哺乳类动物数量调查中的截线抽样法与逆向截线法

文本介绍了可用于哺乳动物数量调查的一种新方法--截线抽样法,并在此方法的基础上,结合我国动物调查实践,提出了逆向截线法。逆向截线法在贺兰山自然保护区马鹿数量调查中,取得了较好效果。     

黑线仓鼠殴斗行为模式及其与生理状态的关系

本文以分布于鲁西南山区的黑线仓鼠雄体为对象,通过测定重复遭遇战(repeated encounters)对黑线仓
鼠体重、生理指标等参数的作用,以期阐明社群冲突(social conflict)对黑线仓鼠生理状态的影响。研究结果表
明:在4 周的重复遭遇战过程中,参与冲突个体的体重增长率略有降低,但未达到显著水平;粪便肾上腺皮质
激素(GCs)含量呈现波动性变化,在整个遭遇战过程中,优势个体与从属个体的GCs 含量交替显著升高,与
冲突时间及个体社群地位均有关;优势个体保持较高的睾酮水平,利于其增强攻击行为和获得优势地位;从属
组雄体的肾上腺显著增大,但生殖腺间差异不显著;HPA 轴对HPG 轴具有显著的抑制效应,肾上腺分泌的皮质
醇可显著抑制个体的睾酮分泌,二者呈显著的负相关关系。这些数据表明,黑线仓鼠雄体可通过斗殴行为建立
明确的优势- 从属关系,睾酮可促进个体优势地位的形成并受到肾上腺皮质醇抑制;HPA 轴对HPG 轴的抑制未
能在器官指数方面得到证实。从属个体受到胁迫,对优势雄性黑线仓鼠野外生存和繁殖有重要意义。     

中国中西部五大山系间社鼠头骨形态的地理分化

种群分化是物种形成过程中的关键一步,通过形态特征进行种内变异的探讨对揭示微进化过程具有积极
意义。本文以社鼠头骨为材料,通过SPSS 统计分析软件对采集自我国中西部5 大山系的250 号标本头骨形态变
量进行了判别函数分析,结果表明秦岭与四川各山系之间社鼠头骨已发生完全分化,而在四川各山系之间,除
邛崃和相岭山系外,其余各山系社鼠头骨形态已分化明显。腭长、上颌齿隙长等变量是各山系社鼠头骨样本发
生分化的主要变量,暗示上述山系之间社鼠头骨形态的分化可能主要来自于局部种群在食物资源及觅食习性等
方面的差异。除此之外,本文研究结果尚揭示了在对具有广泛分布的小型兽类进行种下阶元(如亚种) 的划分
时,需充分考虑形态特征可能存在的地理差异。     

我国哺乳动物生理生态学的一些进展和未来发展的建议

本文简要论述了我国哺乳动物生理生态学(主要是啮齿动物)的几个主要领域(方向)的研究进展,如
对环境的适应和瘦素的生理功能。根据国际发展动态,对未来一些可能的发展方向提出了建议。     

黑线姬鼠两亚种(中国东北地区及俄罗斯远东地区的东北亚种和朝鲜半岛的朝鲜亚种) 的线粒体DNA 序列缺少趋异性

为了检测黑线姬鼠两亚种(来自中国东北地区、俄罗斯远东地区的东北亚种和朝鲜半岛的朝鲜亚种)线
粒体DNA 的变异水平并确定朝鲜亚种的分类地位,我们测序分析了两亚种的线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 的部分序列
(1 054 bp)和控制区的部分序列(860 bp),并与基因库中黑线姬鼠相应的单倍型序列进行了比较。可以看出东
北亚种的序列显示出某些分异,可以被分为2 或3 个亚群,所以我们提出需要更多标本的DNA 分析来确定东北
亚种的分类地位。另外,来自韩国的朝鲜亚种的序列,与来自中国东北地区龙江和哈尔滨的东北亚种的两个亚
群相似(1 个亚群是细胞色素b 的两个单倍型,另1 个是控制区的两个单倍型),表明基于线粒体DNA 序列的遗
传多样性与现今基于形态特征对这些姬鼠的分类所得结果是不一致的。因此我们认为来自韩国的朝鲜亚种是一
个只在形态特异上不同于东北亚种的地方亚种,我们建议通过其他DNA 标记来进一步验证其亚种地位。我们还
认为朝鲜半岛不是最近的冰川期黑线姬鼠残遗种的保护区。     

黑麂MHC - DQA2 基因多态性

利用牛特异性扩增DQA2 第2 外显子的嵌套引物,对黑麂基因组DNA 进行PCR 扩增和克隆测序,基于该
序列设计出黑麂DQA2 基因第2 外显子特异性引物。利用该引物,通过PCR - SSCP 以及克隆测序技术,从40 个
黑麂样品中获得4 个不同的DQA2 等位基因。没有一个个体同时具有2 个以上的等位基因,所有序列均不含插入
或缺失突变,不含终止密码子,因此,本研究所扩增的DQA2 基因可能是表达的单基因座位。抗原结合区(Peptide
binding region,PBR)非同义替换率(dn)显著大于同义替换率(ds) (P <0.05),暗示该座位曾经历过明
显的正选择作用;进一步利用CODEML 程序中的相关模型以及贝叶斯法检测出4 个受选择作用的氨基酸位点
(α11、α58、α62、α66),这4 个位点均位于PBR 区。基于NJ 法构建的部分偶蹄类DQA 外显子2 系统发生关系
显示,黑麂4 个DQA2 等位基因与牛、羊以及梅花鹿的DQA2 等位基因构成独立的进化枝,在该进化枝内,黑麂
DQA2 等位基因优先与牛DQA2 等位基因聚类,暗示黑麂DQA2 基因在进化过程中存在跨物种进化现象。上述结
果表明平衡选择是维持黑麂DQA2 基因多态性的主要机制。然而,本研究从40 个样品中仅检测出2 个杂合子,
黑麂DQA2 等位基因之间的频率存在显著差异,推测可能是所检测的样品来源于不同种群,由于华伦德效应
(The Whalund effect)导致杂合度降低,也不排除本文所设计的引物在PCR 扩增过程中存在无效等位基因。     

标记重捕法在中华白海豚种群动态研究的应用及建议

早期的中华白海豚考察主要依赖样线调查法了解其资源分布,而近期研究更多采纳标记重捕法获取种群动态信息。在辨识个体的基础上,后者能够获取多种种群参数开展种群生存力分析。本文回顾在我国海域开展的中华白海豚种群动态研究进展及各地区种群标记重捕数据的累积情况;通过数据模拟评估努力值如何影响种群大小统计的误差和偏差;综合阐述野外考察方案设计、标志筛选和数据处理对数据分析的潜在影响;强调模型拟合优度检验和模型选择的重要性;最后,针对比较不同时期或不同方法获取的种群信息时的常见误解提出我们的意见。本文旨在帮助完善我国中华白海豚的后期资源监测工作。     

哺乳动物的蛰眠: 类型、物种分布与模式

哺乳动物的蛰眠(包括冬眠、夏眠和日蛰眠等)是最具吸引力的生命现象之一,是动物应对寒冷、食物
短缺、干旱等不良环境条件的适应策略之一。冬眠生理学(生态学) 研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。国际学
术界在该领域发展比较迅速,国内发展相对缓慢。本文从哺乳动物蛰眠的季节和持续时间、蛰眠期间所利用能
量的来源和贮存方式、启动蛰眠的信号来源等方面综述了哺乳动物蛰眠的类型;介绍了蛰眠的哺乳动物物种的
系统学分布;并对温带或北极动物的冬眠和冬眠阵及其各阶段的体温和代谢率变化特征、日温剧烈波动环境下
的冬眠特征以及日眠和日眠阵等方面进行了概括介绍,以期能促进国内相关领域的发展。     

体外模型的发展及其在鲸豚研究中的应用

体外补充替代模型“细胞系”为生命科学研究提供了新的平台,在一定程度上突破了科学研究中伦理、法律、动物福利和动物保护等的限制,从细胞和分子视角更深层次地揭示复杂生命体的生物效应和 调控机制。尤其对于濒危动物,细胞系的建立与超低温冷冻技术相结合,既可以保存濒危动物具有生物表达活性的遗传种质,又可以提供体外保育研究的新平台（如动物毒理学实验）,对动物保护意义 重大。目前细胞培养体系已作为多功能平台被应用于鲸豚类细胞遗传学、病毒学和毒理学的相关研究中,但从物种和组织来源以及细胞类型来看,能长期稳定传代的鲸豚类细胞系仍较单一。优化细胞培 养条件,运用鲸豚类体外细胞揭示更多的生命机制问题,仍是当前鲸豚类体外细胞模型研究所面临的挑战。本文对动物体外模型及其在鲸豚研究中的应用进行了概述,以期推动该技术在鲸豚保育研究中 的创新和发展。     

小型哺乳动物生理生态学研究与进化思想

动物生理生态学是一门利用生理学的手段和方法研究与动物的生存和繁殖相关的生态学问题的交叉学科,
旨在阐明动物对环境适应和进化的生理机制。在近70 年的发展历程中,进化生物学的思想和理论越来越紧密地
融入到生理生态学的研究中,同时生理生态学的研究结果也在充实着进化生物学理论的发展。本文根据作者多
年的研究经历,从动物的体型和代谢特征、消化生理、生态免疫和冬眠等几个侧面,简述了小型哺乳动物生理
生态学的某些研究进展和进化思想对该领域的影响。     

Design and Analysis of Line Transect Surveys for Primates

Line transect surveys are widely used for estimating abundance of primate populations. The method relies on a small number of key assumptions, and if these are not met, substantial bias may occur. For a variety of reasons, primate surveys often do not follow what is generally considered to be best practice, either in survey design or in analysis. The design often comprises too few lines (sometimes just 1), subjectively placed or placed along trails, so lacks both randomization and adequate replication. Analysis often involves flawed or inefficient models, and often uses biased estimates of the locations of primate groups relative to the line. We outline the standard method, emphasizing the assumptions underlying the approach. We then consider options for when it is difficult or impossible to meet key assumptions. We explore the performance of these options by simulation, focusing particularly on the analysis of primate group sizes, where many of the variations in survey methods have been developed. We also discuss design issues, field methods, analysis, and potential alternative methodologies for when standard line transect sampling cannot deliver reliable abundance estimates.     

Adaptive line transect sampling

Adaptive line transect sampling offers the potential of improved population density estimation efficiency over conventional line transect sampling when populations are spatially clustered. In adaptive sampling, survey effort is increased when areas of high animal density are located, thereby increasing the number of observations. Its disadvantage is that the survey effort required is not known in advance. We develop an adaptive line transect methodology that, by varying the degree of adaptation, allows total effort to be fixed at the design stage. Relative to conventional line transect surveys, it also provides better survey coverage in the event of disruption in survey effort, e.g., due to poor weather. In analysis, sightings from the adaptive sections are downweighted in proportion to the increase in effort. We evaluate the methodology by simulation and report on surveys of harbor porpoise in the Gulf of Maine, in which the approach was compared with conventional line transect sampling.     

Composite analysis of black duck breeding population surveys in eastern North America

Waterfowl are monitored in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States with 2 surveys: a transect survey from fixed-wing aircraft and a plot survey conducted from helicopters. The surveys vary in extent, but overlap exists in a core area of 9 strata covering portions of all provinces from Ontario east to Newfoundland. We estimated population change for American black ducks (Anas rubripes) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) from these surveys using a log-linear hierarchical model that accommodates differences in sample design and visibility associated with these survey methods. Using a combined analysis of the surveys based on total indicated birds, we estimate the American black duck population to be 901,700 (95% CI: 715,200–1,274,000) in 2011, with 526,900 (95% CI: 357,500–852,300) mallards in the surveyed area. Precision of estimates varies widely by species and region, with transect surveys providing less precise results than plot surveys for black ducks in areas of overlap. The combined survey analysis for black ducks in the eastern survey region produced estimates with an average yearly coefficient of variation (CV) of 12.1% for the entire area and an average CV of 6.9% in the plot survey area. Mallards, which had a more limited distribution in the region, had an average yearly CV of 22.1% over the entire region, and an average CV of 27.7% in the plot survey area. Hierarchical models provide a rich framework for analyzing and combining results from complex survey designs, providing useful spatial and temporal information on population size and change in these economically important species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.     

A systematic re-sampling approach to assess the probability of detecting otters Lutra lutra using spraint surveys on small lowland rivers

Assessing and monitoring populations of elusive species frequently rely on the identification of indirect signs such as faeces. The absence of signs does not necessarily denote the absence of a species, thus, the ability to determine the presence/absence is susceptible to false negative results. The probability of detection is central to the interpretation and utility of data from field sign surveys. A low probability of detection may introduce considerable error into distribution patterns, resulting in inaccurate ecological conclusions.We used a systematic resampling approach, based on sequential spatial replication of spraint surveys, to investigate the probability of detecting Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra L.) with different survey designs. This included the standard otter transect survey methodology, which is widely used in conservation and scientific studies. In particular, we focus on the impact of applying broad scale population assessment techniques at smaller spatial scales. Fortnightly catchment-level otter surveys were undertaken on four lowland rivers in South Wales, over a period of two years. GIS was used to construct binary vectors for each survey, denoting the presence (1) or absence (0) of otters at each 50 m section of river. Vectors from all study rivers were pooled and resampled to test the different survey designs. The mean probability of detecting otters based on the standard protocol of a single 600 m transect survey was very low (0.26 ± 0.01 SE). The best way of obtaining a detection probability of 0.8 was to undertake three repeat surveys at two separate sites, using a transect of 800–1000 m.We demonstrate how sequentially collected spatial data can be analysed to determine the reliability of field sign surveys. Increasing the number of visits and study sites was a more efficient means of improving detection power than increasing transect length alone. The study emphasises the importance of determining detection probabilities and designing field sign surveys according to study scale and objectives. Our findings question the value of survey designs that aim to provide an instantaneous assessment of species presence/absence.     

荒漠地区野生动物调查方法探讨——一种新的调查方法介绍

本文全面总结了我国野生动物调查的主要方法及应用,分析了已有方法在应用中的问题和缺陷,介绍了国际狩猎场的盘羊资源调查方法--地图样带法,并比较了该方法与样线法得出的调查结果差异和两种方法在实际应用中的区别.地图样带法没有长度和宽度概念,也没有规定样带的既定形状,提供了一种确定调查范围和计算样带面积的便捷方法,解决了过去调查中样带面积计算的难题.该方法完全根据实际调查的区域和地形地貌来确定样带的范围,使调查更具灵活性、机动性,并使密度的计算回归到了其本身的意义.该方法没有技术门槛,对广大基层野生动物保护工作者更具可操作性.     

样线法和网捕法在机场鸟情调查中的应用比较

鸟击事件主要发生在机场范围内,对机场周边生境的鸟类组成进行调查,是制定鸟击防范对策的重要前提。国内多数机场已经开展了相关的鸟类组成调查,但是选用的调查方法却存在较大差异。以样线法和网捕法两种常用的调查方法对沈阳桃仙国际机场周边的迁徙期鸟类进行了研究,旨在比较两种调查方法在机场鸟类群落组成调查中的效果及调查的鸟类群落组成差异。结果表明：两种方法均适合机场鸟类调研,共记录到鸟类97种,网捕法记录的鸟类种数(83种vs. 57种)高于样线法,网捕法单独记录的鸟类种数(40种vs. 14种)也高于样线法。尽管两种方法每期(半个月)调查的物种数和目的数量无明显差别,但随调查强度(如调查次数)增加,网捕法累计记录到的鸟类种类明显高于样线法,且较晚达到渐近线。另外,两种方法调查记录的鸟类群落组成也具有显著的差别,如网捕法记录到较多鹌鹑和鸮形目等夜间迁徙或活动鸟类,而样线法可记录到鹭科和雁鸭类水鸟等。这说明两种调研方法在鸟类调查中有较好的互补性。因此,本研究认为机场鸟情调研时应该根据鸟情特点,选择合适的鸟类调研方法,综合采用多种调研方法可更有利于获得科学的鸟情信息。     

Line Transect and Triangulation Surveys Provide Reliable Estimates of the Density of Kloss’ Gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia

Estimating population densities of key species is crucial for many conservation programs. Density estimates provide baseline data and enable monitoring of population size. Several different survey methods are available, and the choice of method depends on the species and study aims. Few studies have compared the accuracy and efficiency of different survey methods for large mammals, particularly for primates. Here we compare estimates of density and abundance of Kloss’ gibbons (Hylobates klossii) using two of the most common survey methods: line transect distance sampling and triangulation. Line transect surveys (survey effort: 155.5 km) produced a total of 101 auditory and visual encounters and a density estimate of 5.5 gibbon clusters (groups or subgroups of primate social units)/km². Triangulation conducted from 12 listening posts during the same period revealed a similar density estimate of 5.0 clusters/km². Coefficients of variation of cluster density estimates were slightly higher from triangulation (0.24) than from line transects (0.17), resulting in a lack of precision in detecting changes in cluster densities of <66 % for triangulation and <47 % for line transect surveys at the 5 % significance level with a statistical power of 50 %. This case study shows that both methods may provide estimates with similar accuracy but that line transects can result in more precise estimates and allow assessment of other primate species. For a rapid assessment of gibbon density under time and financial constraints, the triangulation method also may be appropriate.     

Incentives Increase Participation in Mass Dog Rabies Vaccination Clinics and Methods of Coverage Estimation Are Assessed to Be Accurate

In this study we show that incentives (dog collars and owner wristbands) are effective at increasing owner participation in mass dog rabies vaccination clinics and we conclude that household questionnaire surveys and the mark-re-sight (transect survey) method for estimating post-vaccination coverage are accurate when all dogs, including puppies, are included. Incentives were distributed during central-point rabies vaccination clinics in northern Tanzania to quantify their effect on owner participation. In villages where incentives were handed out participation increased, with an average of 34 more dogs being vaccinated. Through economies of scale, this represents a reduction in the cost-per-dog of $0.47. This represents the price-threshold under which the cost of the incentive used must fall to be economically viable. Additionally, vaccination coverage levels were determined in ten villages through the gold-standard village-wide census technique, as well as through two cheaper and quicker methods (randomized household questionnaire and the transect survey). Cost data were also collected. Both non-gold standard methods were found to be accurate when puppies were included in the calculations, although the transect survey and the household questionnaire survey over- and under-estimated the coverage respectively. Given that additional demographic data can be collected through the household questionnaire survey, and that its estimate of coverage is more conservative, we recommend this method. Despite the use of incentives the average vaccination coverage was below the 70% threshold for eliminating rabies. We discuss the reasons and suggest solutions to improve coverage. Given recent international targets to eliminate rabies, this study provides valuable and timely data to help improve mass dog vaccination programs in Africa and elsewhere.     

生物多样性野外调查地理信息管理、路线精细设计和精确导航方法

野外调查是生物多样性研究和保护的基础工作。在野外调查中, 自然地理环境十分复杂, 对相关地理信息的掌握程度、调查路线的设计质量和导航的准确性, 直接影响调查工作的成效, 甚至调查人员的人身安全。使用谷歌地球软件及相关数据转换工具, 能获取海量遥感影像和地形数据, 能将各种地理信息转换、编辑、叠加到三维地球模型上形成地理信息库, 进而精细设计野外考察路线、调查点和调查样方, 并以kml或kmz文件格式保存和分发设计结果。使用Android智能终端设备安装OruxMaps软件, 可以将多种网络地图下载制作成离线地图, 在卫星图上精确显示当前位置、记录走过的轨迹、导入kml或kmz文件进行导航。综合使用这些工具, 可以实现良好的地理信息管理、精细的生物多样性野外调查路线设计和高精度现场导航实施, 有效提高野外调查工作的成效和安全性。     

Line transect methods for plant surveys

Interest in surveys for monitoring plant abundance is increasing, due in part to the need to quantify the rate of loss of biodiversity. Line transect sampling offers an efficient way to monitor many species. However, the method does not work well in some circumstances, for example on small survey plots, when the plant species has a strongly aggregated distribution, or when plants that are on the line are not easily detected. We develop a crossed design, together with methods that exploit the additional information from such a design, to address these problems. The methods are illustrated using data on a colony of cowslips.