中国草原区主要群落类型花粉组合特征

现代表土花粉组合与植被关系研究是推断过去植被演化的基础。对中国草原区 39个样点进行植被调查及表土花粉分析的研究结果表明 ,表土花粉组合可反映出草原植被的总体特征。大多数样品中乔木花粉百分比低于 5 %。蒿属、藜科是草原区所有样品花粉组合中最主要的成分 ,两者在花粉组合中所占比例多大于 5 0 % ,且人类活动越强或气候越干旱 ,蒿属、藜科花粉所占百分比越高。花粉组合不能反映群落结构特征 ,如建群种、结构、盖度等的差异在花粉组合中表现不出来。即使以禾本科为建群种的草原群落 ,禾本科花粉所占比例也多低于 10 %。花粉浓度在草原区花粉与植被关系研究中意义不明确。典型草原与荒漠草原花粉组合存在明显区别 ,无倾向性对应分析 (DCA)分析表明 ,典型草原区样品在第一排序轴的排序值多高于 0 ,荒漠草原区样品的排序值小于 0 ;典型草原区藜科花粉百分比一般低于 2 5 % ,花粉类型多样性指数大于 2 ,当蒿藜占花粉总数的 5 0 %以上时 ,蒿藜比值大于 2。荒漠草原区藜科花粉含量多高于 2 5 % ,蒿藜比值多为 0 .5～ 2 ,花粉类型多样性指数多为 1～ 2。蒿属花粉属超代表性 ,但在蒿类建群的群落中 ,蒿属花粉多低于其在植被中的百分比     

内蒙古中部四子王旗荒漠草原过渡带表土花粉分析

通过研究内蒙古中部四子王旗地区的表土花粉,试图揭示荒漠草原地区小尺度范围中表土花粉的植被和气侯指示意义.源自4个不同植物群落的19块表土花粉显示:研究区表土花粉组合主要以草本植物蒿属(Artemisia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)花粉占优势,两者百分含量一般在60%以上;禾本科(Poaceae)花粉具低代表性,平均含量在5%左右;另含有一定数量的白刺属(Nitraria)、麻黄属(Ephedra)、菊科(Asteraceae)和葱属(Allium)等花粉为特征.笔者首次提出的(蒿属+禾本科+菊科)/(白刺属+麻黄属+藜科)百分比值,有效地揭示了研究区北部较南部要干旱,与A/C比值及当地现生植被生境和气候因子相吻合.研究结果对我国内陆干旱、半干旱荒漠草原区第四纪古植被的恢复,以及古气候的重建提供了参照依据.     

新疆赛里木湖流域表土花粉组合与现代植被关系研究

通过对新疆赛里木湖流域现代植被调查及不同植被带的53个表土样品花粉鉴定分析,深入研究了该区域表土花粉组合与现代植被的关系。研究结果表明:表土花粉组合可反映出该流域植被的总体特征,赛里木湖流域不同植被带内花粉组合差异显著,依据花粉谱特征可以分为草原带、针叶林带、森林灌丛带、亚高山草甸带、荒漠草原带、草原灌丛带、荒漠植被带;云杉属、蒿属、藜科、禾本科含量高、变化明显,可作为该流域古环境重建的重要参考依据;蒿属/藜科(A/C)比值可以用来区分荒漠植被带和荒漠草原带,荒漠植被带A/C值平均为0.62,荒漠草原带A/C值平均为1.55,1是两者之间的界值;云杉属花粉含量≥30%时可认为该样品来自于云杉林,云杉属-蒿属-禾本科等花粉组合表明森林(灌丛)的存在,亚高山草甸以蒿属-禾本科-云杉属组合为主,(荒漠)草原(灌丛)以蒿属-藜科-禾本科为主,藜科-蒿属是荒漠植被的建群种。     

天山南坡阔克沙勒岭地区表土花粉分布特征

表土花粉组合及其与现代植被分布的对应关系,是利用地层花粉开展古植被与古气候重建的基础。本文通过对阔克沙勒岭地区60个表土花粉样品,运用聚类分析和降趋势对应分析方法研究探讨天山南坡表土花粉分布规律及影响因素。结果表明,(1)蒿属(Artemisia)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)花粉呈超代表性,蒿属/藜科值的大小可指示湿度变化,还可用于区分荒漠和荒漠草原植物群落;麻黄属(Ephedra)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)花粉代表性较好,在表土花粉组合中优势明显;禾本科(Poaceae)代表性偏低,推测与其自身花粉产量、群落物种多样性等因素有关;(2)阔克沙勒岭地区各植被带花粉组合特征显著,灌木/半灌木荒漠带麻黄属、藜科花粉含量高,蒿属、白刺属(Nitraria)、柽柳属(Tamarix)在各自分布区得到应有体现;禾本科花粉由于低代表性而在荒漠草原带、高寒草原带的优势不明显,在高寒草原带含量略高;莎草科花粉在嵩草草甸带组合中含量居首位,体现出了其在该植被带中的优势;(3)聚类分析和降趋势对应分析在阔克沙勒岭表土花粉研究中能划分识别植被带,降趋势对应分析揭示湿度是影响植被分布的主要因素...     

新疆中天山山间盆地表土花粉谱特征

基于中天山山间盆地58个表土样品花粉谱特征,结合植物群落样方物种调查结果,分析了该区域表土花粉与现代植被分布的对应关系。结果表明:(1)中天山山间盆地表土花粉组合与现代植被分布相一致,聚类分析结果将研究区分为5个植被带,按海拔由低到高的顺序分别对应荒漠草原带、山地草原带、山地森林带、亚高山草甸带、高山流石坡植被带。主成分分析第1轴揭示,湿度是植被带形成的重要影响因素。植被带之间花粉组合差异显著,荒漠草原带藜科-蒿属花粉组合优势明显,山地草原带则表现为蒿属-禾本科-藜科花粉组合,云杉属-蒿属-禾本科-藜科花粉组合及云杉属含量>25%共同指示山地森林带的存在,亚高山草甸带花粉组合表现为莎草科-斗篷草属-蒿属-禾本科-藜科,高山流石坡植被带以蒿属-藜科-莎草科-斗篷草属-禾本科花粉组合为主。(2)蒿属、藜科、禾本科、云杉属、莎草科、斗篷草属是中天山山间盆地的代表物种,可作为古环境重建的重要参考。蒿属、藜科表现出超代表性,禾本科则相反。(3)中天山山间盆地植被带表土花粉分布及含量影响因素复杂,云杉属花粉受西风环流影响较大,蒿属、藜科花粉受人类活动影响显著。     

中国阿尔泰山西部表土花粉研究

阿尔泰山是个完整的自然地域综合体,自然地理要素垂直地带性分异显著,对花粉搬运、沉积、保存有较大影响。根据对中国阿尔泰山西部53个表土样品花粉谱特征分析,基于植物群落样方物种调查结果,运用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,探讨了该区域表土花粉与现代植被分布的对应关系。研究表明(1)阿尔泰山西部表土花粉组合与现代植被分布基本一致,各植被带均存在特有的花粉组合,荒漠草原带蒿属—藜科—禾本科—麻黄属组合优势明显,草原灌丛带以禾本科—蒿属—蔷薇科—藜科组合为主,山地森林带表现为云杉属(或云杉属+冷杉属)—桦木属—蔷薇科—禾本科—莎草科组合,亚高山灌丛带以桦木属—禾本科—柳属—莎草科组合为主,高山草甸带表现为唇形科—禾本科—桦木属—蔷薇科—莎草科组合。聚类分析可将各植被带准确鉴别开,主成分分析表明湿度是影响其分布的主导因素。(2)云杉属、冷杉属、蔷薇科、桦木属、柳属、豆科、麻黄属、禾本科、蒿属、藜科、菊科、唇形科、莎草科、唐松草属含量高、变化幅度大,为该区域主要的表土花粉类型。其中,云杉属、桦木属代表性较好,禾本科、冷杉属、莎草科代表性较低,藜科、蒿属具超代表性。花粉含量高低除自身因素外,某些科(属)还可...     

西藏扎布耶盐湖地区现代花粉雨的初步研究

从扎布耶盐湖和藏南地区采集的２１块表土花粉分析结果,提供了花粉与植被,花粉与亚环境之间的定性关系,在扎耶盐湖,ａ泉水沼泽,以莎草科花粉占优势。ｂ．盐盘,藜科和麻黄属花粉含量高。ｃ．山坡,分布变色锦鸡儿灌丛,表土花粉以蒿属和藜科为优势。ｄ．河流沙滩,以蒿属和禾本科花粉为主,ｅ．常年盐湖,以蒿属占优势,松属、云杉属、冷杉属、铁杉属、桦属和桤木属等乔木植物花表土中普遍存在。以松粉百分含量最高（平均２６．     

新疆石河子南山地区表土花粉研究

天山作为亚洲大陆最大的山系之一,横贯于新疆的中部,成为分隔南、北疆自然地理区系的山系,它对花粉的传播、保存、搬运与沉积具有重大作用。根据对西北干旱区域新疆石河子南山地区一条沿着海拔高度从2400 m到300 m的样带所采集的23个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式和现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了北坡垂直带的植被与表土花粉之间的关系。该区表土孢粉谱可分为4个孢粉组合带,分别对应森林植被带、森林草原植被带、蒿属荒漠带和典型荒漠带。比较特殊的是典型荒漠带被划分为两个亚带,一个亚带是以蒿属、藜科占主要成分的典型荒漠带,另一亚带蒿属、藜科含量较高并含有大量沼泽蕨和芦苇植硅体,兼具典型荒漠和湿地特征。在海拔400 m以上,孢粉组合与现代植被的对应关系较好,带Ⅰ中较高含量的云杉花粉验证了以云杉为主的森林植被带。带Ⅱ中以云杉为主的乔木植物和含量较高的藜科、蒿属和蓼属等草本植物为主的孢粉组合特征与森林-草原植被带的植被特征较为类似。云杉属花粉在海拔低于1350 m的地方即林带下方所占的比例很小,一方面由于距林地的距离较远,另一方面,可能是山风气流对云杉花粉往下搬运的能力较弱所致。带Ⅲ的蒿属花粉含量较高,与该带植被中绢蒿较多有一定的关系,带Ⅳ以藜科为主的花粉组合特征代表了这个植被带的荒漠植被类型。但是在海拔400 m之下,带Ⅳ的亚带Ⅳ₂的高含量的沼泽蕨和芦苇植硅体的孢粉组合在一定程度上还代表了古湿地环境。通过该部分表土花粉组合特征与草滩湖剖面孢粉谱的对比,验证了当地农业种植选址的生态可行性,同时就开垦程度对环境的影响进行了初步探讨。另外,亚带Ⅳ₂的蒿属/藜科(Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C))比值比亚带Ⅳ₁高,可能与该样点受人为扰动较大有关。     

西天山南坡表土花粉分析

通过对西天山南坡不同植被带52个表土花粉样品的鉴定,研究表土花粉组合与现代植被分布的关系,分析蒿属/藜科比值(A/C)在该区域的指示意义.结果表明:山顶至山底可以划分为5个植被带,分别为高山荒漠带、高山草甸带、草甸草原带、山地荒漠带、典型荒漠带,代表性科属为蒿属、藜科、禾本科和麻黄属,该区域不同植被类型表土样品花粉组合差异明显.西天山南坡表土花粉在一定程度上受到北坡的影响,海拔越高影响越大.A/C值随海拔升高而先升高再降低,在高山草甸区域达到最高,可以作为反映山地垂直方向气候干湿变化的有效指标.由于A/C值波动较大,利用该比值进行气候环境重建时,需注意受人类活动等因素影响所产生的高值可能带来误判.     

阴山山脉东段花粉通量及其与表土花粉比较研究

阴山山脉东段蛮汉山和大青山山顶草甸、桦木林、虎榛子灌丛、人工油松林及杂草草原5个植被类型花粉通量与表土花粉对比研究发现,不同植被类型及同一植被类型不同样点花粉通量和花粉浓度差异明显,捕捉器样品花粉源区面积小于表土样品,能较好地反映样品点周围植被组成,但受虫媒植物和局地植物花粉影响,与表土样品花粉组合差异明显;表土样品中松属、桦属、蒿属及藜科花粉含量多高于捕捉器样品,表明这些花粉不仅易于传播,而且在表土中具有较强的保存能力;禾本科花粉具低代表性,花粉保存能力较低.地层花粉分析中应引起注意.     

Study on Surface Pollen in Middle Inner Mongolia,China

The paper deals with features of pollen assemblages and their relationship to vegetation by comparing the results from surface pollen analysis with that from sample determination. It showed that Chenopodiaceae dominate with some Artemisia and a few Ephedra in steppe area. Although A/C (Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae) value was lower and more complicated than arid steppe area, it could reflect the humidity and the level of grass degeneration. The much more Pinus and Betula pollen percentage might be the main environmental noise source produced as statistical error. There were no obvious difference on pollen assemblage among the steppe types as Stipa gobica, S. krylovii, Peganum-Achnatherum except Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen. However, there were some difference among meadow steppe, viz. sparse Ulmus pumila and Salisc tree, Aneurolepidium chinense and also the types like Salisc flavida, Stipa gobica, S. krylovii, Peganum-Achnatherum. Features of pollen assemblage in steppe degeneration and applications of PCA (principal component analysis) and method on surface pollen analysis were discussed.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒草原大针茅-克氏针茅群落的种间关联特征分析

内蒙古锡林郭勒草原处于我国典型草原分布区, 但部分地区有戈壁针茅(Stipa gobica)等荒漠成分侵入, 并与大针茅(S. grandis)和克氏针茅(S. krylovii)共同形成斑块状格局分布, 目前尚不清楚群落中优势种之间的相互作用关系。采用2 × 2列联表, 通过方差分析、Pearson相关分析和Spearman秩相关分析等研究方法, 对大针茅+克氏针茅群落的大针茅斑块、克氏针茅斑块和戈壁针茅斑块中的24种主要植物的种间联结动态进行了定量分析。结果表明: 1)群落主要成分总体上种间联结呈无关联, 种间关联松散; 2) 3种针茅斑块的种间关联分析, 验证了由于干扰、竞争、土壤环境与植物相互作用形成的斑块分布格局, 此结果为种对正、负关联理论提供了有力证据; 3) 同一种对的联结性质(正关联或负关联)或关联程度因斑块不同而发生改变, 根据24个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素, 可将它们划分为3大生态种组。     

Numerical Characteristics of Pollen Assemblages of Surface Samples from the West Kunlun Mountains

A total of 31 suface sediment samples were collected from West Kunlun Mountain in south Xinjiang Autonomous Region in northwest China. These samples are from seven types of vegetation: Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey. forest, Sabina Spach. woodland, sub-alpine steppe, alpine meadow, desert vegetion, cushion-vegetation and vegetation adjancent to glaciers. Pollen percentages and pollen concentrations were calculated in all samples. The dominant pollen types in the region are Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Picea, Ephedra, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Compositae etc. In order to reveal the relationship between pollen composition and the vegetation type from which the soil sample was collected, principal component analysis and group average cluster analysis were employed on the pollen data. The results revealed that the major vegetation types in this region could be distinguished by pollen composition: a. Samples from desert vegetation were dominated by pollen of Chenopodiaceae (about 60195%). The percentages of all other pollen types were low. b. Picea forest samples were rich in Picea pollen (about 20%) Sabina forest had more Sabina pollen grains than other vegetation types (about 5%, others <1%). Pollen percentages of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra were comparatively higher (each about 20%) in these samples from the two types of vegetations. C. Pollen percentages of Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae were high in both sub-alpine steppe and alpine meadow. But steppe containal more Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae (steppe 33.75% and 32.30%, meadow 15.57% and 19.48% in average), less Cyperaceae and Gramineae (steppe 2.58% and 7.60%, meadow 22.35% and 12.93% in average) than meadow. d. Samples from cushion-vegetation and vegetation adjacent to glaciers were mainly composed of pollen grains transported from other sites. It was not easy to distinguish them from other vegetation types. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis distinguish samples from Picea forest, Sabina woodland, sub-alpine steppe, alpine meadow and desert vegetation. Therefore we think it will be possible to apply the module to reconstruct past vegetation in this region and other similar regions. Regression analysis was also applied to reveal the relationships between pollen and plant percentages of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae. The results indicated that a linear relationship existed between pollen and plant percentages for Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Cyperaeeae.     

内蒙古草原草场放牧退化模式研究及退化监测专家系统雏议

本文将定位研究与路线考察相结合,将放牧影响下草原的动态演替及其在牧压梯度上的空间变化相对比,研究了内蒙古主要草原草场的放牧退化模式,并在此基础上初步探讨了判别草场退化的数量指标和退化监测专家系统。1)植物种与牧压关系的分析,区别出放牧的定性和定量指示植物及宜中牧植物,并划分植物为不同的放牧生态种组。2)退化草原恢复过程的研究表明,根茎禾草的恢复快于丛生禾草;群落恢复过程是单稳态的,且恢复演替动态与其牧压梯度上的空间变化相对应。3)内蒙古高原主要草原草场在持续放牧影响下均趋同于冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)草原。冷蒿是最可靠的正定量放牧指示植物,但同时又是优良牧草和草原退化的阻击者。4)讨论了草原草场退化的概念,论述了草原逆向演替与草场退化的区别和联系,提出了区分草原的逆向演替为草场熟化和退化两个过程,并依草场群落与牧压的关系建立了判定草场是否退化及退化程度的数量指标。5)初步设计了草原草场退化监测—决策专家系统,包括监测、判别和决策三个步骤。     

A survey of modern pollen and vegetation along a south–north transect in Mongolia

Aim This modern pollen‐rain study documents the spatial and quantitative relationships between modern pollen and vegetation in Mongolia, and explores the potential for using this relationship in palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Location East‐central Mongolia. Methods We collected 104 pollen surface samples along a south–north transect across five vegetation zones in Mongolia. Discriminant analysis was used to classify the modern pollen spectra into five pollen assemblages corresponding to the five vegetation zones. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to divide the main pollen taxa into two major groups and seven subgroups representing the dry and moist vegetation types and the main vegetation communities within them. Results Each vegetation zone along the transect can be characterized by a distinctive modern pollen assemblage as follows: (1) desert zone: Chenopodiaceae–Zygophyllaceae–Nitraria–Poaceae pollen assemblage; (2) desert‐steppe zone: Poaceae–Chenopodiaceae pollen assemblage; (3) steppe zone: Artemisia–Aster‐type–Poaceae–Pinus Haploxylon‐type pollen assemblage; (4) forest‐steppe zone: Pinus Haploxylon‐type–Picea–Artemisia–Betula, montane forb/shrub and pteridophyte pollen assemblage; and (5) mountain taiga zone: Pinus Haploxylon‐type–Picea–Poaceae–Cyperaceae, montane forb/shrub and Pteridophyte pollen assemblage. Main conclusions Based on the ratio between the major pollen taxon groups and subgroups, we propose two pollen–climate indices that represent the precipitation and temperature conditions in the study region. When plotted along our south–north transect, the moisture indices (M) and temperature indices (T) mimic the regional gradients of precipitation and temperature across Mongolia very closely. These pollen–climate indices can be used for palaeoclimatic reconstruction based on fossil pollen data.     

末次盛冰期以来沙漠-黄土过渡带植被演替及其对气候变化的响应

末次盛冰期(LGM)以来的增温期和全新世高温期是人类古文化进步的重要时期。黄土高原北部沙漠-黄土过渡带两个自然剖面高分辨率花粉分析结果显示,该区LGM以来为草原植被景观,但优势群落和伴生植物随气候变化而有所不同,温度和降水变化对植被演替有着重要的控制作用。气候干冷时,以耐干旱的草本植物种属为主,群落成分单一,植被盖度低;增温期和高温期,出现少量暖温带乔木植物如胡桃科、栎属等,植被盖度高,群落发育良好。全新世暖期是植被发育良好、植被盖度高的适宜期。本研究为黄土高原地区未来增温下植被响应的分析提供了历史相似型。     

内蒙古克氏针茅草原植物物候及其与气候因子关系

 植物物候作为气候变化敏感的生物圈指示计, 已经成为全球变化研究的热点。利用1985~2002年地面物候观测数据, 构建了内蒙古克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原植物物候的时间序列谱, 并分析了植物物候的时间变异与气候因子之间的相关关系。结果表明: 1) 从1985~2002年内蒙古克氏针茅草原的气候朝着暖干趋势发展, 主要表现在春、夏气温的显著性增加与秋季(9月)降水的显著性减少; 2) 主要植物物候的变化整体呈返青期推后其它物候期提前趋势; 3) 植物生长盛期(7、8月)对气候变化最敏感; 4) 光照和温度是影响内蒙古克氏针茅草原植物物候格局的主要因素, 年内最寒冷的1月月均温和2、3月的光照对春季返青期具有负效应, 而其它物候期与7、8月的光照则呈显著的负相关关系, 6、7月的降水对发育盛期的花序形成、抽穗与开花具有显著的负效应, 8、9月的降水量能显著推后枯黄期的结束, 从而有利于生长季的延长。     

Correlation analysis of Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI)difference series and climate variables in the Xilingole steppe,China from 1983 to 1999

There is a crucial need in the study of global change to understand how terrestrial ecosystems respond to the climate system.It has been demonstrated by many researches that Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI)time series from remotely sensed data,which provide effective information of vegetation conditions on a large scale with highly temporal resolution,have a good relation with meteorological factors.However,few of these studies have taken the cumulative property of NDVI time series into account.In this study,NDVI difference series were proposed to replace the original NDVI time series with NDVI difference series to reappraise the relationship between NDVI and meteorological factors.As a proxy of the vegetation growing process,NDVI difference represents net primary productivity of vegetation at a certain time interval under an environment controlled by certain climatic conditions and other factors.This data replacement is helpful to eliminate the cumulative effect that exist in original NDVI time series,and thus is more appropriate to understand how climate system affects vegetation growth in a short time scale.By using the correlation analysis method,we studied the relationship between NOAA/AVHRR ten-day NDVI difference series and corresponding meteorological data from 1983 to 1999 from 11 meteorological stations located in the Xilingole steppe in Inner Mongolia.The results show that:(1)meteorological factors are found to be more significantly correlation with NDVI difference at the biomass-rising phase than that at the falling phase;(2)the relationship between NDVI difference and climate variables varies with vegetation types and vegetation communities.In a typical steppe dominated by Leymus chinensis,temperature has higher correlation with NDVI difference than precipitation does,and in a typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii,the correlation between temperature and NDVI difference is lower than that between precipitation and NDVI difference.In a typical steppe dominated by Stipa grandis,there is no significant difference between the two correlations.Precipitation is the key factor influencing vegetation growth in a desert steppe,and temperature has poor correlation with NDVI difference;(3)the response of NDVI difference to precipitation is fast and almost simultaneous both in a typical steppe and desert steppe,however,mean temperature exhibits a time-lag effect especially in the desert steppe and some typical steppe dominated by Stipa krylovii;(4)the relationship between NDVI difference and temperature is becoming stronger with global warming.