T. harzianum (10¹⁰ spore/ml) with chitosan and potassium humate after 120 days from the transplanting of tomato seedlings. Also, this treatment showed the best promotion for all tomato parameters (lengths and weights of shoots and roots, and productivity). So, mixing chitosan, potassium and T. harzianum is highly recommended to be used as an effective bio-nematicide against M. incognita on tomato plants.     

Impact of Meloidogyne incognita on Physiological Efficiency of Vitis vinifera

Four-week-old French Colombard plants rooted from green cuttings were inoculated with 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, or 8,000 Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles and maintained at 25 C night and 30 C day. Leaf area and dry weight and the rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and internal leaf CO₂ concentration were measured at intervals up to 59 days after inoculation. Nematode stress dosage, measured as the product of cumulative number of juveniles and females and their total energy (calories) demand, was up to 3.4 kcal and accounted for up to 15% of the energy assimilated by the plants. There was a decline in the rate of leaf area expansion and leaf, stem, shoot, root (excluding nematode weight), and total plant dry weight with increasing nematode stress. Root weight including nematodes was not affected. Total respiration, plant photosynthesis, energy assimilated into plant tissue and respiration, and gross production efficiency decreased significantly with nematode stress. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and internal CO₂ concentration were not affected. This study demonstrates that the energy demand for growth and reproduction of M. incognita accounts for a significant portion of the total energy entering the plant system. As a result, less energy is partitioned into leaf area expansion which, in turn, affects the energy entering the system and results in decreased productivity of nematode-infected grape vines.     

Biological control of root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita infesting tomato

Talc based formulations of two antagonistic fungi, Acremonium strictum W. Gams and Aspergillus terreus Thom were tested separately and together for their ability to suppress the development of root-knot disease of tomato caused by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid & White in two consecutive trials (2007–08). Tomato seedlings were each inoculated with M. incognita at 2 infective second stage juveniles /g of soil. M. incognita caused up to 48% reduction in plant growth parameters compared to un-inoculated control. Control efficacy achieved by combined soil application of both fungi, in terms of galls/root system and soil population/50 ml of soil, was 66 and 69% respectively at 60 days of inoculation compared to control. Soil application by individual fungus did not achieve as much effectiveness as the biocontrol agents applied together. The combined treatment was found to have antagonistic effect on M. incognita development and increased plant vigor. Incorporation of fine powder of chickpea pod waste with talc powder was beneficial in providing additional nutrients to both plant and biocontrol agents and increased the activity of the nematophagous fungi in soil. A. strictum and A. terreus were successfully established in the rhizosphere of tomato plants up to the termination of the experiment.     

The potential of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae in controlling the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato and cucumber

Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes. This study was conducted to determine the nematicidal potential of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against M. incognita. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae spore suspensions and bio -nematicide, Purpureocillium lilacinum were applied. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae revealed considerable nematicidal activity against M. incognita in tomato and cucumber. The gall index decreased gradually from 8.0 for control to 3.2, 2.0 and 2.2 for B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and P. lilacinum in tomato, respectively. The highest reduction (%) in gall formation (control index) was calculated as 75.2 % in M. anisopliae treated group for tomato. The gall index was 7.6 for control, but decreased to 3.6, 2.0 and 2.2 for B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and P. lilacinum in cucumber, respectively. The highest control index was 71.7 % for M. anisopliae in cucumber. The number of the second instar juveniles of M. incognita was recorded as 2240 for control. However, this value reduced to 508, 332 and 328 by B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and P. lilacinum in tomato, respectively. The highest control indexes for the second instar juveniles were 85.2 % and 85.3 % for M. anisopliae and P. lilacinum in tomato, respectively. Alike, the highest control indexes were 84.9 % and 85.7 % for the same applications in cucumber, respectively. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae displayed also positive effect on the number of leaves, dry and fresh root weights of tomato. The results showed that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae can be considered as an alternative.     

Management of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) using silicon

Silicon (Si) has been reported to effectively manage some pests and diseases of plants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Si concentration, mode, and frequency of application in managing Meloidogyne incognita in cucumber. A susceptible cultivar of cucumber (cv. Cyclone) was planted in pots containing heat-sterilized soil. Three weeks after planting, the plants were inoculated with 1,000 juveniles/ pot. Uninoculated plants were provided to serve as control. Three concentrations of Si in the form of sodium metasilicate was applied on the leaves and roots alone and also on both the leaves and roots. Application was done once during the growing period and weekly until seven days before harvest. Leaf and root application of Si was found to significantly increase (p = 0.0029) the fresh top weight of inoculated and uninoculated plants. On the other hand, inoculation of root-knot nematode significantly increased the fresh root weight of cucumber which could be due to enlargement of roots or formation of galls. Interestingly, the inoculated plants gave significantly higher marketable yield than uninoculated ones. Application of Si at the rate of 200 ppm significantly increased the marketable yield compared to the higher rate of Si (400 ppm). At 200 ppm, one application of Si both on the leaves and roots significantly reduced the number of galls in inoculated plants. This was comparable to the same concentration applied continuously on the roots and at higher concentration (400 ppm) applied continuously on the leaves and on the roots. On the other hand, single root application of Si at the rate of 400 ppm gave the lowest number of eggmasses, however, it was comparable to the same Si concentration applied singly on the leaves and applied continuously both on the leaves and roots. These treatments, however, were at par with continuous application of the lower rate of Si (200 ppm) on the leaves and both leaves and roots.     

Nematode inhibiting organic materials and a strain of Trichoderma harzianum effectively manages Meloidogyne incognita in Withania somnifera fields

The usefulness of Trichoderma harzianum was tested along with farmyard manure, cow urine, neem oil seed cake, and vermicompost separately and in combination to manage Meloidogyne incognita in Withania somnifera. A treatment combination of nematode inhibitory vermicompost and T. harzianum was found to be most effective against M. incognita.