ACC脱氨酶基因转化白兰瓜的初步研究

用带有ACC脱氨酶基因和卡那霉素抗性基因（NptⅡ,作为报告基因）的工程根癌农杆菌转化白兰瓜子叶。通过组织培养,得到具有卡那霉素（Km)抗性的再生小苗,经NptⅡ报告基因的PCR扩增,ACC脱氨酶基因的Southern点杂交以及ACC脱氨酶活性的生理生化检测可知,ACC脱氨酶基因已成功转入白兰瓜子叶再生小苗,而且不同植株的真叶中表现出不同水平的ACC脱氨酶活性。     

大肠杆菌腺苷脱氨酶基因的克隆、表达与缺失

利用途径工程的基本原理,拟在大肠杆菌核苷酸代谢途径中构建腺苷（AR）转化为腺苷三磷酸（ATP）的新途径,故需使细胞内的腺苷脱氨酶基因（add）缺失。通过构建大肠杆菌MC4100　DNA的基因文库,筛选得到含腺苷脱氨酶基因的DNA片段。构建表达质粒pBD1和pBD2并实现了表达。在此基础上构建了add基因缺失的带卡那霉素抗性基因的线性52kb DNA分子,同时转化JM83、MC4100、BL21（DE3）。经遗传稳定性实验和DNA分子杂交鉴定,确认得到了来自JM83的两株add基因缺陷株J1和J2。再对菌株J1、pUC18／JM83、pBD1／JM83的细胞粗提液做腺苷脱氨酶的酶活鉴定比较,结果表明则没有腺苷脱氨酶活性,pBD1／JM83有比pUC18／JM83强的腺苷脱氨酶活性。     

大肠杆菌腺苷脱氨酶基因的克隆表达

将大肠杆菌K12菌株来源的腺苷脱氨酶基因(add)克隆到载体pET-28a中,并转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行表达。通过IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE检测和酶活性的测定发现,重组菌表达产生大量腺苷脱氨酶,活性达到51.07U/mg蛋白。通过酶性质的研究,腺苷脱氨酶对腺苷最适pH和温度分别为7.5和40℃,且在40℃下维持稳定。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌LcrV基因的克隆及序列分析

为了研究鼠疫耶尔森氏菌（Y.pestis）保护性抗原V蛋白,从基因库中查得Y.pestis LcrV基因DNA序列,针对序列设计合成了一对PCR扩增引物,以本所保存的Y.pestis菌种为模板进行基因扩增,结果获得长约980bp的DNA片段。将扩增产物回收纯化,克隆至pGEM-T载体,构建重组载体pGEN-T/ypV,经过PCR,酶切鉴定,并对pGEM-T/ypV中的V基因片段进行测序,分析测序结果与己知序列相同,表明获得了LcrV基因。     

稻瘟菌无毒基因研究进展

无毒基因编码的产物激发病原物与植物特异性相互作用。水稻与稻瘟菌之间的特异互作符合“基因对基因”关系。从研究稻瘟菌无毒基因的意义、已鉴定和克隆的稻瘟菌无毒基因、稻瘟菌无毒基因与其抗病基因的互作特点等几个方面,对稻瘟菌无毒基因研究进展作了简要评述 。     

稻瘟菌无毒基因的分子检测及其指纹类型分析

针对稻瘟菌中Avr-Pita与AvrPiz-t两个无毒基因,设计特异性引物,利用PCR方法对吉林省103株稻瘟菌菌株进行分子检测,并结合AVR-Pib、AVR-C039、PWL2和ACE1 4个无毒基因在其中85个菌株中的分布情况,绘制出基于这6个无毒基因的指纹类型.结果表明,Avr-Pita基因和AvrPiz-t基因在吉林省稻瘟菌中的分布频率分别为86.41%和62.14%;建立的指纹类型显示,85株稻瘟菌分布于9种类型中,其中类型1为主要类型,其分布频率为40.00%:根据30个已知生理小种的菌株在指纹类型中的分布情况,初步发现类型7与吉林省优势生理小种ZE1可能存在对应关系,并应用于稻瘟菌优势生理小种的特异性分子检测;其他指纹类型与中国生理小种并无明显对应关系.明确了无毒基因Avr-Pita与AvrPiz-t在吉林省稻瘟菌中的分布情况,构建了无毒基因的指纹类型,为水稻抗瘟育种和稻瘟菌优势小种的分子监测提供理论依据.     

稻瘟菌Ⅰ型烯醇化酶基因全长cDNA的电子克隆

利用电子克隆技术从稻瘟菌中克隆到一个新的Ⅰ型烯醇化酶全长cDNA,暂命为MgEno-1。MgEno-1全长1571核薯酸,其预测的ORF为1317核苷酸,共编码438个氨基酸。起始密码子ATG位于第53位,终止密码子TAA位于第1369位。序列分析表明该烯醇化酶与丝状真菌中已报道的其它烯醇化酶高度同源,且长度一致,这暗示烯醇化酶基因进化上高度保守,甚至有可能像18SrRNA一样可作为进化尺度。这将是第一个用电子克隆技术从稻瘟菌中克隆到的基因。     

稻瘟菌无毒基因研究进展

稻瘟菌是引起水稻稻瘟病的病原物。水稻与稻瘟菌间存在广泛而特异的相互作用,是研究寄主与病原物互作的重要模式系统。本文对稻瘟菌与水稻互作最重要的激发子―无毒基因的研究现状进行了概括,讨论了无毒基因的定位、克隆方法以及已克隆无毒基因的功能及进化研究,同时对今后无毒基因研究的重要方向进行了探讨,为深入理解无毒基因的功能及与水稻可能的互作关系奠定了基础。     

米曲霉木糖还原酶基因的克隆及序列分析

木糖还原酶（XR, EC 1.1.1.21）是真菌微生物代谢木糖的关键酶之一。本文以米曲霉基因组DNA为模板,克隆木糖还原酶基因（xr,GenBank登录号：FJ957890.1）,并对XR的序列、系统进化树、理化性质及蛋白结构等进行生物信息学分析。结果表明： xr基因序列长1449 bp,其中开放阅读框长960 bp,编码319个氨基酸,蛋白质分子质量35.9 kDa,等电点为5.78;米曲霉XR与其他菌种XR有较高的同一性,含有醛酮还原酶家族的两个指纹结构和一个参与辅酶结合活性位点指纹结构,以及醛酮还原酶家族典型的（β/α）8 TIM桶结构,说明米曲霉XR属于醛酮还原酶家族。     

Transformation of Aspergillus terreus with the hygromycin B resistance marker from Escherichia coli

Aspergillus terreus was transformed to hygromycin B resistance using a bacterial resistance gene under the control of Aspergillus nidulans regulatory sequences. Southern hybridization of transformants indicated that in most of the cases the vector DNA was integrated into the recipient chromosome in the form of tandem arrays. Transformants were mitotically stable in both selective and non-selective medium and retained their capacity to produce xylanase or glucoamylase activities.     

Chemical and Physicochemical Properties of Phytase from Aspergillus terreus

Some chemical and physicochemical properties of the purified phytase preparation produced by Asp. terreus were investigated. From the results of the examination of amino acid analysis, it was suggested that there existed some components other than amino acids in the purified enzyme. Examination of the neutral sugar analysis, therefore, was made by gaschromatography, and it was found that the purified enzyme preparation contained mannose, galactose and a small amount of inositol.

The molecular weight of the enzyme was found to be 214,000 by the Archibald method, and 2.2~2.3×10⁵ by gel-filtration on a Sephadex G–200 column. It was found that by guanidine hydrochloride or by urea, the purified enzyme preparation was dissociated into only one kind of subunit. The native enzyme was supposed to be a homohexamer of the subunits whose molecular weight is 37,000.     

Production of itaconic acid from pentose sugars by Aspergillus terreus

Itaconic acid (IA), an unsaturated 5‐carbon dicarboxylic acid, is a building block platform chemical that is currently produced industrially from glucose by fermentation with Aspergillus terreus. However, lignocellulosic biomass has potential to serve as low‐cost source of sugars for production of IA. Research needs to be performed to find a suitable A. terreus strain that can use lignocellulose‐derived pentose sugars and produce IA. One hundred A. terreus strains were evaluated for the first time for production of IA from xylose and arabinose. Twenty strains showed good production of IA from the sugars. Among these, six strains (NRRL strains 1960, 1961, 1962, 1972, 66125, and DSM 23081) were selected for further study. One of these strains NRRL 1961 produced 49.8 ± 0.3, 38.9 ± 0.8, 34.8 ± 0.9, and 33.2 ± 2.4 g IA from 80 g glucose, xylose, arabinose and their mixture (1:1:1), respectively, per L at initial pH 3.1 and 33°C. This is the first report on the production of IA from arabinose and mixed sugar of glucose, xylose, and arabinose by A. terreus. The results presented in the article will be very useful in developing a process technology for production of IA from lignocellulosic feedstocks. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1059–1067, 2017     

Cloning and functional characterization of the cis-aconitic acid decarboxylase (CAD) gene from Aspergillus terreus

A filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus produces itaconic acid, which is predicted to be derived from cis-aconitic acid via catalysis by cis-aconitic acid decarboxylase (CAD) in the carbon metabolism of the fungus. To clarify the enzyme's function and a pathway for itaconic acid biosynthesis, we cloned a novel gene encoding the enzyme. The open reading frame of this gene (CAD1) consists of 1,529 bp encoding 490 amino acids and is interrupted by a single intron. Among the identified proteins in the database, the primary structure of the protein encoded by CAD1 shared high identity with the MmgE/PrpD family of proteins, including a number of 2-methylcitrate dehydratases of bacteria. The cloned gene excluding an intron was introduced into the expression plasmid pAUR-CAD1 controlled by the ADH1 promoter. The CAD activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confirmed by directly detecting itaconic acid as a product from cis-aconitic acid as a substrate. This result reveals for the first time that this gene encodes CAD, which is essential for itaconic acid production in A. terreus.     

米曲霉木聚糖酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的:构建米曲霉木聚糖酶基因的真核表达载体,并转化巴斯德毕赤酵母,进行分泌表达。方法:以米曲霉总RNA为模板,根据已知的米曲霉木聚糖酶基因序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆木聚糖酶基因cDNA序列,将其与pPIC9K质粒连接构建表达载体后转化毕赤酵母,经MM/MD快慢斑筛选,得到Muts型重组子,进行甲醇诱导表达。结果:克隆得到的cDNA序列全长666 bp,连续编码221个氨基酸;阳性克隆子在诱导培养数天后,将菌液点于RBB-木聚糖平板上,产生了明显的透明圈,表明重组木聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中获得表达。结论:木聚糖酶基因的真核表达载体构建成功,并能够在毕赤酵母中表达。     

A macrokinetic modelling of the biosynthesis of lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus

In this work a simple kinetic model to describe the biosynthesis of lovastatin by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 was proposed. Several series of experiments were conducted at different media compositions. The concentrations of C- and N-sources were changed over a wide range and so were the initial biomass concentrations. From these runs the relationships ruling the substrates uptake, biomass and product formation were learnt. Lovastatin biosynthesis appeared to be partly growth associated. The inhibitive effect of organic nitrogen on lovastatin biosynthesis was found and lactose appeared to be an important limiting substrate in the formation of lovastatin. The parameters of the model were evaluated on the basis of the kinetic data obtained in the separate experiments made in triplicate at two chosen media compositions. Other results obtained at different media compositions were independent of the ones mentioned above and used for the verification of the model. The validity of the model was also examined for the lactose-fed fed-batch run. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was performed. The formulated model, although relatively simplified, described the experimental data quite well and could be regarded as the background for further attempts to mathematically describe the process of lovastatin biosynthesis.     

Purification and biochemical characterization of feruloyl esterases from Aspergillus terreus MTCC 11096

Aspergillus terreus MTCC 11096 isolated from the soils of agricultural fields cultivating sweet sorghum was previously identified to produce feruloyl esterases (FAEs). The enzymes responsible for feruloyl esterase activity were purified to homogeneity and named as AtFAE‐1, AtFAE‐2, and AtFAE‐3. The enzymes were monomeric having molecular masses of 74, 23 and 36 kDa, respectively. Active protein bands were identified by a developed pH‐dependent zymogram on native PAGE. The three enzymes exhibited variation in pH tolerance ranging between pH 5–8 and thermostability of up to 55°C. Inhibition studies revealed that the serine residue was essential for feruloyl esterase activity; moreover aspartyl and glutamyl residues are not totally involved at the active site. Metal ions such as Ca²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺ stabilized the enzyme activity for all three FAEs. Kinetic data indicated that all three enzymes showed catalytic efficiencies (k_cat/K_m) against different synthesized alkyl and aryl esters indicating their broad substrate specificity. The peptide mass fingerprinting by MALDI/TOF‐MS analysis and enzyme affinity toward methoxy and hydroxy substituents on the benzene ring revealed that the AtFAE‐1 belonged to type A while AtFAE‐2 and AtFAE‐3 were type C FAE. The FAEs could release 65 to 90% of ferulic acid from agrowaste substrates in the presence of xylanase. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:924–932, 2013