1-磷酸鞘氨醇促进间充质干细胞向心肌分化

为研究1-磷酸鞘氨醇 (Sphingosine-1-phosphate,S1P) 对脐带间充质干细胞 (Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,UC-MSCs) 和脂肪间充质干细胞 (Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells,AD-MSCs) 向心肌分化的影响,探索其适宜的作用时间和浓度,将UC-MSCs和AD-MSCs接种到培养板,用添加不同浓度S1P的心肌细胞培养液诱导两种干细胞向心肌分化,诱导时间分为7 d、14 d和28 d。采用免疫荧光染色检测心肌特异性蛋白,α-肌动蛋白 (α-actin)、缝隙连接蛋白 (Connexin-43) 以及肌球蛋白重链 (MYH-6) 的表达,并通过共聚焦显微镜和荧光显微镜进行观察;采用MTT分析细胞的活性;膜片钳检测分化细胞的钙瞬变 (此为心肌细胞的功能性指标)。结果表明,S1P与心肌细胞培养液协同作用,能够促进UC-MSCs和AD-MSCs向心肌细胞的分化。并且,随着S1P浓度的增加,促分化作用增强,但细胞活性降低。S1P在心肌细胞培养液中的适宜作用时间为14 d,适宜作用浓度为0.5 μmol/L。而且联合心肌细胞培养液可以使UC-MSCs和AD-MSCs的心肌分化细胞产生钙瞬变,具有类似心肌细胞的功能性。S1P能够与心肌细胞培养液协同作用,促进UC-MSCs和AD-MSCs的心肌功能性分化。     

诱导体外培养的骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化

选用Wistar大鼠分离骨髓间充质干细胞作体外培养及鉴定其表达抗原CD44、CDw90;采用10μmol／L 5-氮胞苷诱导第1代的骨髓间充质干细胞,于诱导后2、4周进行免疫细胞化学反应检测α-横纹肌肌动蛋白、肌钙蛋白T。证实体外培养的第1代骨髓间充质干细胞经5-氮胞苷诱导可分化为心肌样细胞,为指导体外诱导的心肌细胞应用于。临床提供一定的理论依据和技术手段。     

血管外膜成纤维细胞诱导BMSCs向平滑肌细胞定向分化

观察大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)与血管外膜成纤维细胞(ad-ventitial fibroblasts,AF)直接接触培养后,BMSCs向血管成分细胞分化的情况.将BMSCs(DAPI标记)与外膜成纤维细胞按一定的比例混合培养7 d,BMSCs单独培养作对照,显微镜下观察细胞形态变化;用免疫荧光染色检测BMSCs的血管平滑肌细胞表型标志物肌动蛋白(SMα-actin)表达的情况;RT-PCR检测SMα-actin mRNA表达的情况.BMSCs与血管外膜成纤维细胞共培养后可见细胞核蓝染的BMSCs与SMα-actin表达阳性(红色)的双标细胞出现,且随培养时间的延长,BMSCs的SMα-actin表达阳性率增高.结果可见:与血管外膜成纤维细胞直接接触有诱导BMSCs向血管平滑肌细胞分化的趋势.     

发育心肌和心肌干细胞分化后心肌特异蛋白表达的比较研究

为探讨MCSC移植修复缺血性心肌的可能性,观察了大鼠发育心肌和MCSC分化为心肌细胞的cTnT和Cx-43表达特点。结果表明从胚胎发育至成年,心肌cTnT mRNA表达逐渐上调;用BMP-2诱导1周的MCSC可检测到cTnT mRNA表达,3～4周表达显著升高,诱导2周能观察到cTnT蛋白,3～4周可见cTnT呈现横纹样结构。胚胎第11 d心肌可检测到Cx-43 mRNA表达,生后7 d达高峰,以后逐渐降低,17 d趋于稳定。胚胎期Cx-43蛋白多分布于肌膜下,生后10 d位于细胞连接处。诱导的MCSC中Cx-43 mRNA表达特征与cTnT mRNA相似,2周可观察到Cx-43蛋白,3～4周可见Cx-43位于相邻细胞连接处。本研究结果提示,在BMP-2诱导下MCSC可分化为心肌细胞,表现为成熟心肌细胞的结构特征。MCSC有望成为治疗缺血性心脏病的理想种子细胞。     

人羊膜间充质细胞具有向心肌样细胞分化的特性

摘 要 探讨人羊膜间充质细胞（human amniotic mesenchymal cells,hAMCs）向心肌细胞分化的能力。采用胶原酶消化法分离hAMCs,用流式细胞仪进行表型鉴定;用5-氮杂胞苷和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF）诱导hAMCs向心肌细胞分化,免疫荧光染色法检测诱导后细胞中特异蛋白结蛋白和α-辅肌动蛋白的表达,RT-PCR检测心肌特异性转录因子Nkx2.5 、GATA-4和心肌特异性收缩蛋白α-肌球蛋白重链（α-myosin heavy chain,α-MHC）mRNA的表达。结果显示：①hAMCs原代培养至第6 d,贴壁细胞汇合度可达80%,呈漩涡状生长。传代后hAMCs增殖迅速,3~4 d细胞汇合度可达100%,细胞呈梭形或多角形。②hAMCs表达CD44和波形蛋白,不表达CK19。③hAMCs经诱导分化8~10 d后细胞排列紧密,多为长梭形。③hAMCs诱导2 w和4 w表达α-辅肌动蛋白和心肌特异性转录因子Nkx2.5。④诱导前后的hAMCs均表达结蛋白和GATA-4,但均未见α-MHC表达。说明hAMCs具有向心肌样细胞分化的能力,可望成为细胞心肌成形术（cellular cardiomyoplasty,CCM）的候选细胞。     

脂肪间充质干细胞体外分化成心肌样细胞

探讨大鼠脂肪间充质干细胞（adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells,AMSC）体外分化成心肌样细胞的潜能,为自体干细胞移植治疗心肌梗死提供理论基础.采用消化法分离大鼠AMSC,培养于RPMI1640生长培养基中,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态发现,随着培养时间的延长,细胞形态趋向于心肌细胞,SQ RT-PCR检测表达心肌特异性基因：β-肌球蛋白重链（β-MHC）、α-肌球蛋白重链（α-MHC）、心房利钠肽（ANP）、心肌肌钙蛋白（cTnT）、心肌肌动蛋白、肌肉增强因子和GATA-4;免疫细胞化学和免疫荧光染色检测表达心肌细胞特异性蛋白：结蛋白、横纹肌辅肌动蛋白、心肌肌动蛋白和间隙连接蛋白45(connexin 45);Western印迹检测表达心肌特异性蛋白Nkx2.5. 实验表明,大鼠AMSC在体外培养条件下能分化成心肌样细胞,在组织工程学及干细胞移植领域有着良好的应用前景.     

间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞过程中细胞形态变化与Nkx2.5表达相关性的初步研究

体外BMSCs分化为心肌细胞过程中,细胞在形态及相关基因的表达上发生明显的变化。本研究以心肌组织裂解液诱导BMSCs,观察分化过程中细胞形态变化,根据心肌细胞发生过程中细胞形态变化规律,选定5个检测点,行PCR检测细胞中Nkx2.5的表达,以探究分化过程中细胞形态变化与相关基因表达规律及其之间的相关性。实验结果表明BMSCs分化为心肌细胞的过程中,细胞形态变化呈现明显规律:由单个大核,胞浆饱满,折光性好的纺锤形;逐渐演变为短杆状;形成突起并连接成网状结构;细胞端相接呈"竹节样"改变;最后形成肌管样结构;诱导前细胞不表达Nkx2.5,诱导过程中随着细胞形态的不断变化Nkx2.5持续表达并逐渐增强。说明间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞的过程中,Nkx2.5表达相对量的变化与细胞的形态变化可能有一定的相关。     

诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞(one marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs)是骨髓内的一类非造血干细胞,具有自我更新和多向分化的潜能。心肌细胞本身不能再生,受损伤的心肌细胞无法通过自身的增殖和分化完成修复。BMSCs在体内外不同的诱导条件下可分化为心肌细胞,应用于缺血性心脏病的治疗,是目前心肌再生治疗的理想种子细胞。本文主要从外界干预诱导、缺氧条件影响、基因转染、临床自体移植方面将近年诱导BMSCs向心肌细胞分化的研究进行综述,以期为今后临床应用BMSCs治疗心肌梗死等心脏疾病提供理论依据。     

体外化学诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞

为了探讨人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的体外培养及化学诱导向心肌细胞分化的过程及条件,我们用1.073g/mL密度梯度离心法分离健康人骨髓单个核细胞,经骨髓间充质干细胞培养基传代培养后用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗原,在完全培养基中分别加入3、5、10μmol/L的5氮胞苷(每组n=5)进行化学诱导分化,阴性对照组采用完全培养基培养,诱导后21天细胞爬片免疫荧光法鉴定,透射电镜观察细胞超微结构。结果显示人MSCs为形态均一的梭形细胞,生长旺盛时呈旋涡样分布,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面CD44阳性,CD34、CD45阴性;5、10μmol/L的5氮胞苷进行化学诱导后细胞形态变长,诱导后14天时20%-30%细胞融合形成多核肌管样结构,3μmol/L组MSCs未出现肌管结构,诱导后21天5、10μmol/L组MSCs中desmin、心肌早期转录因子GATA4、心肌特异性cTnI及闰盘蛋白connexin43的表达阳性,10μmol/L组cTnI阳性染色细胞数目(65.3±4.7%)高于5μmol/L诱导组(48.2±5.4%)(p<0.05);3μmol/L组及阴性对照组无心肌特异性蛋白的表达。细胞诱导后28天透射电镜下可见肌丝形成。本实验说明,人MSCs在体外经化学诱导可分化为心肌样细胞,而且5-氮胞苷对于心肌相关蛋白的表达呈浓度依赖性正相关。     

大鼠BMSCs条件培养基对NSCs形态、生长及分化的影响

通过对SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)及新生鼠神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)进行体外分离、培养及鉴定后,观察BMSCs条件培养基对NSCs向神经细胞分化的影响。采用全贴壁培养法培养BMSCs,并采用流式细胞术鉴定其特异性表面抗原标记。无血清技术培养NSCs,采用免疫荧光技术鉴定其特异性抗原标记。BMSCs条件培养基(含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基)对NSCs诱导7 d后,镜下观察细胞形态和生长,并采用免疫荧光技术检测NSCs分化。BMSCs高表达CD90、CD29(90%),而CD45呈阴性表达。免疫荧光染色显示,NSCs标记蛋白Nestin、SOX2为阳性。NSCs经BMSCs培养液诱导分化7 d后经免疫荧光鉴定,MAP-2及GFAP呈阳性,阳性率分别为73.80%和50.47%;NSCs经胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)诱导分化7 d后经免疫荧光鉴定,MAP-2及GFAP呈阳性,阳性率分别为42.14%和31.90%。BMSCs条件培养基可诱导NSCs分化为神经元及星形胶质细胞,其中BMSCs分泌的细胞因子在诱导分化中可能发挥重要作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.