中国北方广布野豌豆细胞地理研究

对中国北方8个产地的广布野豌豆Vicia cracca L.种群的核型进行了对比研究,发现不同种群的染色体数分别是12、14和24。支持12条染色体类型由14条染色体类型通过罗伯逊易位所形成的观点。12条染色体类型和24条染色体类型在植物外部形态上没有可识别的差异,在分类学上应作同一单元处理。14条染色体类型的植物具有形态上可以识别的性状,可作为变种或亚种处理。     

中国北方化石昆虫群的建立及其演化序列(英文)

作者几十年来已积累了众多的中国北方古生代晚期、中生代和第三纪的昆虫化石标本,对其长期的系统研究结果表明：中国北方昆虫化石演化序列可以划分为三个大的演化阶段,即古生代晚期、中生代和第三纪演化阶段,其中包含14个昆虫群虫和29个昆虫组合。这些昆虫群及其组会既反映了北方昆虫在地质历史上兴衰的发展规律,也为地层划分、对比与地质时代的鉴定提供了依据。     

中国北方"第四纪(或亚代)"环境变化与大哺乳动物演化

地质年表2004的筹备和发表使关于“第四纪”概念、时限、阶元的讨论达到了高潮。目前的情势是,其下限下移至～2．6 Ma几乎已成定局;其阶元究竟是“纪”还是“亚代”正在表决中(初步表决倾向于后者)。这样一来,“第四纪”就包括以海相地层为基础建立的晚上新世、更新世及全新世三大部分。中国北方“第四纪”大哺乳动物的研究已有很长的历史。现在应该根据新的情势重新审视其演化的阶段性及其与～2．6 Ma以来环境变化之间的关系。对环境变化和大哺乳动物化石已有资料的分析表明:1)-2．6 Ma是北极冰盖大规模扩大,季风气候急剧加强,黄土开始在中国北方大面积沉积,哺乳动物群发生重大变化的时期。大量三趾马动物群特有的成员在此之前灭绝。2)～2．6至1．3 Ma是古老“第四纪”类型繁盛的时期。真马(Equus)和巨颏虎(Megantereon)从北美经过白令陆桥进入欧亚;一大批欧亚大陆起源的新属出现,如Eirictis,Meles,Crocuta,Coelodonta,Eucladoceros,Elaphurus,Leptobos等。这一时期后期的气候,从黄土粒度曲线变化幅度普遍较小判断,应该相对比较稳定,较为温和。3) 1．3-0．13 Ma为中华大角鹿(Sinomegaceros)异常繁盛的时期。一大批以周口店动物群为代表的典型中更新世的种类出现,如与狼接近的变异狼、中国硕鬣狗、意外巨颏虎、基什贝尔格犀等。这一时期之初有相当数量的东洋界分子越过秦岭进入中国北方的南部,如大熊猫、东方剑齿象、巨貘、毛冠鹿、鬣羚等。这一时期的气候起伏大,有明显逐渐变冷的趋势。从黄土粒度曲线看,至少有3次明显的冷期和一次较长的暖期(L15,L9,L2和S5)。因此,这一阶段是可以再分的,但这需要对哺乳动物化石和动物群的年代进行更为深入的研究。4)0．13～ 0．011 Ma出现大量现生种,如普氏野马、野驴、野猪、盘羊等;一些晚更新世特征的类型出现, 如猛犸象、原始牛和具有奇特角枝的中华大角鹿等;在东北还出现了驼鹿化石。这一时期的气候波动不大,相对较温和。哺乳动物群所反映的特点应该是适应于寒冷气候的动物在较温和的气候条件下的辐射适应与新生现生种类的混合。5)0．011 Ma～现代,适应于寒冷气候的特殊类型,如猛犸象、披毛犀等灭绝。上述4个哺乳动物演化阶段自下至上可以NCMQ1～4代表之。其中NCMQ1-2之间的界限与现在“第四纪”所包含的晚上新世—早更新世及早—中更新世的界限(1．8 Ma和0．78 Ma)并不一致。这种划分和北美及欧洲的哺乳动物分期都比较接近。北美的Blancan和Irv- ingtonian的分界约为1．35 Ma;而欧洲维拉方期的顶界也在1．1～1．4 Ma之间。NCMQ3和 NCMQ4则与晚更新世及全新世相对应。     

INDIVIDUAL AND SUBSTANCE DIFFERENCES IN THE DISCRIMINABILITY OF OPTICAL ISOMERS

An analysis of the discriminability of 10 enantiomeric pairsof substances revealed both significant individual differencesamong the 31 Ss and significant differences in discriminabilityof the substances. Since a significant S by substance interactionwas found, a factor analysis was applied to the data. Two factorswere found. It was suggested that different protein bindingsites would account for the results. ^* Supported in part by a grant from the Research Committee,University of California, Los Angeles.     

华北晚新生代哺乳动物的进化事件及其与欧美的对比

本文记述了过去300万年内在华北地区所发生的9次哺乳动物的进化事件:1.真象最低层位(距今约300万年);2.真马最低层位(距今约250万年);3.狼的最低层位(距今185—190万年);4.葛氏斑鹿最低层位(距今约140万年);5.丽牛最高层位(距今约90万年);6.丁氏鼢鼠最高层位(距今约62万年);7.中国鬣狗最高层位(距今约24万年);8.原始牛最低层位(距今约12.7万年);9.更新世末绝灭事件(距今约1.1万年)。本文将它们与欧美的进化事件进行了初步的对比。     

ESTABLISHMENT OF FOSSIL ENTOMOFAUNAS AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESSION IN NORTH CHINA*

Abstract According to a systematic study of large numbers of fossil insects collected from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary strata in North China, three evolutionary mega-stages of fossil insects including 14 fossil entomofaunas and 29 entomassemblages have been established. These insect faunas reflect their order or law of evolution—the history of their rise and fall, and form their evolutionary succession in North China. Such a history provides an important reference not only for understanding fossil insects through time, but also showing for stratigraphical correlation.     

CONTOURS OF AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE CHINESE STATE: POLITICAL STRUCTURE, AGENCY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL CHINA

Anthropologists have long been inclined to view China from the perspective of a state-society dichotomy. In this model, the inevitable consequence of economic reform is that – especially at the local level – the state must yield more and more of its power to entrepreneurs, foreign investors, non-state organizations, and local communities. Not only does this approach distort the role of the state in society, but by placing the state above and outside society it also excludes it from the anthropological gaze. This article proposes an anthropology of the Chinese state which does not merely view the state in society, but also investigates the state itself as society. Drawing on fieldwork in northeastern Yunnan province, I illustrate this general point by investigating the changing role of the local state in economic development. This agenda for an anthropology of the Chinese state resonates both with the recent 'reinvention' of the subfield of political anthropology with its focus on governmentality, policy, and rights, and with recent calls by political scientists for the development of an interdisciplinary anthropology of the developmental state.     

华北板块西缘甘肃平凉上奥陶统平凉组灰岩微相和沉积环境

甘肃平凉官庄剖面为上奥陶统平凉组的建组剖面,出露其完整的地层序列,主要由细砂、粉砂级颗粒的碎屑岩和灰岩构成。该地区在平凉组沉积时期的构造背景属华北板块西部,位于鄂尔多斯古陆西缘。对官庄剖面平凉组灰岩夹层开展的微相分析显示其中含有丰富的泥状灰岩砂屑,生屑种类含量偏低且破碎程度高,无浅海区特有的沉积构造,海水深度不利于底栖生态群落栖居。灰岩的沉积学机制指示鄂尔多斯古陆西南海区存在较陡的海底地貌,这些内碎屑不是原地或近原地沉积的,它们最初产生于浅海碳酸盐岩台地,经重力流、等深流长距离搬运后到达接近秦岭-祁连海槽的深水区沉积。     

我国北方地区裸胞壳属(Emericela)的种

对１４０２份来自于东北、华北及西北地区的土样进行裸胞壳属（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａ）菌的分离。结合菌落形态及扫描电镜下子囊孢子的形态将各菌鉴定到种。结果表明我国北方地区分布有８个种,１个变种,分别是无冠裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａａｃｒｉｓｔａｔａ）、皱折裸胞壳（４Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｃｏｒｒｕｇａｔａ）、茴香裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｆｏｅｎｉｃｕｌｉｃｏｌａ）、宫治裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｍｉｙａｊｉ）、构巢裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓｖａｒ．ｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ）、构巢裸胞壳宽脊变种（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓｖａｒ．ｌａｔａ）、四脊裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｑｕａｄｒｉｌｉｎｅａｔａ）、褶皱裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｒｕｇｕｌｏｓａ）及波状裸胞壳（Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｕｎｄｕｌａｔａ）。除银川地区以Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａａｃｒｉｓｔａｔａ为优势菌外,各地区以Ｅｍｅｒｉｃｅｌａｎｉｄｕｌａｎｓ最为常见。文中对常见菌种进行了简要的概述,对在我国较少见的种进行了详细的描述和讨论     

中国北方棉蚜对杀虫剂的抗药性(英文)

棉蚜(Aphis gossypu Glover)是我国北方棉区的主要害虫。自1953年开始使用有机磷杀虫剂对硫磷和1059等防治棉蚜以来,田间喷雾浓度和使用次数逐年增大,棉蚜产生的抗性。80年代使用高效拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯等,三年后棉蚜抗性增长了171倍,有些地区达3230倍。此文报道棉蚜的抗性机制的研究结果,证实了棉蚜抗性与杀虫剂穿透能力降低、多功能氧化酶、α-乙酸萘酯酶和α-乙酸萘酯羧酸酶的活力增加、乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂敏感性的降低有关。在这基础上进行增效剂SV_1对多种有机磷和拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的增效试验,得出SV_1对防治抗性棉蚜有明显的增效作用,能延缓抗性的发展。并研究了杀虫剂抗性的防治策略及综合治理措施,为防治棉蚜抗性和延缓抗性发展取得了较好的效果。     

INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE OF COTTON APHID IN NORTH CHINA

Abstract  The cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii Glover) is one of the most important pests infesting cotton in the cotton areas of North China. Since 1953 organophosphorus insecticides such as parathion and systox have been used to control the aphids for keeping up good yield of cotton. After several years. the concentration and the amount of spray were increasing in the field. In the early 1980's highly effective pyrethroid insecticides such as decis and sumicidin were largely imported into China. When first used 2. 5% decis emulsion was diluted in the ratio from 1:10000 to 1: 12000. However in 1985 the resistance of cotton aphid to pyrethroids increased by 171 times in general, 3230 times in some cotton fields. Thus it has prompted us to investigate the mechanism of resistance to insecticides and to search for the strategy to control the resistant aphids.
Experiments showed that the use of synergists including SV₁ (O, O-diethyl, O-phenyl phos-phorothionate) and PB has given evidence indicating mixed function oxidases (MFO). α-NA esterases and α-NA carboxylesterase are involved in the formation of resistance. The results also showed that the sensitivity of AChE to paraoxon in resistant aphids was lower than that in susceptible aphids.
Experiments showed that SV₁ was particularly synergistic to organophosphorus or pyrethroid insecticides and had played an excellent role in overcoming the resistance of cotton aphids to insecticides.     

THE BEHAVIOUR OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS IN THE LAG PHASE AND THE FORMATION OF SMALL POPULATIONS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

SUMMARY: The generation times of individual Escherichia coli cells inoculated on to a cellophane membrane and supplied with a liquid synthetic medium were determined by direct observation for four generations. Viability increased and generation time decreased with increasing age of population.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘上奥陶统生物礁的层孔虫化石

文中系统描述了鄂尔多斯盆地南缘淳化县铁瓦殿、岐山县烂泥沟上奥陶统生物礁中的层孔虫化石,包括2目5属9种,分别为囊层孔虫(Cystistroma)、拉贝希层孔虫(Labechia)、穿孔层孔虫(Forolinia)、网格层孔虫(Clathrod ict yon)和蜂巢层孔虫(Ecclimadictyon).建立拉贝希层孔...     

发根农杆菌对骆驼刺的转化及转化组织的形态发生

将骆驼刺离体再生苗的茎切段经发根农杆菌A4菌株感染后,在含500mg/L头孢霉素的MS无激素培养基上培养,产生了转化的发根和愈伤组织.转化根在附加2mg/L2,4-D和0.5-1mg/L6BA的MS培养基上培养后,亦可诱导出愈伤组织.在含3mg/L6BA和0.5mg/LNAA的培养基上诱导出了苗的分化.冠瘿碱分析表明,在95%以上的发根和75%的转化愈伤组织及再生植株中都显示了T-DNA的整合和表达.染色体检查发现,约81%的发根细胞具有正常染色体数(2n=18),其余则存在染色体数目的变化,在继代培养一年之后,转化体仍维持旺盛的再生能力.