海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷分布与污染评价

从全流域尺度上研究海河流域水体沉积物碳、氮、磷元素含量与分布特征,对研究海河流域水环境污染现状具有重要意义.本研究采集海河流域河流与水库163个表层沉积物(0～10 cm)样品,测定沉积物有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的含量,运用有机指数与有机氮方法评价沉积物污染状况.结果表明: 海河流域沉积物TOC、TN、TP含量具有较大的空间异质性,下游平原区明显高于山区,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原含量较高,永定河山区、北三河山区、滦河流域含量相对较低,河流沉积物TOC含量显著高于水库沉积物,而TN、TP含量与水库沉积物没有显著差异.TN与TOC、TP含量呈显著正相关(r=0.704,P<0.01;r=0.250,P<0.01).全流域有机指数总体属于“较清洁”水平,北四河下游平原总体已接近有机污染水平.全流域有机氮总体处在“尚清洁”水平,北四河下游平原、黑龙港及运东平原流域存在有机氮污染.海河流域河流、水库沉积物具有相似的污染强度.沉积物C/N平均值为12.71,表明TOC多来源于藻类等浮游动植物,其次是高等植物,水库C/N值比河流高,陆源物质输入对水库沉积物TOC的贡献比对河流大.     

初春马来眼子菜分解对水体和底泥碳、氮和磷积累及释放的影响

通过实验室模拟初春温度(17℃)条件,研究了沉水植物马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus Miq.)分解过程对其有机碳、总氮和总磷的释放,水体和底泥中有机碳、总氮和总磷含量以及水体中铵态氮和硝态氮含量的影响,同时对水体N2和N2O的释放状况进行了分析。结果表明:在70 d的实验周期内,马来眼子菜分解迅速,至实验结束时植株失重率达到86.92%,植株中有机碳量、总氮量和总磷量分别较实验初始时降低了88.51%、88.93%和86.63%;底泥中有机碳、总氮和总磷含量分别较实验初始时增加了5.56%、17.06%和2.17%。在马来眼子菜分解过程中,水体中的溶解氧含量和氧化还原电位均较对照明显降低,并呈现在实验初期迅速下降然后逐渐增加并趋于稳定的趋势;水体中的有机碳、总氮、总磷以及铵态氮含量均较对照大幅度增加,并呈现在实验初期迅速上升然后逐渐下降并趋于稳定的趋势;而水体中的硝态氮含量则呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势。水体中N2和N2O释放通量较对照明显增加,且在实验中期N2和N2O释放通量达到峰值。研究结果表明:随时间推移,马来眼子菜向水体释放的磷大部分沉积到底泥中,而氮则部分沉积到底泥中、部分以气体形式(N2和N2O)逸出水体。     

不同地下水位灰化薹草分解过程中木质素降解与碳、氮、磷释放的关系

为研究湿地植物分解过程中木质素分解与碳、氮、磷元素释放之间的关系及其对不同地下水位环境梯度的响应,在鄱阳湖典型碟形湖泊-白沙湖设置了200 m×300 m分解试验样地,沿地下水位梯度划分4个试验样带(从湖岸到湖心依次为GT-A, GT-B, GT-C, GT-D),采用分解袋法模拟了典型湿地植物灰化薹草在不同地下水位环境的分解过程。结果表明,分解15 d后,地下水位的升高促进了木质素的分解和碳、氮、磷元素的释放;在分解第60—90天,碳、氮、磷元素的相对归还指数随着木质素分解速率的升高而显著增大,并且相关性程度随着分解时间先增强,后减弱;分解过程中土壤pH、含水量和微生物量碳、氮对木质素的分解和碳、氮、磷元素的归还具有显著的促进作用。研究结果将有助于深化对湿地植物分解和生物地球化学循环过程的认识,为湿地自然保护区的科学有效管理提供理论依据。     

摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放作用的研究

本文研究了摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放的影响,初步探讨了摇蚊在湖泊富营养化过程中的生态作用。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫能明显促进底泥中氮、磷的释放,而释放到水层中的氮、磷又容易被藻类吸收利用,从而促进藻类生长。这种生态效应与水体营养循环和富营养化的发生及发展过程间存在着重要的关系。     

摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放作用的研究

本文研究了摇蚊幼虫对底泥中氮、磷释放的影响,初步探讨了摇蚊在湖泊富营养化过程中的生态作用。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫能明显促进底泥中氮、磷的释放,而释放到水层中的氮、磷又容易被藻类吸收利用,从而促进藻类生长。这利,生态效应与水体营养循环和富营养化的发生及发展过程间存在着重要的关系。     

碳、氮、磷三因素对苏芸金杆菌的影响

近年来,Yousten,Rogoff,Aronson等人对于苏芸金杆菌的基本营养需要、代谢途径、伴孢晶体形成的基本要求和抑制晶体形成的因素等方面作了研究,为苏芸金杆菌制剂的生产提供了生理学依据。可是有关苏芸金杆菌对于     

云南杨梅碳、氮、磷化学计量特征

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)在植物生长和各种生理调节机能中发挥着重要作用。为研究云南灌丛生态系统C、N、P含量之间的关系以及植物生物量、土壤C、N、P含量与植物C、N、P含量的相互影响,该研究采用样地调查的方法,在云南省云南杨梅(Myrica nana)灌丛主要分布区设立了29个样地,通过测量样地中云南杨梅灌丛C、N、P含量,系统分析了云南杨梅C、N、P的计量规律。结果显示:1)研究区域云南杨梅根、茎、叶的C、N、P含量的平均值分别是45.94%、0.54%、0.03%,46.32%、0.58%、0.03%和49.05%、1.70%、0.06%(干质量),其中叶的C、N、P含量均显著高于茎和根。在根中C:N:P为1 531:18:1,在茎中C:N:P为1 544:19:1,而在叶中C:N:P为818:10:1,反映了云南杨梅不同部位元素计量不同的分配关系;2)云南杨梅叶片中C含量和N:P值随生物量的增加而降低,但只有叶片C含量与生物量的相关关系极显著,而N:P值与生物量的相关关系不显著。叶片中N含量和P含量随生物量的增加而升高,其中P含量与生物量的相关关系显著,N含量与生物量的相关关系不显著。云南杨梅叶的N:P(34.2)明显大于8,说明P是云南杨梅生长的限制因素。3)根的C、N、P含量与土壤中的P含量都有显著的相关性,其中N、P为极显著正相关,C为显著负相关;茎的C含量与土壤的C、N、P含量都显著负相关,且N、P含量的相关性极显著,而茎的P含量与土壤中的P含量极显著正相关;叶的P含量与土壤的C、N、P含量都极显著正相关,叶的C含量则与土壤的P含量极显著负相关。该研究结果可为西南高原灌丛生态系统的研究提供数据支持。     

微生物抑制剂对黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）分解过程及水体碳、氮、磷的影响研究

为了解微生物抑制剂对沉水植物衰亡分解以及水体碳、氮、磷的影响,在实验室模拟条件下研究了有无微生物抑制剂 条件沉水植物黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）的分解过程,以及对水体与底泥碳、氮、磷的影响,并将有微生物抑制剂作为实验组,无微生物抑制剂作为对照组。结果表明：实验组沉水植物分解损失量是对照组的2.09 倍。实验组释放的碳、氮、磷量分别是对照组的2.81、1.42、1.11 倍。实验组水体碳、氮、磷含量呈现先上升后下降的变化过程,而对照组水体碳、氮、磷达到最大值后,基本保持稳定。水体碳、氮、磷的最大值,实验组条件均大于对照组,微生物抑制剂对沉水植物的分解以及在沉水植物分解过程中,对水体营养物质产生了较大的影响。因此,在进行沉水植物模拟实验时需考虑微生物对沉水植物分解的影响。     

氮、磷对小新月菱形藻无机碳利用与碳酸酐酶活性的影响

在实验室条件下研究了氮磷浓度变化对小新月菱形藻无机碳利用与碳酸酐酶活性的影响,结果显示小新月菱形藻随培养液中氮、磷浓度的升高比生长速率明显提高。低氮浓度导致胞外碳酸酐酶活性丧失,但胞内碳酸酐酶活性依然存在。高氮浓度下胞内、外碳酸酐酶活性均明显升高。胞内碳酸酐酶活性在高磷浓度下明显升高,但胞外碳酸酐酶活性并没有受到磷浓度变化的影响。高氮、磷浓度培养下的小新月菱形藻的最大光合作用速率(Vmax)、对CO2亲和力(K0.5(CO2))和光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均明显提高。以上结果表明小新月菱形藻可以通过改变胞内、外碳酸酐酶活性调节无机碳利用以适应不同氮磷浓度的环境。     

太湖沉积物微生物生物量及其与碳、氮、磷的相关性

对太湖沉积物中微生物生物量碳(MBc)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBp),以及沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)进行测定并进行相关性分析,揭示太湖沉积物微生物对太湖沉积物营养盐的响应及反馈特征.结果表明:沉积物微生物生物量(MB)在湖体沿岸地区大于湖心区,平均值为184.66 mg·kg-1,MBc在西部沿岸区以及竺山湾和梅梁湾区域较高,平均值为127.57 mg·kg-1;MBN在梅梁湾、贡湖部分区域以及靠近梅梁湾和贡湖的湖心区域和东部沿岸区较高,平均值为19.25 mg·kg-1;MBp在东部沿岸区及其附近的湖心区最高,平均值为19.09 mg·kg-1;沉积物TOC高值区(≥2.30 g· kg-1)主要集中在竺山湾、西部沿岸区、梅梁湾、贡湖地区,平均值为1.59 g·kg-1;沉积物TN高值区(≥0.30g· kg-1)主要集中在贡湖、梅梁湾、竺山湾部分地区以及西部沿岸区,平均值为0.21 g·kg-1;沉积物TP高值区(≥1.20g·kg-1)主要集中在东部沿岸区以及湖心部分区域,平均值为0.55 g·kg-1;太湖沉积物TOC/TN在7～19,平均值为8.97,表明太湖沉积物中的有机质具有明显的双重来源,其中陆源有机质主要集中在西部沿岸区;太湖沉积物MB与沉积物TOC和TN呈显著正相关,与沉积物TP相关性不显著;沉积物MBc/MBN与沉积物TOC/TN显著相关.太湖沉积物微生物主要受沉积物TOC、TN影响,且沉积物TOC/TN的变化显著影响微生物群落结构.     

Cytotoxic cytochalasins from the endozoic fungus Phoma sp. of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai

Four new cytochalasin derivatives (1-4), together with cytochalasin B (5), were isolated from the fungus Phoma sp. obtained from the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai. The planar structure and relative stereochemistry were established by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data. The absolute configuration was defined by the modified Mosher's method. The compounds showed significant cytotoxicity against a small panel of human solid tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF 498, and HCT15) with IC(50) values in the range of 0.5-30 μM. The cytochalasin B (5) showed obvious cytotoxicity with IC(50) of 7.9 μM against HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells.     

Fine structure, histochemistry, and morphogenesis during excystment of the podocysts of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae)

Production of podocysts is the exclusive form of asexual reproduction by polyps of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai, which has been recurrently blooming in the East Asian seas in the last decade. Podocycts consist of a dome-shaped chitinous capsule with laminated structure that encapsulates a mass of cyst cells filled with granules containing nutrient reserves such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complexes are scarce in the cytoplasm of these cells, and the staining reaction for RNA is weak, indicating very low metabolic activity. Podocysts are capable of dormancy for at least 5 years without significant change of internal structure or nutrient reserves. Integrated information about spontaneous and artificially induced metamorphosis suggests that the following processes occur during excystment: (1) nematocyst formation in the internal cell mass, (2) stratification of the cell mass into endoderm and ectoderm, (3) extrusion of the cell mass through a gradual opening of the capsule, (4) formation of primordial polyp mouth and tentacles, and (5) metamorphosis to a polyp. We morphologically confirmed that N. nomurai podocysts have the capacity for long-term dormancy, an ability that should contribute to the periodic nature of the massive blooms of medusae of this species.     

Physical processes influencing the occurrence of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) around Jeju Island, Korea

The physical and biological processes affecting the spatialdistribution of the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai wereinvestigated in the northern East China Sea and southern YellowSea in July 2006, when large abundances of this jellyfish occurredin Korean waters. Well-characterized water masses were detectedduring the study period. These were the Tsushima Current water,Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water and Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW).The spatial distribution of Chl a concentrations estimated byocean colour imagery showed that the CDW flows to the northeast.The CDW was accompanied by high abundances of small and medium-sizedzooplankton (0.2–0.5 mm and 0.5–1.0 mm, respectively)and N. nomurai, in comparison with the other water masses. Large(1.0–2.0 mm) and macro-sized zooplankton (2.0–5.0mm) did not show a relationship with the CDW. The distributionof N. nomurai was very restricted and intimately related withthe CDW. In fact, large abundances only occurred in the westernboundary region of the CDW. The results were supported by Pearson’scorrelation analysis, which showed a positive relationship betweenthe CDW, small- and medium-sized zooplankton and the giant jellyfish.We conclude that the CDW had entrained N. nomurai into the watersoff the southwest coast of the Korean peninsula and it was thentransported into the Yellow and East/Japan seas.     

Low genetic diversity and lack of genetic structure in the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai in Chinese coastal waters

The giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai is a scyphozoan species well-known in East Asian Marginal Seas for its damage to fisheries. The genetic diversity and population structure of N. nomurai, collected from five geographic regions in Chinese coastal seas, were examined based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and nuclear internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) sequences. A total of 26 and five unique haplotypes were recovered from the COI and ITS1 genes, respectively. The overall genetic diversity of N. nomurai calculated by the COI and ITS1 sequences was low (haplotype diversity 0.727% and 0.108%, nucleotide diversity 0.212% and 0.039%). The median-joining network analysis revealed a star-like haplotype network. The hierarchical Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) of COI haplotypes showed that N. nomurai populations form a single population, with a low F_ST (0.0149, p?=?0.1036). The dispersal ability, together with the biological characteristics, could be important factors for the lack of a geographically structured pattern in N. nomurai in Chinese coastal waters.     

Influence of jellyfish blooms on carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and plankton production

Due to their boom and bust population dynamics and the enormous biomasses they can attain, jellyfish and ctenophores can have a large influence on the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This review initially summarises the biochemical composition of jellyfish, and compares and contrasts the mechanisms by which non-zooxanthellate and zooxanthellate jellyfish acquire and recycle C, N and P. The potential influence of elemental cycling by populations of jellyfish on phytoplankton and bacterioplankton production is then assessed. Non-zooxanthellate jellyfish acquire C, N and P predominantly through predation on zooplankton with smaller contributions from the uptake of dissolved organic matter. C, N and P are regenerated via excretion of inorganic (predominantly ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and phosphate (PO₄ ³⁻)) and dissolved organic forms (e.g. dissolved free amino acids and dissolved primary amines). Inorganic nutrients excreted by jellyfish populations provide a small but significant proportion of the N and P required for primary production by phytoplankton. Excretion of dissolved organic matter may also support bacterioplankton production but few data are available. In contrast, zooxanthellate medusae derive most of their C from the translocation of photosynthetic products, exhibit no or minimal net release of N and P, and may actively compete with phytoplankton for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Decomposition of jellyfish blooms could result in a large release of inorganic and organic nutrients and the oxygen demand required to decompose their tissues could lead to localised hypoxic or anoxic conditions. Guest editors: K. A. Pitt & J. E. Purcell Jellyfish Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Recent Advances     

东海区沙海蜇和浮游动物的分布特征

根据2003—2005年夏、秋季在东、黄海进行的大型水母监测调查资料,分析了沙海蜇及其分布区内浮游动物的数量动态分布特点,研究了浮游动物优势种的生态类型及其种间变化。结果表明:夏季沙海蜇主要分布于29°00′—34°00′N海域,秋季主要分布于31°00′—34°00′N海域;3年间,沙海蜇生物量逐年递减、分布范围逐年变小,但并不影响东海、黄海沙海蜇从夏季至秋季具有由东海北部向黄海逐渐移动的特点;沙海蜇分布海域浮游动物的高生物量密集区一般位于沙海蜇中心区的边缘区域;沙海蜇和浮游动物的生物量在空间分布上存在着明显的负相关关系;浮游动物优势种夏季为中华哲水蚤与长尾类溞状幼体,秋季为中华哲水蚤、肥胖箭虫和小齿海樽。浮游动物与沙海蜇的生物量变化有较好的对应关系,浮游动物生物量大小与主要优势种组成可作为分析年间沙海蛰是否暴发的重要参考。     

海水中藻菌共培养体系对碳氮磷的吸收转化

海洋环境中,细菌和微藻之间的物质交换是生源要素在自然界中迁移转化的重要方式。为进一步了解生源要素的生物地球化学循环,在实验室模拟条件下,研究了共培养体系中营养盐和有机物在细菌和微藻之间的转换。通过纯培养中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、天然海水中的细菌以及藻菌混合培养,分析了营养盐和有机物随藻菌生物量的变化情况,并计算了溶解有机碳(DOC)和溶解有机氮(DON)的浓度比值[(DOC/DON)a]。结果发现,在共培养体系中,细菌对中肋骨条藻的生长有抑制作用,对东海原甲藻影响不明显;中肋骨条藻有利于细菌生长,东海原甲藻抑制细菌生长,这种不同可能与微藻的粒径有关。海洋细菌在2种藻的指数生长均期均会促进微藻吸收氨氮(NH_4-N),但在生长末期NH_4-N以释放为主。硝氮(NO_3-N)的浓度与藻的生长呈负相关,但在衰亡期NO_3-N略有增加,表明NO_3-N再生所需时间较长。细菌对硝氮的吸收量较少,但对其再生有贡献。细菌和中肋骨条藻对磷酸盐(PO_4-P)的吸收存在竞争,但与东海原甲藻的竞争关系不明显。不同培养体系中DOC浓度变化不同,在藻菌共培养体系中增加较快,纯藻培养体系中增加缓慢,在纯菌培养体系中缓慢减少。通过对DOC与DON浓度比值的分析,发现用判断颗粒有机碳(POC)来源的方法可以分析DOC的来源。