球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂生命参数及控害效果的影响

在室内评价了球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂生命参数及控害效果的影响。分别在烟蚜茧蜂寄生桃蚜后不同时间进行高剂量（1900孢子/mm^{2）接菌,检测蚜虫感病率和寄生蜂形成的僵蚜率及僵蚜出蜂率。结果表明,球孢白僵菌对僵蚜率和僵蚜出蜂率的影响随接菌时间不同而变化。在烟蚜茧蜂寄生前1d、寄生当天和寄生后3d接菌,蚜虫感病率分别为59.6%、56.2%和34.8%;与对照相比,僵蚜率分别下降94%、59%和47%,僵蚜出蜂率分别减少83%、54%和49%。在寄生后5d或7d接菌,僵蚜率和僵蚜出蜂率不受明显影响,但蚜虫感病率降低到8.2%以下。对蚜尸内白僵菌菌体含量检测表明,随着烟蚜茧蜂寄生后接菌时间的推移,菌体数量迅速下降。寄生蜂寄生后5d或7d接菌,蚜尸内几乎检测不到菌体。直接喷雾接菌烟蚜茧蜂,成蜂寿命缩短4d左右,且81.8%的蜂尸受白僵菌感染。接菌后的寄生蜂对蚜虫寄生率几乎无影响,但寄生蜂在蚜虫体内的存活时间缩短了27.8%。}     

球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂生命参数及控害效果的影响

在室内评价了球孢白僵菌对烟蚜茧蜂生命参数及控害效果的影响。分别在烟蚜茧蜂寄生桃蚜后不同时间进行高剂量(1900孢子/mm2)接菌,检测蚜虫感病率和寄生蜂形成的僵蚜率及僵蚜出蜂率。结果表明,球孢白僵菌对僵蚜率和僵蚜出蜂率的影响随接菌时间不同而变化。在烟蚜茧蜂寄生前1d、寄生当天和寄生后3d接菌,蚜虫感病率分别为59.6%、56.2%和34.8%;与对照相比,僵蚜率分别下降94%、59%和47%,僵蚜出蜂率分别减少83%、54%和49%。在寄生后5d或7d接菌,僵蚜率和僵蚜出蜂率不受明显影响,但蚜虫感病率降低到8.2%以下。对蚜尸内白僵菌菌体含量检测表明,随着烟蚜茧蜂寄生后接菌时间的推移,菌体数量迅速下降。寄生蜂寄生后5d或7d接菌,蚜尸内几乎检测不到菌体。直接喷雾接菌烟蚜茧蜂,成蜂寿命缩短4d左右,且81.8%的蜂尸受白僵菌感染。接菌后的寄生蜂对蚜虫寄生率几乎无影响,但寄生蜂在蚜虫体内的存活时间缩短了27.8%。     

种植茼蒿对蚕豆苜蓿蚜的田间控制作用

[目的] 探讨不同生育期和不同种植方式的茼蒿对蚕豆蚜虫的诱集作用,为利用茼蒿控制蚕豆蚜虫提供理论依据。[方法] 在蚕豆田四周种植不同生育期（幼苗期、现蕾期、开花期）和不同行数（1行、2行）的茼蒿,观察不同处理的蚕豆田有蚜株率和蚜害等级,各处理设在互不干扰的小区内进行。[结果] 蚕豆四周种植不同生育期茼蒿后,蚕豆上有蚜株率和蚜害等级比例存在显著差异,且与茼蒿的生育期有明显的相关性,各处理有蚜株率从低到高分别为茼蒿开花期（28.33%） < 现蕾期（41.67%） < 幼苗期（55.00%）,并均显著低于对照（63.33%）;种植不同生育期茼蒿后,各处理蚕豆蚜害等级也不同,5级蚜害在种植开花期茼蒿处理后仅为5.00%,现蕾期为23.33%,幼苗期为33.33%,对照蚕豆上蚜害最高,达40.00%。分别种植1行（33.33%）和2行（23.33%）茼蒿后,最高有蚜株率均显著低于对照（66.67%）,低蚜害等级比例明显增高,高蚜害比例明显下降,且种植2行的效果更佳。[结论] 开花期的茼蒿对蚕豆蚜虫诱集作用最强,种植2行开花期茼蒿可以有效降低蚕豆蚜虫为害。在蚕豆生产上,种植茼蒿可以作为蚕豆蚜虫生态防控的重要手段之一。     

多种植物提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的拒食活性研究

采用改进的蜜露色斑法 ,测试 34种植物乙醇提取物 (0 0 1g干重·mL-1,0 0 1gDW·mL-1)和几种天然源药剂对桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach)取食的影响。结果表明 ,白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllumSchott.、苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPrtr.etWidd、白花非洲山毛豆Tephrosiavo gelliHook .的提取物对两种蚜虫的活性均较高 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别达 0 6 82、0 6 2 9和 0 80 6 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 4 0 5、0 370和 0 383,与对照之间差异极显著 ;油茶Camelliaoleifera和花椒Zanthoxylumschinifolium的提取物拒食作用亦较强 ,2 4h对桃蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 5 2和 0 5 14 ,对萝卜蚜的拒食率分别为 0 5 70和 0 5 18。三种药剂 (0 3%印楝素乳油、鱼藤酮精、机油乳剂 )在所测试的浓度对两种蚜虫的拒食率均达 0 719以上 ,拒食效果显著。     

3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化

桃蚜是一种重要的农业害虫,寄主广泛,种下分化复杂。以采自黄土高原旱作区桃树、烟草、甘蓝上的桃蚜为研究对象,通过叶片选择法、传统比较形态测定法研究了3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化。结果表明:在3种寄主同时存在的情况下,烟草上的桃蚜嗜食烟草,表现为63.5%的桃蚜选择烟草叶,13.8%选择甘蓝叶,8.2%选择桃叶,而甘蓝和桃树上的桃蚜对原寄主没有表现出明显的嗜好性;从形态指标来看,3种寄主上的桃蚜在体长、触角末节长度、后足腿节长度、触角与体长的比例方面存在显著差异(P0.05),说明这几个特征可以作为区分这3种寄主上桃蚜的依据。综合分析可以初步认为黄土高原旱作区烟草上的桃蚜可能形成了寄主专化型-烟草型。     

用不同蚜虫饲养对大灰食蚜蝇生长发育的影响

在室温下分别用甘蓝蚜、豌豆蚜、桃蚜和大麻长管蚜饲养大灰食蚜蝇,幼虫历期分别为10.17天、10.29天、9.16天和9.50天,蛹期分别为8.69天、8.96天、8.46天和7.30天,蛹重分别为32.2毫克、32.3毫克、31.9毫克和26.6毫克,以大麻长管蚜饲养成虫获得率最高,达23.3%,桃蚜最低只有15.1%,研究表明,蚜虫种类对大灰食蚜蝇发育历期、蛹重及存活率有一定影响,人工饲养蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种.     

循环流水鱼草共生生态系统的鱼草配比试验研究

通过不同鱼草配比试验 ,探讨循环流水鱼草共生生态系统的结构优化问题。5组试验组的罗非鱼 (Oreochromis niloticus)初始养殖密度分别为 2 .0 0 (I)、1.6 1(II)、1.38(III)、1.2 0 (IV)和 0 kg/ m3(CK) ,牧草 (L olium multiflorum L am .)初始生物量相同。结果表明 :试验组 III和 IV的养殖废水经牧草的净化基本符合渔业水质标准 (除 TP外 ) ;试验组 II、III和 IV养殖废水中的营养基本上能符合多花黑麦草的生长要求 ;试验组 III养鱼效益综合指标最高 ,该组在试验结束时的鱼草质量比为 0 .2 2 1,不但鱼获得较高的生长速度 (平均增重 2 8.3g) ,而且牧草也得以正常生长。     

低浓度SO2污染与桃蚜的生长和繁殖

用40或80ppbSO₂熏气处理过的油菜饲养桃蚜(Myzus persicae),研究低浓度SO₂污染对这种蚜虫的影响。与对照组相比,两个处理组若蚜的发育速率显著加快,5天内的平均相对生长速率(MRGR)分别增加22.3%和31.5%。成蚜的繁殖力提高40—90%,导致桃蚜种群的内禀增长率(r_m)分别升高17%和27%。比较了桃蚜和其它3种蚜虫对SO₂污染的反应强度,讨论了SO₂污染促进某些植食性昆虫生长的可能原因。     

一种新的抗真菌几丁质酶基因的分离及其植物表达载体的构建

以西瓜尖镰孢菌诱导、提纯的豇豆抗真菌 I类几丁质酶 N端前 1 0个氨基酸序列测定的基础上 ,设计合成了引物 ,运用 PCR等分子生物学技术 ,从豇豆基因组中分离克隆了该特异几丁质酶成熟蛋白基因 ,测定分析了其全序列。该新基因全长 894bp,无内含子 ;具 Aat I、Aat II、Bgl I、Dpn I、Dpn II、Eco R II、Hae I、Hae II、Hae III、Hinf I、Hpa II、Mae II、Mae III、Nba I、Oxa I和 Sst IV酶切位点 43个 ;豇豆、Vigna unguiculata、菜豆、豌豆、烟草、小麦、水稻的同源性依次递减。扩增克隆了菜豆几丁质酶信号肽基因 ,并将其与豇豆几丁质酶成熟蛋白基因连接 ,再与 p BI1 2 1重组 ,成功构建了特异几丁质酶基因的植物表达载体 ,为进一步培育抗真菌病转基因西瓜新品种打下了坚实基础。     

产酶益生素对肉鸭生长性能及肠道菌群的影响

目的产酶益生素对肉鸭生产性能及肠道菌群的影响,为开发利用产酶益生素提供理论依据。方法选用1日龄120只樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为4组,每组30只,设2个重复,每重复15只,对照组I饲喂基础日粮,实验II、III和IV组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%产酶益生素,测定肉鸭的生长性能及肠道菌群数量。结果与对照组相比,实验II、III和IV组平均日增重分别提高了5.82%、11.50%和12.60%,日均采食量分别提高了0.85%、1.71%和3.78%,料重比分别降低了4.85%、8.81%和7.93%;盲肠内双歧杆菌的数量分别提高了3.29%、9.86%和9.48%,乳酸杆菌分别提高了5.49%、10.98%和12.56%,大肠埃希菌分别降低了11.88%、16.35%和22.48%。结论产酶益生素能提高肉鸭的生产性能,促进肠道双歧杆菌及乳酸杆菌的增殖,降低大肠埃希菌的数量。     

蚜虫对设施辣椒产量和品质的影响

[目的]探讨不同蚜害等级危害对设施辣椒产量和品质的影响,为设施蔬菜的科学防控、按质定价及制定蚜虫经济阈值提供参考.[方法]通过田间蚜虫量调查,进行蚜害分级,并测定不同蚜害等级下辣椒叶片和果实的SPAD值,采收后记录单株果数,称重,计算座果率及单株果重等产量指标;同时测定不同蚜害等级下辣椒果实可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素...     

Host instar and host plant effects on Aphidius colemani

Abstract:  The effect of Myzus persicae age (I–IV instar nymphs) on parasitism by Aphidus colemani was investigated in choice experiments with either aubergine ( Solanum melongena L.) or pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) as the aphid host plant species. Aphidius colemani could develop successfully to the mummy stage in all ages of aphid tested, on both pepper and aubergine plants. The greatest proportion of parasitoid mummies was found with II and III aphid instars on pepper and on I, II and III aphid instars on aubergine. On aubergine, I instar nymphs were also parasitized to an appreciable degree. Successful parasitism of IV instar nymphs was consistently low on both crops. The potential implications of host plant effects on the effectiveness of A. colemani as a biological control agent are discussed.     

纵坑切梢小蠹蛀梢期空间分布

在昆明地区,纵坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus piniperda)成虫蛀梢多集中在蛀干木附近。 种群密度以蛀干木为中心向周围呈指数递减,散布半径约30m。在蛀梢过程中,该种群逐渐向新区扩张。在树冠内,纵坑切梢小蠹主要分布在4-10轮枝上。第7轮枝虫口百分率最高。6-7轮枝受害率最大。 树冠上层受害较其下层严重。从树冠水平层次考察,树冠外层虫量相对集中,约为树冠中、内层虫量之和。 树冠内层虫量最少。纵坑切梢小蠹在树冠内的种群分布系由梢径、种群密度、蛀梢行为、降落方式、光照等因素综合影响的结果。     

Effect of black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, on transpiration, stomatal conductance and crude protein content of faba bean

This study was initiated to investigate effects of damage by 0, 5 and 10 aphids/plant on the physiology of faba bean plants throughout different feeding periods and at two plant development stages. Immediately following removal of Aphis fabae, measurements showed 84–229% increase in transpiration rate. These changes were proportional to the number of aphids and infestation duration. Injury by A. fabae caused the stomatal conductance to be much higher in the leaves of infested plants. Leaf stomatal conductance of the infested plants increased significantly by 51–224% depending on initial aphid densities and feeding intervals. This increase was proportional to the infestation level for each date. Length of infestation period and plant growth stage seemed to have no clear effect on stomatal apertures. Aphid feeding caused a damage of about 7–33% of crude protein levels in the leaf tissue. This reduction increased with increasing infestation levels and time, except for 28‐day‐old plants on 28 days. The physiological effects of aphid feeding on water vapour and chemical composition of damaged leaves are particularly serious when the population is high.     

烟蚜自然种群聚集与扩散趋势的初步研究

本文采用空间格局分析方法,从烟草移载到烟叶采收,对烟蚜Ｍｙｚｕｓ ｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ在烟株和烟株上,中,下三个部位的聚集和扩散趋势,采用Ｍｏｎｔ Ｌｏｌｙｄ给出的方法,并结合Ｉｗａｏ的ｍ－ｍ回归分析法和ｍ－ｍ的改进模型进行判断分析。结果表明,六月下旬和七月中旬是烟蚜在烟株上的两个聚集高峰期。烟蚜在烟株不同部位的聚集和扩散趋势有所不同。整株烟株和上,中,下部烟蚜都呈聚集分布。分析结果对指导烟蚜防治有一     

CuZn-Superoxide Dismutases in Rice: Occurrence of an Active, Monomeric Enzyme and Two Types of Isozyme in Leaf and Non-Photosynthetic Tissues

Rice leaves and seed embryos contain four isozymes of CuZn-superoxidedismutase (SOD) and two isozymes of Mn-SOD. CuZn-SOD I is amajor enzyme in leaves, but not in embryos or etiolated seedlings.CuZn-SODs II,III and IV were found in the embryos but were alsofound as minor isozymes in leaves. CuZn-SODs I, II and IV were purified to homogeneity from riceleaves. CuZn-SODs I and II had similar properties with respectto molecular weight, dimeric structure, absorption spectrumand metal content, but their amino acid compositions differedfrom each other. The absorption spectrum of CuZn-SOD IV wassimilar to that of isozymes I and II, but this enzyme was amonomer with a molecular mass of 1.7 kDa. Antibody against CuZn-SODI from rice did not cross-react with isozymes II and IV. Antibodiesagainst CuZn-SOD from spinach leaves cross-reacted with isozymeI but not with isozymes II, III and IV. By contrast, the antibodiesagaist CuZn-SOD from spinach seeds cross-reacted with isozymesII, III and IV but not with isozyme I. Thus, the isozyme thatis expressed mainly in leaves (CuZn-SOD I) and the isozymesexpressed mainly in non-photosynthetic tissues (CuZn-SODs II,III, IV) are immunologically distinct. (Received October 7, 1988; Accepted January 27, 1989)     

菊属与蒿属植物苗期抗蚜虫性鉴定

为发掘对蚜虫有抗性的菊花近缘种属植物,对11份菊属及蒿属植物苗期进行了田间和室内抗蚜虫性鉴定。结果发现:在田间鉴定条件下,随着平均蚜害指数(I*)值的升高,蚜虫抗性等级逐渐降低,其中:黄金艾蒿、黄蒿、香蒿的I*值为0.00,属于免疫性;牡蒿的I*值为0.13,属于高抗性;大岛野路菊的I*值为0.25,属于抗性;异色菊的I*值为0.37,属于中抗性;那贺川野菊、龙脑菊的I*值为0.51—0.75,属于感性;泡黄金菊、紫花野菊、菊花脑的I*值>0.75,属于高感性;在室内鉴定条件下,不同材料对蚜虫的抗性表现出很大差异,根据繁殖倍率的不同,11份材料分为5个抗性等级,其中黄金艾蒿、牡蒿、黄蒿、香蒿繁殖倍率为0.00,属于极高抗性;大岛野路菊繁殖倍率为5.86,属于中抗性;异色菊、那贺川野菊、龙脑菊繁殖倍率为7—10,属于低抗性;泡黄金菊、紫花野菊、菊花脑繁殖倍率>10,属于无抗性。综合分析表明:田间鉴定与室内鉴定结果基本一致,其中黄金艾蒿、黄蒿等8份材料田间和室内鉴定结果无差别;牡蒿田间鉴定表现为高抗性,而室内鉴定表现为极高抗性;大岛野路菊田间鉴定表现为抗性,而室内鉴定表现为中抗性;异色菊田间鉴定表现为中抗性,而室内鉴定表现为低抗性。黄金艾蒿、黄蒿、牡蒿、香蒿、大岛野路菊对蚜虫表现良好抗性,可用于栽培菊花抗蚜性遗传改良。     

Transgenic Nicotiana TabacumL. with enhanced trichome exudate cembratrieneols has reduced aphid infestation in the field

Glandular trichomes of many plants secrete natural products that influence plant/insect interactions. For example, tobacco varieties having relatively high cembratrieneols (CBTols) are known to have enhanced aphid resistance in the field. CBTols and corresponding CBTdiols comprise 1.4 and 62%, respectively, of trichome exudate in the aphid susceptible tobacco variety, T.I. 1068. Using this cultivar we suppressed the CYP71D16 gene that encodes the enzyme that converts CBTols to CBTdiols. In suppressed plants CBTols and CBTdiols accounted for about 27 and 35% of exudate weight, respectively. Total CBTols plus CBTdiols was not changed substantially. Here we studied the relationship between aphid infestation and increased exudate CBTols in the field using self progeny derived from 5 independent primary transgenic T. I. 1068 plants having suppressed CYP71D16 activity. Two hundred individual plants were scored for aphid infestation, and their trichome exudate compositions were determined by gas chromatography. A significant negative correlation was found between high CBTols levels in trichome exudates and aphid infestation. No aphid infestation was observed on the majority of plants with CBTols/CBTdiols ratios of >1.49, which represents a >20-fold increase in CBTols, and a >40% decrease in CBTdiols over control T.I. 1068 exudate. In contrast, aphid infestation occurred on most plants with CBTols/CBTdiols ratios <0.201, which is similar to that of the untransformed control T.I. 1068. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using metabolic engineering of glandular trichomes to enhance natural product-based pest resistance.     

Photosynthesis and assimilate transport in potato with top-roll disorder caused by the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae

In pot experiments in a glasshouse, top-roll symptoms were induced on potato plants after infestation with the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Leaves showing symptoms accumulated carbohydrates and tuber yields of affected plants were decreased by 44% compared with controls. Leaves grown after killing the aphids had a normal appearance and sugar contents. Infestation with aphids primarily inhibited carbohydrate transport in the stem and the accumulation of ¹⁴C-labelled assimilate in the vascular bundles of the leaves. It is suggested that photosynthesis is inhibited by impaired phloem transport and subsequent accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and not by direct mechanical damage caused by the feeding aphid.