山羊单纯与复合全身麻醉效果的比较

目的对比山羊单纯麻醉与复合麻醉的效果,探讨一种安全高效便捷的山羊麻醉方法。方法选取山羊30只,随机分为A、B、C三组,A组给予单纯戊巴比妥钠麻醉,B组给予单纯氯胺酮麻醉,C组给予地西泮、戊巴比妥钠和氯胺酮复合麻醉,记录三种麻醉方法的起效时间、麻醉维持时间、麻醉药物用量及麻醉死亡率。结果地西泮、戊巴比妥钠和氯胺酮复合麻醉,起效快、麻醉维持时间长、动物死亡率低、麻醉效果好。结论安定、戊巴比妥钠和氯胺酮复合麻醉优于单纯麻醉,是一种高效、便捷、安全山羊全身麻醉方法。     

非人灵长类个性化麻醉方案的探讨

目的 比较氯胺酮、舒泰、速眠新Ⅱ、戊巴比妥钠等4种全身麻醉药或其组合对非人灵长类的麻醉效果,探寻能替代或者减少氯胺酮使用的个性化麻醉方案。方法 以单独使用氯胺酮麻醉的方案作为对照,另设单独使用舒泰、氯胺酮复合速眠新Ⅱ、舒泰复合速眠新Ⅱ和戊巴比妥钠复合速眠新Ⅱ等麻醉4个实验组,每组选取5只食蟹猴进行实验,记录麻醉后的心率、体温、血氧饱和度、以及麻醉诱导时间和维持时间,以比较各方案的麻醉效果。结果 与单独使用氯胺酮麻醉比较,其他四种麻醉方案在心率、体温、血氧饱和度和麻醉诱导时间上均无显著性差异,不同方案麻醉维持时间分布在30~200min之间。在非人灵长类的全身麻醉中,舒泰可以很好地替代氯胺酮;氯胺酮复合速眠新Ⅱ麻醉可取得较长的麻醉维持时间,并减少氯胺酮的使用量;舒泰与速眠新Ⅱ联用、戊巴比妥钠与速眠新Ⅱ联用的方案也可替代氯胺酮,且麻醉维持时间较长。结论 在一定的麻醉时间内,联合用药可以降低氯胺酮的使用量,不同麻醉方案灵活运用可满足不同实验对麻醉维持时间的需求。     

氯胺酮加丙泊酚与芬太尼加丙泊酚用于学龄前 小儿非心脏手术的麻醉效果比较

目的:比较芬太尼加丙泊酚与氯胺酮加丙泊酚用于学龄前小儿非心脏手术的麻醉效果。方法:患儿70例,随机分为两组,F组(n=35),用芬太尼2-3 ug／kg,阿曲库铵0．5 mg／kg,丙泊2-3 mg／kg,静脉注射诱导插管,然后微泵持续注射芬太尼0．03-0．06 ug/kg．min-1,阿曲库铵4-8 ug/kg．min-1,丙泊酚80-150 ug／kg．min-1,K组(n=35),用氯胺酮1-1．5 mg／kg,阿曲库铵0．5 mg/kg,丙泊酚2-3 mg／kg,静脉注射诱导插管,然后微泵持续注射氯胺酮30-60 ug／kg．min-1,阿曲库铵与丙泊酚用量同F组,根据术中的情况予以调整。分别记录两组病例在用药前后的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、麻醉效果、停药至导管拔除时间,以及拔管后因气道梗阻再次插管等情况。结果:K组病例在麻醉诱导时循环稳定,拔管后无呼吸抑制的发生,但术毕拔管的时间延长,F组病例麻醉诱导时HR、SBP、DBP降低明显,拔管后有3例气管痉挛致呼吸抑制重新插管。结论:氯胺酮复合丙泊酚用于学龄前小儿非心脏手术的麻醉,麻醉效果确切,可控性强,麻醉诱导平稳,术中易于调整,术毕拔管虽时间略为延长,但可避免呼吸抑制的发生,较为安全。     

小型猪生物可降解支架置入术中不同麻醉方法的研究

目的比较两种不同麻醉方法对小型猪的麻醉效果。方法将12头小型猪随机分成两组,每组6头,一组是戊巴比妥钠复合氯胺酮静脉麻醉（Ⅰ组）,另一组是丙泊酚复合氯胺酮静脉麻醉（Ⅱ组）。麻醉后对动物实施心脏生物可降解支架置入术,观察动物麻醉起效时间、苏醒时间、麻醉效果、呼吸频率（RR）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）及术后苏醒情况。结果两种方法麻醉后,动物分别在7.6±2.4 min（Ⅰ组）、2.4±1.4 min（Ⅱ组）进入麻醉状态（P〈0.05）。术后苏醒时间分别为30.8±8.8 min（Ⅰ组）、16.5±2.8min（Ⅱ组）（P〈0.05）,Ⅱ组动物比Ⅰ组动物苏醒平稳（P〈0.05）。两组心率及呼吸频率变化无明显差别,而氧饱和度在第10 min（Ⅰ组87%,Ⅱ组92%）和30 min（Ⅰ组94%,Ⅱ组89%）由于追加麻醉药后,两组值差异较大,但很快恢复正常。Ⅱ组麻醉效果较Ⅰ组麻醉效果好。结论两种麻醉方法均能达到良好的麻醉效果,丙泊酚复合氯胺酮麻醉较戊巴比妥钠复合氯胺酮麻醉的效果强且术后苏醒快,是一种比较理想的麻醉方法。     

幼猪全身麻醉气管内插管失败两例分析

我们已进行“幼猪先天性心脏病、室间隔缺损、肺动脉高压”的动物模型手术 2 0余例。手术麻醉选择气管内插管全麻 ,术前按常规进行各种准备。 2 0余只幼猪的麻醉中有两例插管全麻失败。现将麻醉过程及插管失败原因、对策及教训分析如下。1　动物准备选择 4 0天龄幼猪 ,体重约为 1 3～ 1 4ｋｇ ,术前 2 4小时禁食 ,1 2小时禁水。按公斤体重 1 0ｍｇ肌注氯胺酮进行基础麻醉 ,一次性肌注阿托品 0 5ｍｇ ,以减少气管内分泌物 ,仰卧固定动物 ,准备好胸、上腹部皮肤 ,开始麻醉。2　麻醉过程幼猪头部呈后仰状 ,与水平线成负 1 0°交叉。选择直径 …     

小儿上肢骨折手术的快通道麻醉

目的:观察喉罩下丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼加神经刺激器引导下臂丛阻滞的快通道麻醉在小儿上肢骨折术中的应用效果,并与传统的麻醉方法咪唑安定加氯胺酮作比较.方法:选择ASA Ⅰ级小儿上肢骨折手术40例.随机分为2组:试验组(喉罩下丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼加神经刺激器引导下臂丛阻滞)20例和对照组(咪唑安定+氯胺酮)20例.试验组惠儿静脉注射丙泊酚和雷米芬太尼后置入喉罩,连接麻醉机控制通气,麻醉维持采用丙泊酚和雷米芬太尼持续输注.1%利多卡因8□/□在神经刺激器引导下臂丛阻滞,手术结束停麻醉药.对照组静脉给予咪唑安定和氯胺酮,术中微量泵入咪唑安定加氯胺酮,术中根据需要调整输注速度,手术结束前5min停药.记录两组患儿的镇静镇痛效果、术中SPO2、手术时间、苏醒时间.结果:两组惠儿术中镇静镇痛效果均能满足手术需要,差异无统计学意义;两组患儿术中SPO2差异有统计学意义,试验组对气道的控制优于对照组;两组患儿手术时间差异无统计学意义,苏醒时间差异有统计学意义,对照组显著长于试验组.结论:喉罩下丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼加神经刺激器引导下臂丛阻滞是小儿上肢骨折手术一种很好的快通道麻醉技术.     

两种用于小型猪胰肾联合移植实验麻醉方法的比较

目的比较静脉复合吸入全麻和静脉全麻两种方法用于小型猪胰肾联合移植实验中的麻醉效果,探讨简单、安全、易行的麻醉方法。方法A、B两组健康贵州小香猪,每组6只,基础麻醉后气管插管,A组：持续吸入异氟醚维持麻醉,根据手术要求间断注入万可松和芬太尼;B组：持续注入氯胺酮,间断静脉注射万可松和芬太尼维持麻醉。观察麻醉持续时间,镇痛和肌松药量,术后拔管和完全清醒时间,监测麻醉过程中血压、心率、脉搏氧的变化。结果A组术中麻醉效果好,血压、心率和脉搏氧稳定,与B组有显著差异（P〈0.05）;B组麻醉效果较差,肌松用药量明显增多,术后完全清醒时间长于A组（P〈0.05）。结论气管插管后静吸复合的麻醉方法是用于贵州小型猪实验安全、合适的麻醉方法。     

动物血压实验麻醉剂的选用与比较

目的:研究一种对家兔血压影响小于常用麻醉剂,适用于家兔动脉血压实验的一种全身麻醉复合剂。方法:将氯胺酮、乌拉坦、戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛有序分组,按不同比例配置麻醉复合剂对家兔进行耳缘静脉注射,观察记录并比较给药前后动脉血压的变化、麻醉维持时间、痛觉、角膜反射、肌张力、呼吸、心率变化。结果:①氯胺酮、水合氯醛、乌拉坦和戊巴比妥钠四种药物联合给药时家兔颈总动脉血压122±3mmHg,波动范围在开口时血压的5mmHg内,是整个实验过程中血压波动最小的,对动脉血压的影响小于常用麻醉剂25%乌拉坦(10mmHg左右)。②麻醉后生理状态平稳,角膜反射消失,肌张力明显减弱,呼吸频率减慢,骨痛反应消失,麻醉持续时间大于90min,降低了每种药物的用药量从而增加了麻醉药物的安全性。结论:1.35%氯胺酮(0.4mL/kg)、25%乌拉坦(0.8mL/kg)、5%水合氯醛(0.3mL/kg)和3%戊巴比妥钠(0.2mL/kg)复合给药时对家兔血压影响最小、麻醉维持时间长、麻醉效果理想,是一种适合于家兔血压实验的复合麻醉剂。     

动物血压实验麻醉剂的选用与比较

目的:研究一种对家兔血压影响小于常用麻醉剂,适用于家兔动脉血压实验的一种全身麻醉复合剂.方法:将氯胺酮、乌拉坦、戊巴比妥钠和水合氯醛有序分组,按不同比例配置麻醉复合剂对家兔进行耳缘静脉注射,观察记录并比较给药前后动脉血压的变化、麻醉维持时间、痛觉、角膜反射、肌张力、呼吸、心率变化.结果:①氯胺酮、水合氯醛、乌拉坦和戊巴比妥钠四种药物联合给药时家兔颈总动脉血压122± 3mmHg,波动范围在开口时血压的5mmHg内,是整个实验过程中血压波动最小的,对动脉血压的影响小于常用麻醉剂25％乌拉坦(10mmHg左右).②麻醉后生理状态平稳,角膜反射消失,肌张力明显减弱,呼吸频率减慢,骨痛反应消失,麻醉持续时间大于90min,降低了每种药物的用药量从而增加了麻醉药物的安全性.结论:1.35％氯胺酮(0.4mL/kg)、25％乌拉坦( 0.8mL/kg)、5％水合氯醛(0.3mL/kg)和3％戊巴比妥钠(0.2mL/kg)复合给药时对家兔血压影响最小、麻醉维持时间长、麻醉效果理想,是一种适合于家兔血压实验的复合麻醉剂.     

急性大鼠心肌梗死实验模型的制备

目的建立一种稳定可重复的急性心肌梗死动物模型。方法Wistar大鼠经戊巴比妥钠麻醉后,气管切开插管,连通呼吸机,开胸后结扎左冠状动脉前降支。4周后取出心脏做病理组织学和心肌特异性肌钙蛋白T免疫组织化学染色检测。结果成功制备心肌梗死动物模型,并进行了病理组织学和免疫组织化学染色证实。结论本建立的实验方法操作简单,成功率高,结果可靠。     

An evaluation of three anaesthetic regimes in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

The effect of several anaesthetic agents on the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) was investigated. Pentobarbitone sodium at a dose of 50 mg/kg sedated the animals but did not produce analgesia or anaesthesia. A combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine at 40 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively, sedated the animals, but anaesthetic levels were not attained. Halothane was most effective in producing anaesthesia in Monodelphis domestica. Hypothermia was a major side effect with all three anaesthetic regimes.     

Morphological alterations in cultured neuromuscular tissue induced by two anesthetic agents

A diversity of pathogenic effects was observed in two complementary culture systems following their exposure to the anesthetic agents. Thiopental sodium and ketamine hydrochloride. The cytotoxic effects of both agents in these two culture types were reversible and dose-related. In organotypic spinal cord slice cultures, thiopental sodium caused general toxicity but no demyelination, while ketamine hydrochloride induced, to a varied extent, damage of the myelin sheath and degeneration of mitochondria into multilamellar bodies. In autologous nerve-muscle co-cultures both anaesthetic agents caused the arrest of muscle contractions. However, when added to skeletal muscle cultures, the drugs differed in their effect. Thiopental sodium did not inhibit spontaneous muscle contractions indicating, as in the case of Tubocurarine, a direct effect of the drug on the neuromuscular junction. Ketamine hydrochloride, in contrast, arrested spontaneous muscle contractions, implying that it did not directly affect the neuromuscular synapse.Special is one dedicated to Dr. Paola S. Timiras.     

Further Studies of Porcine Malignant Hyperthermia

A non-lethal procedure for identifying pigs apt to develop malignant hyperthermia is described. Susceptible animals were exposed to a variety of anaesthetic and other agents and it was shown that thiopentone sodium and CT 1341 (Glaxo) afforded a measure of protection against the development of the syndrome. Pretreatment with procaine did not prevent the onset of the condition and the administration of procaine when muscle rigidity was present failed to prevent a fatal outcome. The syndrome was induced in susceptible animals by halothane, chloroform, and a combination of halothane with suxamethonium. The effects of cyclopropane in susceptible pigs could not be predicted, and other tests showed that suxamethonium alone would not induce muscle contracture. Pretreatment with lignocaine failed to prevent induction of the syndrome by halothane.We believe that the porcine syndrome may result from more than one defect and that in one particular type the most effective treatment is immediate cooling coupled with the administration of sodium bicarbonate.     

Comparison of adenylate kinase from normal and malignant hyperpyrexic porcine muscle

Adenylate kinase has been implicated as a key factor in malignant hyperpyrexia, a complication of general anaesthesia which is usually triggered by the anaesthetic drug, halothane. Because of this, the enzyme was purified from both malignant hyperpyrexia susceptible and control porcine muscle. Electrophoretic studies, amino acid analysis, and peptide mapping of the purified enzymes revealed no significant differences between the two preparations. Both enzymes responded similarly to halothane and to the three sulfhydryl reacting reagents which were tested and they also showed an identical affinity for the substrate AMP. It is concluded that porcine MH is not due to an abnormality in the enzyme AK.     

THE USE OF BENZOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE AS FISH TRANQUILLIZER AND ANAESTHETIC IN SALINE WATERS

SUMMARY

The anaesthetic effects of various concentrations of benzocaine hydrochloride were tested on Liza macrolepis and Sarotherodor mossambicus in sea water and diluted sea water, respectively. Induction time for anaesthesia was negatively correlated with increasing anaesthetic concentrations in L. macrolepis.

In S. mossambicus, however, operculum clamping appeared to be responsible-f or induction times increasing with increased anaesthetic concentration.

The tranquillizing effects of low concentrations of benzocaine hydrochloride on L. macrolepis was also studied.     

Influence of O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum as an oxidative stressor on duration of anaesthesia, loss of different reflexes and cytokine mRNA expression

We analysed the effect of intraperitoneal insufflated ozonized oxygen on the anaesthetic strength generated by tribromoethanol, ketamine/xylazine, chloral hydrate, pentobarbital, and urethane in male Wistar rats. High dosages of anaesthetic drugs normally used for deep surgical anaesthesia were injected. The ozonized oxygen gas mixture was given five times daily on five consecutive days at 0.8 mg ozone/kg body weight before anaesthesia. The reflexes were measured 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min after injection of the anaesthetic drug. The sleeping time and the loss and regain of six different reflexes on noxious and non-aversive stimuli were recorded during the 4 h of observation. O(3)/O(2)-pneumoperitoneum (O(3)/O(2)-PP) reduced the sleeping time induced by tribromoethanol and ketamine/xylazine and increased it for chloral hydrate and pentobarbital. In accordance to the changes in the duration of anaesthesia, the O(3)/O(2)-PP induced significant changes in the loss of different reflexes. Additionally, the modulatory effect of the anaesthetic drugs on splenic cytokine mRNA expression was further influenced by O(3)/O(2)-PP. Thus, the influence of an oxidative stressor on anaesthetic potency and on the resting immune system has to be taken into account for experimental designs in which surgical anaesthesia is necessary for small laboratory animals.     

Tolazoline antagonises ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia in an endangered Black buck (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Antilope cervicapra</Emphasis>)

Seventy-seven anaesthetic events were carried out in 22 captive adult Black bucks (Antilope cervicapra) of either sex with a combination of 2 mg kg⁻¹ ketamine hydrochloride with 0.25 mg kg⁻¹ xylazine hydrochloride using a dart delivered from a blowpipe. Randomised anaesthetised animals received an intravenous injection of either yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 or 0.25 mg kg⁻¹) or tolazoline hydrochloride (1 or 2 mg kg⁻¹) after 30–40 min of anaesthesia to antagonise the anaesthetic effects. Ketamine–xylazine induced smooth, rapid and reliable anaesthesia within 5–7 min of darting with no clinical adverse effects and causalities during or post-anaesthesia. Yohimbine failed to antagonise the anaesthetic effects of ketamine–xylazine in the Black buck. On the other hand, tolazoline was found to be very effective in hastening recovery in dose-dependent manner within 0.5–1.5 min. This study documents the first report of ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia and its antagonism by tolazoline in captive Black buck.     

The influence of propranolol on the circadian fluctuations in the duration of the hypnogenic effect of diazepam and hexenal]

The influence of propranolol on the circadian variations of duration of the anaesthetic effect of diazepam and hexobarbital sodium were studied at 2-hour intervals in two separate round-the-clock observations on mice. Propranolol significantly changed the daily course of the anaesthetic effect of diazepam, caused its inversion and reduced the mean duration of hexobarbital anaesthesia. The observed antagonism between propranolol and hypnotics with varying anaesthetic properties could be attributed to its ability to interfere with both the cerebral neuromediator sleep regulating and beta-adrenoblocking systems but not to its specific blocking effects on pineal functions.     

Anaesthetic effects of various ratios of ketamine and xylazine in rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta).

Intramuscular injection of selected ratios of ketamine and xylazine provided smooth anaesthetic induction, a wide safety margin, and no significant undersirable side effects. Induction and recovery times, duration of anaesthesia, and thermoregulatory ability can be affected by different combinations of ketamine and xylazine. The addition of xylazine to ketamine increases muscle relaxation, recovery time, and duration of anaesthesia, while generally decreasing induction time and thermoregulatory ability.