CO2倍增对3种禾本科植物叶绿体超微结构的影响

本对ＣＯ２正常浓度（３５０μＬ／Ｌ）倍增（７００μＬ／Ｌ）条件下,小麦、水稻和高粱等３种禾本科植物叶肉及维管束鞘细胞中叶绿体的数目,叶绿体的超微结构等进行了比较研究。在光镜和透射电镜下的观测结果表明：高浓度ＣＯ２可促进３种禾本科植物叶绿体的发育,使之数量增多、体积增大;叶绿体中淀粉粒积累增多、体积增大。其中,Ｃ４植物的高粱叶绿体中淀粉粒数量明显增加,而叶绿体光合膜的结构却受到很大破坏;Ｃ３植物的小     

高CO2浓度对大平不同叶位叶片叶绿体淀粉粒积累的效应

对高ＣＯ２浓度下生长的大豆不同叶位的叶片进行电镜观察,揭示出大豆不同叶位叶片的叶绿体对倍增的ＣＯ２浓度反应不一。其显的超微结构差异特征是：１．叶位居中的叶片叶绿体积累的淀粉粒不仅很大,而且最多,有的叶绿体中的分粒可达２０个,几种充满着叶绿体的基质空间。２．下位叶叶绿体的淀粉粒积累较多,通常为２￣５个;３．上位叶叶绿体所含淀粉粒既小又少,虽然有的叶绿体中也积累有３￣４个淀粉粒,但大多叶绿体中所含淀     

高CO_2浓度对大豆不同叶位叶片叶绿体淀粉粒积累的效应

对高CO_2浓度下生长的大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)不同叶位的叶片进行了电镜观察,揭示出大豆不同叶位叶片的叶绿体对倍增的CO_2浓度反应不一。其显著的超微结构差异特征是:1.叶位居中的叶片叶绿体积累的淀粉粒不仅很大,而且最多,有的叶绿体中的淀粉粒可达20个,几乎充满着叶绿体的基质空间。2.下位叶叶绿体的淀粉粒积累较多,通常为2～5个;3.上位叶叶绿体所含淀粉粒既小又少,虽然有的叶绿体中也积累有3～4个淀粉粒,但大多数叶绿体中所含淀粉粒仅有1～2个。以上结果联系到大豆中位叶的光合作用速率较高及对籽粒产量起作用最大来讨论是很有意义的。     

CO2和O3浓度倍增及其交互作用对大豆叶绿体超微结构的影响

应用透射电镜观察了模拟大气CO2和O3浓度倍增及其交互作用(开顶箱法)对大豆叶肉细胞叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度倍增促进了大豆叶绿体的发育,内含淀粉粒积累明显增多、体积增大;叶绿体被膜保持完好;叶绿体基粒片层排列整齐,而O3浓度倍增抑制了叶绿体内淀粉粒的累积,并导致叶绿体被膜破碎,片层解体,严重地破坏了叶绿体的结构和功能CO2和O3浓度倍增的交互作用对叶绿体超微结构有不同程度的破坏,但二者浓度呈梯度增加对叶绿体的损害作用要大于二者浓度持续倍增对叶绿体的影响,进一步表明CO2正效应对O3负效应的补偿作用。     

CO2浓度倍增对谷子拔节期和灌浆期光合色素含量和PSⅡ功能的影响

研究了CO_2浓度倍增对谷子(Setaria italica (L.)Beauv.)叶片单位鲜重和单位叶面积叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)的含量以及PSⅡ功能的影响。结果表明,CO_2浓度倍增能提高拔节期成熟叶片和灌浆期成熟旗叶的Chl和Car的含量,并且能提高这两种叶片PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例。然而拔节期叶片和灌浆期旗叶的qN值和PSⅡ总的光化学量子产量,以及 F_v/F_o、F_v/F_m和F_d/F_s的值对CO_2浓度倍增的响应不同,表明CO_2浓度倍增对拔节期叶片光合功能的改善优于灌浆期的旗叶。     

CO2浓度倍增对小麦叶绿体超微结构、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响

超薄切片及冰冻撕裂电镜观察、吸收光谱及77 K低温荧光发射光谱的测定结果表明:CO2浓度倍增对小麦( Triticum aestivum L.)叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响均为正效应.具体反映在:(1)小麦叶绿体中除了比对照积累有较多的淀粉粒外,其基粒和基质类囊体膜发育较好;(2)叶绿体的光合膜系,无论是垛叠和非垛叠膜区,其镶嵌于内质膜撕裂面(EFs和EFu)及原生质膜撕裂面(PFs和PFu)的功能蛋白粒均比其对照的发育良好,尤其PFs 与EFs面较为突出,即它们除了所含蛋白粒的密度较大外,在EFs面上有时还呈现出密集有序的阵列结构;(3)叶绿体整个吸收谱带,尤其红区和蓝区的主峰均较其对照有较大的光吸收,表明对光能的捕获能力明显高于对照;(4)无论是以436 nm还是以480nm波长激发的,其叶绿体的F684/F733 (PSⅡ/PSⅠ)的比值均较对照的高,表明CO2浓度倍增条件下生长的小麦叶片叶绿体的PSⅡ相对荧光强度有所增强,这与叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及吸收光谱的测定结果相一致.以上结果可为小麦在高CO2浓度下增产提供理论依据.     

CO2浓度倍增对小麦叶绿体超微结构、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响

超薄切片及冰冻撕裂电镜观察、吸收光谱及 77K低温荧光发射光谱的测定结果表明 :CO2 浓度倍增对小麦(TriticumaestivumL .)叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及光谱特性的影响均为正效应。具体反映在 :(1)小麦叶绿体中除了比对照积累有较多的淀粉粒外 ,其基粒和基质类囊体膜发育较好 ;(2 )叶绿体的光合膜系 ,无论是垛叠和非垛叠膜区 ,其镶嵌于内质膜撕裂面 (EFs和EFu)及原生质膜撕裂面 (PFs和PFu)的功能蛋白粒均比其对照的发育良好 ,尤其PFs与EFs面较为突出 ,即它们除了所含蛋白粒的密度较大外 ,在EFs面上有时还呈现出密集有序的阵列结构 ;(3)叶绿体整个吸收谱带 ,尤其红区和蓝区的主峰均较其对照有较大的光吸收 ,表明对光能的捕获能力明显高于对照 ;(4)无论是以 4 36nm还是以 4 80nm波长激发的 ,其叶绿体的F684/F73 3 (PSⅡ /PSⅠ )的比值均较对照的高 ,表明CO2 浓度倍增条件下生长的小麦叶片叶绿体的PSⅡ相对荧光强度有所增强 ,这与叶绿体的超微、超分子结构及吸收光谱的测定结果相一致。以上结果可为小麦在高CO2 浓度下增产提供理论依据。     

大气CO2浓度倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响

以长期生长于350和700μmolCO_2·mol~(-1)空气的开顶式培养室的杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)等10种植物的离体成熟叶片或整株为材料,研究不同测定温度(15～35℃)下,CO_2浓度倍增对植物暗呼吸的影响。结果表明:在较低温度(15℃、20℃)下,CO_2浓度倍增对植物暗呼吸没有显著效应,在较高温度(30℃、35℃)下多数被测植物的暗呼吸显著增强。讨论了实验所得结果在未来全球气候变化中的可能的意义。     

CO2浓度倍增对10种禾本科植物叶片形态结构的影响

在CO_2正常浓度(350μL/L)和倍增(700μL/L)条件下,对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、半野生小麦(T.aestivum ssp.tibeticum)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)、野大麦(H.brevisubulatum(Trin.)Link)、水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、野生稻(O.meyeriana subsp.granulata)、谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv)、狗尾草(S.viridis (L.)Beauv)、高粱(Sorghum vulgare Pers.)和玉米(Zea mays L.)等10种禾本科植物幼苗期叶的形态结构进行比较研究。结果表明,在CO_2浓度倍增条件下,除野大麦和玉米外,其它几种禾本科植物的叶片厚度普遍增加;表皮细胞密度下降(野大麦和谷子的远轴面除外)。其中C_3种类的平均气孔密度和气孔指数下降,C_4种类则呈相反趋势。在CO_2浓度倍增条件下,栽培种类表皮细胞密度和维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数明显增加,野生种类则呈相反趋势。气孔密度与气孔指数基本呈正相关。     

CO2浓度增加对玉米杂交种和亲本叶绿体类囊体膜光合特性的影响

当今世界工农业生产迅速发展,人口急剧增加,对能源的消耗也与日俱增。因此大气层中的 CO_2浓度不断升高。有专家预计,到21世纪后期,全球的 CO_2浓度将会升高一倍。伴随着 CO_2浓度的升高,全球的气温也将升高5—6℃。随着大气和温度的变化,其他气候因子也会发生相应变化,这些都将给植物生长发育带来预想不到的影响。因此 CO_2浓度     

Effect of Doubled-CO2 Concentration on the Ultrastructure of Chloroplasts from Medicago sativa and Setaria italica

It has been reported in quite a number of literatures that doubled CO2 concentration increased the photosynthetic rate and dry matter production of C3 plants, but substantially affected C4 plants little. However, why may CO2 enrichment promote growth and either no change or decrease reproductive allocation of the C3 species, but havinag no effects on growth characteristics of the C4 plants? So far, there has been no satisfactory explanation on that mentioned above, except the differences in their CO2 compensatory points. In the past, although some studies on ultrastructure of the chloroplasts under doubled CO2 concentration were limitedly conducted. Almost all the relevant experimental materials were only from C3 plants not from C4 plants, and even though the results were of inconsistancy. Thereby, it needs to verify whether the differences in photosynthesis of C3 and C4 plants at doubled CO2 level is caused by the difference in their chloroplast deterioration. Experiments to this subject were conducted at the Botanical Garden of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica in 1993 and 1994. Both experimental materials from C3 plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and C4 plant foxtail millet (Setaria italica) were cultivated in the cylindrical open-top chambers (2.2 m in diameter × 2.4 m in height) with aluminum frames covered by polyethylene film. Natural air or air with 350× 10-6 CO2 were blown from the bottom of the chamber space with constant temperature between inside and outside of the chamber 〈0.2℃〉. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts from C3 plant Medicago sativa and C4 plant Seteria italica growing under the same doubled CO2 concentration were quite different from each other. The differential characteristics in ultrastructure of chloro plasts displayed mainly in the configuration of thylakoid membrances and the accumulation of starch grains. They were as follows: 1. The most striking feature was the building up of starch grains in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells (BSCs) and the mesophyll cells (MCs) at doubled CO2 concentra tion. The starch grains appeared centrifugally first in the BSCs and then in the chloroplast of the other MCs. It was worthy to note that the starch grains in the chloroplasts of C4 plant Setaria ira/ica were much more than those of the C3 plant Medicago sativa . The decline of photosynthesis in the doubled CO2-grown C4 plants might be caused by an over accumulation of starch grains, that deformed the chloroplast even demaged the stroma thylakoids and grana. There might exsist a correlation between the comformation of thylakoid system and starch grain accumulation, namely conversion and transfer of starch need energy from ATP, and coupling factor (CF) for ATP formation distributed mainly on protoplastic surface (PSu) of stroma thylakoid membranes, as well as end and margin membranes of grana thylakoids. Thereby, these results could provide a conclusive evidence for the reason of non effectiveness on growth characteristics of C4 plant. 2. Under normal condition , the mature chlolroplats of higher plants usually develop complete and regularly arranged photosynthetic membrane systems . Chloroplasts from the C4 plant Setaria italica, however, exerted significant changes on stacking degree, grana width and stroma thylakoid length under doubled CO2 concentration; In these changes, the grana stacks were smaller and more numerous, and the number of thylakoids per granum was greatly increased, and the stroma thylakoid was greatly lengthened as compared to those of the control chloroplasts. But the grana were mutually intertwined by stroma thylakoid. The integrity of some of the grana were damaged due to the augmentation of the intrathylakoid space . Similarly, the stroma thylakoids were also expanded. In case. the plant was seriously effected by doubled CO2 concentration as observed in C4 plant Setaria italica , its chloroplasts contained merely the stroma (matrix) with abundant starch grains, while grana and stroma thylakoid membranes were unrecognizable, or occasionally a few residuous pieces of thylakoid membranes could be visualized, leaving a situation which appeared likely to be chloroplast deterioration. However, under the same condition the C3 plant Medicago sativa possessed normally developed chloroplasts, with intact grana and stroma thylakoid membranes. Its chloroplasts contained grana intertwined with stroma thylakoid membranes, and increased in stacking degree and granum width, in spite of more accumulated starch grains within the chloroplasts. These configuration changes of the thylakoid system were in consistant with the results of the authors another study on chloroplast function, viz. the increased capacity of chloroplasts for light absorption and efficiency of PSⅡ.     

紫花苜蓿对CO2倍增的反应：生态生理研究和模型拟合

研究了紫花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ）在ＣＯ２ 倍增下光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度、水分利用效率的生态生理变化,并在此基础上对苜蓿进行了生态生理模型化的研究。在倍增（７００ μｍ ｏｌ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １）和对照（３５０ μｍ ｏｌ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １） ＣＯ２ 浓度下,对紫花苜蓿的生态生理学的研究表明,光合作用有效辐射是影响瞬时表观光合速率的主要环境因子,而气孔导度主要受相对湿度的限制。以整个生育期计,倍增组的表观光合作用比对照组可提高１８．７％ ,气孔导度略有下降（２％ ）,蒸腾作用减少了２．７％ ,水分利用效率提高了３０．１％ 。还对生理指标的实测数据进行了模型化的研究。对光合作用模型和气孔导度模型中参数的拟合结果表明,ＣＯ２ 倍增条件下,紫花苜蓿的光能转化效率（α）、电子传递速率（Ｊｍ ａｘ）比对照组都有明显的提高,最大气孔开度略有下降     

CO2浓度加倍对辽东栎维管组织结构的影响

以孙东栎（Ｑｕｃｒｃｕｓ ｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）的１３年生幼树为材料,分别培养大气ＣＯ２浓度加倍（７００μ１．Ｌ＾－１）与对照（３５０μ１．Ｌ＾－１）的开顶式熏气室中,研究ＣＯ２浓度升高对其茎次生木质部和次生韧皮部结构的影响。结果表明：经ＣＯ２ 倍处理的身份人生长季内,聍东栎的年轮宽度明显增加,为对照的３００％、３７０％,其中晚材宽度的增加更９为显著 ,为对照的７５０％～８３０％。另外 ,晚     

CO_2倍增对紫花苜蓿碳、氮同化与分配的影响

本文简要报道ＣＯ２倍增下紫花苜蓿碳素积累、氮素的吸收与生物固氮及其产物在地上、地下部分配的特性１　材料和方法在北京香山中国科学院植物研究所植物园试验区,建立了两个高２．８ｍ、直径２．２ｍ的钢管支撑的圆柱状开顶式薄膜培养室,由底部向室内连续通气,保证培养室内每分钟换气３次。对照室通入正常空气（３５０×１０－６,１×ＣＯ２）,处理室通入ＣＯ２加倍的空气（７００×１０－６,２×ＣＯ２）。室内ＣＯ２浓度经红外ＣＯ２分析仪（ＱＧＤ－０７型,北京分析仪器厂产品）测定,２４ｈ内均可保持在３５０×１０－６及７０…     

类根瘤对烟草叶片中叶绿体及其淀粉粒含量的影响

目的：探讨类根瘤对烟草叶片中的叶绿体及其淀粉粒含量的影响。方法：无菌培养烟草再生植株,其中一部分经过一定浓度的2,4－D与豇豆根瘤菌512快生型突变株菌液诱导处理,另外一部分为对照。运用常规电镜技术制作叶片厚切片,通过显微观察,对两组烟草叶片细胞中的叶绿体及其淀粉粒含量进行对比分析。结果：结瘤植株叶片细胞内的叶绿体含量虽然与对照之间无明显差异,但叶片栅栏组织和海绵组织细胞内淀粉粒的含量却均较对照减少,其中前者减少更为明显（P＜0.05)。结论：结瘤烟草叶片内光合产物的大量同化可能与类根瘤的形成有关。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区垄沟集雨对紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤水分和产草量的影响

研究了黄土丘陵区垄沟集雨技术对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)人工草地生产力以及土壤水分的影响。垄和沟的宽度均为30或60 cm,且垄上覆膜的处理水分利用效率分别比平作对照显著提高了13%和41%。垄和沟的宽度均为30 cm且垄上覆膜的处理4年的干草产量和平作对照无显著差异,而垄和沟的宽度均为60 cm,且垄上覆膜的处理干草产量比平作对照显著提高了41%,并且使紫花苜蓿草地产草高峰期提早了1~2年。垄和沟的宽度均为30或60 cm,且垄面裸露的两个处理产草量比平作对照有不同程度的降低。紫花苜蓿草地生长的第三年,深度为150 cm左右的土层是降水补充和水分消耗的平衡点。所有处理在紫花苜蓿生长4年后,200~500 cm 深度的土壤水分已经接近萎蔫系数。