鳊鱼和宽鳍鱲幼鱼流速选择与运动能量代谢特征的关联

为考察喜好激流环境的宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)和喜好缓流环境的鳊鱼(Parabramis pekinensis)的最适游泳速度和流速选择的关联以及运动能量代谢特征对流速选择的影响,在(25±0.5)℃条件下将实验鱼(n=13×2)单尾分别置于梯度流速选择仪(设定流速范围为18.6—102.7 cm/s,等距离划分为5个流速区域)中获取视频资料,采用Ethovision XT19软件分析视频资料并计算两种实验鱼在5个流速区域的平均停留时间百分比(P_t)和平均出入频率百分比(Pf);另外,使用游泳代谢仪测定两种实验鱼的临界游泳速度(U_(crit))和不同游泳速度下的运动耗氧率(M_(O2)),并计算出不同速度下单位位移耗能(COT)、最适游泳速度(U_(opt))、静止耗氧率(RMR)和净单位位移耗能(COTnet)。结果显示:鳊鱼的U_(crit)和RMR均显著小于宽鳍鱲(P0.05),但二者的最大耗氧率(MMR)无显著差异;随游泳速度的增加,两种实验鱼的M_(O2)均显著上升,尽管在较低游泳速度下,鳊鱼的M_(O2)和COT均小于宽鳍鱲,但在高游泳速度下则相反;两种实验鱼的U_(opt)分别为(6.20±1.29)体长(BL)/s和(11.56±1.57)BL/s,鳊鱼显著小于宽鳍鱲;两种实验鱼的COTnet随着游泳速度增加差异逐渐增大,鳊鱼显著高于宽鳍鱲(P0.05);两种实验鱼在最低流速区域(18.6—23.8 cm/s)的P_t和Pf显著大于其他速度区域(P0.05),由此可见两种实验鱼的偏好游泳速度(U_(perf))等于或小于(18.6—23.8 cm/s),然而鳊鱼在最低速度区域P_t和Pf均显著大于且在较高速度区域的P_t和Pf则均显著小于宽鳍鱲(P0.05)。结果表明:有别于过往研究的是两种实验鱼的U_(perf)均与U_(opt)偏离;在激流环境中生存的宽鳍鱲更加偏好较高的水流速度,生境水流对实验鱼的水流速度选择特征存在显著影响,这种影响的主要能量学机制与鱼类的运动能量效率有关。     

饥饿和温度驯化对中华倒刺鲃静止代谢和游泳能力的影响

为了探讨饥饿和温度驯化对中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼维持代谢和游泳运动能力的影响,在不同温度(15、25℃)条件下分别测定了经0(对照)、1、2、4周饥饿后中华倒刺钯的静止代谢率(M_(O_2_(rest))和匀加速最大游泳速度(U_(CAT))。饥饿和低温对M_(o_2_(rest))和U_(CAT)均有负效应。在高温条件下,实验鱼经1周饥饿后其M_(o_2_(rest))和U_(CAT)均显著下降(P0.05);但在低温条件下,仅4周饥饿组的M_(o_2_(rest))和U_(CAT)显著下降(P0.05)。U_(CAT)与M_(o_2_(rest))在不同的饥饿周期具有相似的变化趋势;在低温条件下,前期饥饿阶段M_(o_2_(rest))和U_(CAT)变化较小,后期饥饿阶段变化较大;但在高温条件下则相反。无论是在低温还是在高温条件下,U_(CAT)与M_(o_2_(rest))之间均呈显著线性正相关(P0.05),但低温组回归方程斜率显著高于高温组回归方程斜率(F_(1,4)=11.416,P=0.028)。在不同温度下,中华倒刺钯游泳运动能力对饥饿的反应不尽相同可能与维持代谢、生化反应速率、机体能量储存、代谢酶活性及底物利用类型等的差异相关,这种对策的差异可能是其对栖息地环境温度和食物资源季节性变化的适应。     

补偿生长对中国林蛙肝脏生化组成的影响

在室内环境条件下研究了不同饥饿程度和再投喂后中国林蛙肝脏中蛋白质、糖原和脂肪含量的变化,并对中国林蛙在补偿生长过程中能量来源的变化进行了分析.结果 表明,饥饿状态下,中国林蛙的能量消耗主要来源于肝糖原,其次是蛋白质,即饥饿时中国林蛙首先动用糖原和蛋白质提供能量.     

摄食和饥饿对大口黑鲈游泳运动能力和低氧耐受的影响

为了研究摄食和饥饿对鱼类游泳运动能力和低氧耐受的影响; 以大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)为对象, 在25℃下, 测定对照组(禁食2d)、摄食组(摄食后3h)和饥饿组(禁食16d)实验鱼的日常代谢率(RMR)、活跃代谢率(AMR)、代谢范围(MS)、临界游泳速度(U_crit)、临界氧压(P_crit)和失去平衡点(LOE)。研究显示摄食后实验鱼RMR显著提升, AMR没有显著变化, 而MS和U_crit显著下降(P<0.05); 饥饿后实验鱼RMR、AMR和MS均没有显著变化, 而U_crit显著下降(P<0.05); 摄食后实验鱼P_crit显著上升, 溶解氧(DO)高于P_crit时的代谢率(MR)与DO之间的关系的斜率显著大于对照组所对应的斜率, 而LOE没有变化(P<0.05); 饥饿后实验鱼P_crit和LOE均没有显著变化, 而DO 低于P_crit时的MR与DO之间的关系的斜率显著小于对照组所对应的斜率(P<0.05)。结果表明, 摄食削弱大口黑鲈游泳运动能力是因为“心鳃”系统对其有氧代谢能力的限制; 饥饿后大口黑鲈游泳运动能力下降可能与其无氧代谢能力下降相关; 摄食削弱大口黑鲈的低氧耐受, 而饥饿后其低氧耐受有所增强, 但大口黑鲈低氧耐受总体趋于保守。     

实验室条件下唐鱼两性异形及其与游泳能力关系

为了解唐鱼两性异形及其与游泳能力关系,检测了性成熟阶段唐鱼躯干部和鱼鳍形态特征以及爆发游泳速度(U_burst)和临界游泳速度(U_crit)在雌雄之间的差异,旨在从形态适应角度探究长期进化中雌雄唐鱼各自面对选择压力所产生的游泳能力差异及其机制,从而为野生唐鱼保护提供基础数据.结果表明: 雌性唐鱼的体长、头高、头宽、尾鳍面积以及吻端至枕骨后末端、腹鳍起点至背鳍末端等长度均与雄性无显著差异.而体高、体宽、腹鳍起点至背鳍起点等反映腹腔大小的形态参数以及吻端至背鳍起点、吻端至臀鳍起点、枕骨后末端至背鳍起点等反映躯干部大小的形态参数均显示为雌性显著大于雄性,但头长以及胸鳍面积、腹鳍面积、背鳍面积和臀鳍面积均显示为雄性显著大于雌性.对所有数据进行主成分分析,结果显示第1主成分贡献率为74.2%,负载量较大的是体长、头长、头高、体高、头宽、体宽以及各鳍之间距离等主要反映唐鱼躯干整体特征的参数;第2主成分贡献率为15.7%,负载量较大的是胸鳍面积、腹鳍面积、背鳍面积和臀鳍面积等主要反映鱼鳍特征的参数.唐鱼性别在第1主成分上无法区分,但在第2主成分却可以明显区分.根据体宽、胸鳍面积、腹鳍面积、背鳍面积和臀鳍面积等建立的性别判别方程对雌雄判断准确率达到91.8%～92.5%.唐鱼游泳能力测定结果显示,雌性U_burst与雄性无显著差异,但U_crit显著小于雄性.以上结果表明,雌雄唐鱼两性异形主要集中在与游泳能力相关的鱼鳍特征上.相比雄性,雌性唐鱼虽然胸鳍等鱼鳍面积较小导致其U_crit小于雄性,却具有更长的躯干部以保证其同样具有较高的爆发游泳能力,从而有利于在流速波动很大的溪流中躲避捕食和进行其他应急活动;相比雌性,雄性唐鱼则具有较大的鱼鳍面积保证其U_crit高于雌性,以利于日常活动及在繁殖过程中追逐雌性等相对持久性游泳运动.     

饥饿对小规格斑点叉尾鮰体重及鱼体生化组成的影响

将180尾初始体重为（41.9 ± 0.5）g的斑点叉尾鮰放养于18个室内容积为300L的水族箱中进行饥饿处理12周,每箱放10尾,每2周取样一次,研究长期饥饿胁迫下斑点叉尾鮰生长和鱼体生化组成的变化,尤其是肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸组成的变化。实验结果表明：斑点叉尾鮰的体重、肥满度、脏体比、肝体比和脂体比随着饥饿时间的延长显著降低（p < 0.05）;饥饿过程中全鱼的蛋白质、脂肪含量显著下降（p < 0.05）,水分含量显著增加（p< 0.05）,而灰分含量变化不大;肌肉中蛋白质含量前6周变化不显著（p > 0.05）,而6周后显著降低（p < 0.05）,脂肪、糖原和灰分含量随着饥饿时间的延长显著降低（p < 0.05）,水分含量显著增加（p < 0.05）;肝脏中的蛋白质和水分含量随饥饿时间的延长显著上升（p < 0.05）,粗脂肪和糖原的含量则显著下降（p < 0.05）;在12周的饥饿时间内,总的必需氨基酸所占的百分比变化不显著（p > 0.05）,而总的必需氨基酸和总的非必需氨基酸的比值显著增加（p < 0.05）;斑点叉尾鮰肌肉中总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸和n-6 系列脂肪酸的百分含量显著下降（p < 0.05）,而总的n-3系列脂肪酸含量显著增加（p < 0.05）。n-3/n-6脂肪酸的比值随饥饿时间的延长而显著升高（p < 0.05）。以上结果说明：斑点叉尾鮰在饥饿条件下优先动用机体的贮存性物质（脂肪和糖原）作为能源的供给物,而后才被迫动用组织或器官中的功能性物质蛋白质;长期饥饿胁迫下斑点叉尾鮰优先保留必需氨基酸及EPA、DHA等高度不饱和脂肪酸。     

饥饿对三疣梭子蟹初孵幼体(Z1)存活及主要生化成分的影响

研究了饥饿对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)初孵幼体(Z1)存活及主要生化组成的影响,同时分析饥饿期间的能量变化和能量来源。结果表明,1.三疣梭子蟹初孵幼体Z1的TI(初次死亡时间)、T50(50%死亡时间)和T100(100%死亡时间)的时间分别为2.5 d、6.0 d和9.5 d,饥饿第3 d,幼体活力显著下降;2.饥饿期间,幼体的蛋白质和脂肪含量显著下降,水分含量略有上升,脂肪/蛋白的值表现为高-低-高-低的变化趋势;3.饥饿期间,初孵幼体Z1体内的总能量显著下降,最初24 h的能量消耗最快,整个饥饿期间脂类、蛋白质供能比例分别为42.71%、57.05%。     

饥饿对太平洋鲑生长、机体组成及血浆相关生化指标变化研究

实验研究了太平洋鲑鱼(Oncorhynchus spp.)经8-32d饥饿后对其生长、体组成与血浆生化指标变化的影响。90尾初始重约为217g的太平洋鲑鱼放养于0.25m3的水族箱中0-32d,水温为(17.0±2.9)℃。实验分5组,分别为对照组(饥饿0d)、实验1组(饥饿8d)、实验2组(饥饿16d)、实验3组(饥饿24d)、实验4组(饥饿32d)。每组3个平行,每箱6尾鱼。结果表明:饥饿期间,太平洋鲑鱼存活率均为100%,相对体重损失率与饥饿时间直线回归方程为y=0.0086x(R2=0.9177),呈显著的正相关(P0.05);肠系膜脂肪是太平洋鲑鱼最主要的能量来源,与饥饿时间呈显著的负相关(P0.05),其直线回归方程y=-0.0719x±4.11(R2=0.9732);饥饿初期太平洋鲑鱼主要消耗肝脏糖原和脂肪、部分肠系膜脂肪和少许肌肉中脂肪维持生命活动,能耗较低;饥饿后期主要以消耗肠系膜脂肪、部分肌肉脂肪和少量蛋白质维持生命活动,能耗较高;血浆中脂肪分解酶和白蛋白无显著变化(P0.05),胆固醇、甘油三酯和高低密度脂蛋白有显著波动(P0.05),表明脂肪代谢活跃,免疫功能未受明显影响。研究表明太平洋鲑鱼能够有效地利用体内储存的脂肪,对饥饿的耐受能力较强。       

不同流速和饵料密度下食蚊鱼与唐鱼的摄食率比较

研究通过比较外来入侵物种食蚊鱼（Gambusia affinis）和土著濒危物种唐鱼（Tanichthys albonubes）在不同流速和饵料密度条件下的摄食特点来评价两者对溪流环境的适应能力。实验共设5 个流速梯度（0 bl/s,1.5 bl/s,3.5 bl/s,5.5 bl/s,7.5 bl/s）和3个饵料密度梯度（500 ind/L, 1 500 ind/L, 3 000 ind/L）。摄食一定时间后通过计数鱼体消化管内的丰年虫无节幼体个数来表示鱼的摄食率。实验结果表明,在不同流速和不同饵料密度下,唐鱼摄食率的变化幅度都小于食蚊鱼。食蚊鱼的摄食率显著受到水流速度和饵料密度以及两者交互作用的影响,表现为随着水流速度的上升而极显著地降低,而随着饵料密度的上升而极显著地升高。而唐鱼摄食率则随水流速度的增大而显著下降,但其摄食率不受饵料密度及其与水流两者交互作用的影响。     

广西鱼类一新纪录:唐鱼(鲤形目:鲤科)

于2008年在广西一山涧小溪发现了国家Ⅱ级保护野生动物唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)种群,属、种均为广西新纪录.与广东从化野生唐鱼比较,广西唐鱼背鳍、腹鳍和臀鳍有明显黑色斑纹,尾柄较高,广西唐鱼种群在可量性状主成分分析上与广东从化唐鱼野生种群可以明显区分开来.我们还对唐鱼栖息地生境与环境进行了调查,栖...     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000