‘红露珍’山茶花花器官上气孔的动态变化与花瓣展开的关系

本试验以‘红露珍’山茶为实验材料,分别研究了蕾期（I）、花瓣露出（II）、花冠微展（III）、花冠完全展开（IV）和落地花冠（V）等5个阶段花瓣和雄蕊等部位气孔的分布特点及其动态变化。结果发现,花瓣基部的上下表皮、雄蕊管的内外表皮均有气孔分布。在每个阶段,花瓣基部上表皮的气孔器长度极显著大于下表皮的气孔器长度（P〈0.01）。当山茶花冠微展时,下表皮的气孔开度为（2.5±0.3）μm,而当花冠展开时,下表皮的气孔开度却为（0.9±0.3）μm;上表皮的气孔开度在整个发育过程中未发生显著性的改变,其平均开度为（4.3±0.3）μm。在每个阶段,花瓣下表皮的表皮细胞密度大于上表皮的表皮细胞密度。雄蕊管内外表皮上的气孔在各阶段均维持较大的气孔开度。气孔的不均等分布、气孔开度的变化、表皮细胞的差速生长都可能与花瓣的展开有关。     

扶桑花展开过程中气孔密度和气孔指数的动态变化

以扶桑花为实验材料, 研究了蕾期(Ⅰ)、花瓣露出(Ⅱ)、花冠微展(Ⅲ)和花冠完全展开(Ⅳ)4 个阶段花冠和花萼等部位的气孔分布特点及其动态变化。结果发现: 花瓣上、下表皮, 萼片的下表皮及花柱上有气孔分布。随着花的展开, 花柱和花萼下表皮的气孔密度和气孔指数呈出先下降后上升的趋势; 花瓣上表皮的气孔密度和气孔指数呈现出逐渐增加的趋势; 而花瓣下表皮的气孔密度和气孔指数则呈现出下降-上升-下降的趋势。     

叶子花表皮特征的研究及意义

对叶子花（Bougainvillea spectabilis）正常叶和变态叶上气孔密度、气孔指数和保卫细胞大小进行了研究。结果表明：正常叶上表皮的表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直;下表皮的表皮细胞为不规则型,垂周壁浅波状;气孔类型为不规则型。变态叶上表皮没有发现气孔,变态叶下表皮的表皮细胞垂周壁则由浅波形逐渐变为深波形,气孔类型为不规则型和轮列型。随着变态叶的发育,变态叶下表皮的气孔密度降低,气孔指数升高;变态叶保卫细胞的长增大,宽减小。变态叶的平均气孔密度和平均气孔指数明显低于正常叶。正常叶和变态叶的保卫细胞均呈肾形。     

不同R∶FR值对菊花叶片气孔特征和气孔导度的影响

以切花菊品种"神马(Jinba)"为试材,2010年10月至2011年2月间在南京信息工程大学试验温室采用不同Red (660±10) nm: Far-red (730±10) nm值的LED光源短日处理,研究了温室切花菊叶片气孔特征和气孔导度对不同R∶FR值的响应。结果表明:不同R∶FR值短日处理35d菊花叶片的上表皮和下表皮的气孔直径分别以R∶FR值4.5和6.5处理最大,均以R∶FR值2.5处理最小,气孔密度和气孔开度均以R∶FR=2.5处理最高,以R∶FR值6.5处理最低,下表皮的气孔密度、气孔开度明显高于上表皮;不同R∶FR值处理叶片的气孔开张比和气孔指数差异不显著;在相同光强下,菊花叶片气孔导度和光合速率由大到小的R∶FR值顺序依次为2.5、4.5、0.5、6.5。叶片气孔导度与气孔指数、气孔密度、气孔开张比和气孔开度成正相关,与气孔长度和气孔宽度呈负相关;R∶FR值在2.5-6.5范围内,随光质中红光成分增加,叶片气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔开度、气孔开张比和气孔导度显著降低。     

气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的发育及相关性分析

主要观察了气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的分布和发育情况,并分别对叶片和翅上气孔簇大小、气孔簇密度等指标的相关性进行了研究、结果表明:在叶片的下表皮、雌花和雄花的花被片、苞片、小苞片和翅上有气孔分布,而在茎、花梗上却未见气孔分布.叶片下表皮和翅上气孔通常成簇分布.在叶片的下表皮,气孔簇大小与气孔簇密度呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);气孔簇密度与叶片长度呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01).而翅上的气孔簇密度、气孔簇大小与子房长度无显著相关性(P>0.05).在四季秋海棠中,不同器官表皮的气孔簇大小是不同的,这可能与生理功能的不同有关.     

落羽杉属(杉科)叶表皮结构及气孔参数

落羽杉属Taxodium Rich.现生3种植物——落羽杉T. distichum (L.) Rich.、池杉T. ascendens Brongn.和墨西哥落羽杉T. mucronatum Tenore.的条形叶为双面气孔型或单面气孔型。叶片远轴面气孔分布于中脉两侧,每侧各有4-8列气孔。叶片中部气孔数量稳定,顶部和基部气孔数量比中部略少。近轴面气孔在中脉两侧各有1-4行,有时仅少数几个气孔或没有气孔分布。非气孔分布区内,表皮细胞长方形,细胞壁直或稍微呈波状,细胞长轴与叶片长轴一致。气孔分布区内的表皮细胞有时为多边形。气孔器椭圆形,长轴与叶片长轴垂直或成一定的角度。保卫细胞壁加厚明显,极端联合形成极层结构。落羽杉属3种现生植物的气孔密度和气孔指数差异显著,不同采集地的落羽杉气孔密度和气孔指数差异不显著。这3种植物的气孔指数的变异系数均小于气孔密度的变异系数,用气孔指数指示大气CO2浓度比用气孔密度可靠。     

金星蕨科16种植物叶表皮特征的研究

利用光学显微镜对金星蕨科(Thelypteridaceae)8属16种植物的叶表皮形态进行了观察和研究,为金星蕨科植物的系统演化及分类提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)16种金星蕨科植物的叶片表皮细胞为不规则型,表皮细胞垂周壁大多呈深波状。(2)气孔为下生型,多呈椭圆形;共观察到6种气孔器类型(极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚合极细胞型、聚腋下细胞型、不规则型和聚围绕细胞型),每种植物具2~5种不同类型的气孔器。(3)金星蕨科8属植物在表皮细胞大小、垂周壁形状、气孔大小和形状、气孔密度、气孔指数和气孔器类型上存在一定的属间差异。     

外源NO、H2O2和ABA对鸡蛋花花冠裂片上气孔关闭的影响

以鸡蛋花花冠裂片下表皮为材料,研究不同浓度及不同处理时间的外源NO、H2O2和ABA对鸡蛋花花冠裂片下表皮上气孔关闭的影响,以及NO、H2O2和ABA在调节花冠上气孔关闭中的相互作用。结果表明：单独施用NO、H2O2和ABA明显诱导气孔关闭,并有浓度效应和时间效应;NO、H2O2和ABA两两混合或三者混合施用所诱导气孔关闭的效应大于其单独施用的。说明在诱导气孔关闭时,NO、H2O2和ABA之间可能有协同效应。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区抗侵蚀植物叶表皮的生态适应性

采用叶表皮临时装片法研究了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土壤侵蚀环境沟间地、沟谷地和沟间人工刺槐林地6种抗侵蚀植物叶表皮组成细胞的形态特征.结果表明:沟间地抗侵蚀植物叶的上表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛密度和表皮细胞密度分别比沟谷地提高93.8％、66.8％、17.9％、36.4％、42.3％、199.4％和46.5％,下表皮分别提高90.4％、76.6％、9.8％、47.1％、43.9％、98.2％和50.1％;沟间人工刺槐林地叶上表皮各形态指标分别比沟谷地提高66.7％、20.5％、11.9％、37.9％、19.8％、113.1％和10.8％,叶下表皮分别提高106.7％、45.8％、11.9％、41.3％、21.2％、52.2％和28.1％.沟间地植物叶上、下叶表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短58.8％和29.7％,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少40.3％和37.0％.沟间人工刺槐林地叶上、下表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短25.0％和23.6％,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少22.2％和19.2％.抗侵蚀植物通过增加叶表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛密度、表皮细胞密度和减少表皮毛长度、表皮细胞面积来适应较强的土壤侵蚀环境.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区抗侵蚀植物叶表皮的生态适应性

采用叶表皮临时装片法研究了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同土壤侵蚀环境沟间地、沟谷地和沟间人工刺槐林地6种抗侵蚀植物叶表皮组成细胞的形态特征.结果表明: 沟间地抗侵蚀植物叶的上表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛〖JP2〗密度和表皮细胞密度分别比沟谷地提高93.8%、66.8%、17.9%、36.4%、42.3%、199.4%和46.5%,下表皮分别提高90.4%、76.6%、9.8%、47.1%、43.9%、98.2%和50.1%;沟间人工刺槐林地叶上表皮各形态指标分别比沟谷地提高66.7%、20.5%、11.9%、37.9%、19.8%、113.1%和10.8%,叶下表皮分别提高106.7%、45.8%、11.9%、41.3%、21.2%、52.2%和28.1%.沟间地植物叶上、下叶表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短58.8%和29.7%,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少40.3%和37.0%.沟间人工刺槐林地叶上、下表皮毛长度分别比沟谷地缩短25.0%和23.6%,表皮细胞面积分别比沟谷地减少22.2%和19.2%.抗侵蚀植物通过增加叶表皮气孔开度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔器长宽比可塑性、气孔器面积可塑性、表皮毛密度、表皮细胞密度和减少表皮毛长度、表皮细胞面积来适应较强的土壤侵蚀环境.     

长春花叶片发育过程中气孔密度和气孔指数的动态变化

对长春花叶片近轴面和远轴面上的气孔密度和气孔指数在不同发育阶段的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明:在各个发育阶段,近轴面上的气孔以叶脉两侧居多,远轴面上的气孔则在整个叶片上均匀分布.将一个枝条上的10对真叶按发育顺序界定为10个发育阶段,即从枝条的顶端到基部,分别将第10、第9、第8……第1节位的叶片定义为第1、第2、第3...     

Ontogenetic changes in stomatal size and conductance of sunflowers

The ontogenetic changes in stomatal size, frequency and conductance (g_s) on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces of sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L. Russian Mammoth) were examined under controlled environmental conditions. The stomatal frequency on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces decreased with leaf ontogeny and insertion level. The ratio of adaxial to abaxial stomatal frequency did not change with leaf ontogeny and insertion level, and 42–44% of total stomata was apportioned to the adaxial surface. Ontogenetic changes in stomatal pore length were detected and increased with ontogenesis. The stomatal length of both leaf surfaces had linear relationships with leaf area. Ontogenetic changes in g_s were similar between the two surfaces. However the adaxial g_s was lower than abaxial g_s in leaves of higher insertion levels. Conductance had a linear relationship with width x frequency but not with pore area.     

27种木犀属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了27种木犀属植物的叶表皮,测量并统计了气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数及腺点密度等指标,以明确各种的叶表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、表皮角质膜、蜡质纹饰及气孔外拱盖的具体特征。结果显示:木犀属植物叶下表皮有气孔器,形状为圆形、椭圆形;气孔器类型多为不规则型,只有总状桂花和狭叶木犀为环列型;气孔器外围角质层有放射状、条状、环状、颗粒状等多种类型;叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种;下表皮腺点的数目远远大于上表皮。研究表明,木犀属植物气孔器和叶表皮细胞特征在种之间差异比较明显,可以作为种间鉴定的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。     

Abaxial and adaxial stomata from Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) differ in their pigment content and sensitivity to light quality

Sensitivity to light quality and pigment composition were analysed and compared in abaxial and adaxial stomata of Gossypium barbadense L. (Pima cotton). In most plants, abaxial (lower) stomatal conductances are higher than adaxial (upper) ones, and stomatal opening is more sensitive to blue light than to red. In greenhouse-grown Pima cotton, abaxial stomatal conductances were two to three times higher than adaxial ones. In contrast, adaxial stomatal conductances were 1·5 to two times higher than abaxial ones in leaves from growth chamber-grown plants. To establish whether light quality was a factor in the regulation of the relationship between abaxial and adaxial stomatal conductances, growth-chamber-grown plants were exposed to solar radiation outdoors and to increased red light in the growth chamber. In both cases, the ratios of adaxial to abaxial stomatal conductance reverted to those typical of greenhouse plants. We investigated the hypothesis that adaxial stomata are more sensitive to blue light and abaxial stomata are more sensitive to red light. Measurements of stomatal apertures in mechanically isolated epidermal peels from growth chamber and greenhouse plants showed that adaxial stomata opened more under blue light than under red light, while abaxial stomata had the opposite response. Using HPLC, we quantified the chlorophylls and carotenoids extracted from isolated adaxial and abaxial guard cells. All pigments analysed were more abundant in the adaxial than in the abaxial guard cells. Antheraxanthin and β-carotene contents were 2·3 times higher in adaxial than in abaxial guard cells, comparing with ad/ab ratios of 1·5–1·9 for the other pigments. We conclude that adaxial and abaxial stomata from Pima cotton have a differential sensitivity to light quality and their distinct responses are correlated with different pigment content.     

Variation of Leaf Stomatal Conductance in Winter Wheat Canopy

Leaf stomatal conductance measured and analysed in the canopies of two winter wheat varieties in the field revealed that the probability of adaxial to abaxial conductance ratio followed an approximately normal distribution with a peake value of about 1.5. The ratio changed with the developmental stages being maximium at the heading stage. Leaf stomata in wheat of the upper part of the canopy were more active and showed more pronounced diurnal change of conductance than those of the lower part. Stomatal conductance decreased from top to bottom in canopy as a negative exponential function. By comparing adaxial and abaxial conductances in the apical, middle and basal parts of a leaf, the distribution of the stomatal conductances of a wheat leaf was as follows: a steady decrease from the basal part of adaxial, through the middle and apical parts of the adaxial surface turning to the apical part of abaxial, and then the middle and lastly, the basal part of abaxial. Based on values of the correlation coefficients among the various stomatal conductance and average stomatal conductance, the authors suggested that optimal apical measurement of stomatal conductance would be at the middle and apical parts and that of abaxial would be at middle and basal parts.     

冬小麦群体叶片气孔导度差异性分析

对冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum L.)两个品种 3个生育期测定和分析了群体叶片的气孔导度。结果表明 ,近轴面气孔导度比远轴面的大 ,二者之比呈近似正态分布 ,最大概率出现约为 1 .5,该比值在冠层垂直方向变化不显著 ,但随季节而变 ,抽穗期最大。叶片气孔导度从冠层顶部向下迅速递减 ,递减系数约为 0 .57,且各层日变化大致平行。冠层上部气孔活跃 ,导度日变化明显 ,下部日变化不大。同一叶片的气孔导度由近轴面的叶基 ,经由其叶中、叶尖 ,翻过尖点 ,再从远轴面的叶尖经叶中向叶基递减。对近轴面叶中、叶尖气孔导度与该面平均气孔导度相关系数较大 ,而对远轴面叶中、叶基气孔导度与该面气孔导度相关系数较大 ,据此建议测定近轴面气孔导度时 ,应以叶中、叶尖部位为最佳点 ,而测定远轴面气孔导度时 ,应以叶中、叶基部位为最佳点     

Distinct light responses of the adaxial and abaxial stomata in intact leaves of Helianthus annuus L

Using a laboratory-constructed system that can measure the gas exchange rates of two leaf surfaces separately, the light responses of the adaxial and abaxial stomata in intact leaves of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) were investigated, keeping the intercellular CO₂ concentration ( C _i) at 300  µ L L⁻¹. When evenly illuminating both sides of the leaf, the stomatal conductance ( g _s) of the abaxial surface was higher than that of the adaxial surface at any light intensity. When each surface of the leaf was illuminated separately, both the adaxial and abaxial stomata were more sensitive to the light transmitted through the leaf (self-transmitted light) than to direct illumination. Relationships between the whole leaf photosynthetic rate ( A _n) and the g _s for each side highlighted a strong dependence of stomatal opening on mesophyll photosynthesis. Light transmitted through another leaf was more effective than the direct white light for the abaxial stomata, but not for the adaxial stomata. Moreover, green monochromatic light induced an opening of the abaxial stomata, but not of the adaxial stomata. As the proportion of blue light in the transmitted light is less than that in the white light, there may be some uncharacterized light responses, which are responsible for the opening of the abaxial stomata by the transmitted, green light.     

Stomatal response of hybrid poplar to incident light, sudden darkening and leaf excision

Responses of abaxial and adaxial stomata of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray. × P. deltoides Bartr. (ex Marsh.) cv. Unal to incident light, sudden darkening and leaf excision in the light and in the dark were studied on 5-year-old trees in the field using diffusion porometry. Stomatal closure in the dark was found to be incomplete in most cases studies. Stomata closed after leaf excision in the dark within 90 min. Stomatal closure after darkening of an entire tree or an entire branch (white the rest of the tree was in the light) was slower, and complete stomatal closure was noticed only for adaxial stomata after 3 h. Adaxial stomata were more reactive and sensitive than abaxial stomata to sudden darkening and leaf excision in the light and the dark. In all treatments, stomatal response was more responsive in mature leaves than in young, still expanding leaves.