Haa Aani, Our Land: Tlingit and Haida Land Rights and Use.

Haa Aani, Our Land: Tlingit and Haida Land Rights and Use. Walter R. Goldschmidt and Theodore H. Haas. edited with an introduction by Thomas F. Thornton. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998. 219 pp.     

土地利用变化模拟研究进展

土地利用变化研究经历了近30年的快速发展,学者基于不同建模目标构建出多种土地利用变化模型,实现了从数量模拟到时空格局模拟,从单一模型向多种模型耦合的跨越。当前研究主要在元胞自动机(Cellular Automata,CA)模型和CLUE-S (Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small region extent)模型的基础上进行改进,马尔科夫模型、系统动力学(System Dynamics,SD)模型、Logistic回归和随机森林等均可计算CA模型和CLUE-S模型中所需的土地利用需求,多标准评价、地理加权回归、多主体模型以及人工神经网络等方法也多被用于CA模型的扩展,而CLUE-S的改进则存在模型本身系列的升级。这些模型广泛应用于各种区域和尺度土地利用变化预测实例研究并研发软件系统和数据集。驱动力分析主要从自然因素与人文因素两方面进行,人文因素是引发土地利用变化的主要因素。在目前的研究中,由于技术手段的限制,仍然存在时空尺度、数据误差、数据整合的不确定性等问题。未来土地利用变化模拟研究应进一步发挥大数据技术优势,推动土地利用变化模拟研究朝向精细化、多元化方向发展。结合生态环境领域实际问题,深挖土地利用变化与其生态环境效应之间的互馈机制,将研究视角从探究人类活动对土地利用变化的影响逐渐转向二者相互作用,最终促进人地关系协调发展。     

Land, Stories, and Resources: Discourse and Entification in Onabasulu Modernity

Resource development may involve codifications of social organization that alter preexisting arrangements. This is the case in Onabasulu society today, impacted by Chevron's petroleum extractions nearby and the codifications of collective life introduced by multinationals and the State of Papua New Guinea alike. Located on the Great Papuan Plateau of Papua New Guinea, Onabasulu "clans" are largely an artifact of a certificate-based incorporation process and do not preexist the era of petroleum development. This "entification" of clans is matched by an entification of ethnic groups, which previously enjoyed soft (or "thick") rather than hard (or sharp) edges and boundaries. Various discourses—lineage histories, myths, other stories—are best viewed as instruments that political actors—the Onabasulu as a people, various clans, various individuals—use to embrace, contest, or manipulate the new codifications as these actors strive to position themselves competitively in relation to resources in an era of nationalist and capitalist penetration. "Land, Stories, and Resources" argues for a discourse-centered political ecology of Onabasulu modernity, one that recognizes the political and discursive roots of human-land relations in an unfolding and open-ended history predicated on an emerging politics of difference within a globalizing context, [political ecology, discursive practices, cognized models, Onabasulu (Papua New Guinea)]     

Our Sisters' Promised Land: Women, Politics, and Israeli-Palestinian Coexistence

Our Sisters' Promised Land: Women, Politics, and Israeli- Palestinian Coexistence. Ayala Emmett. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. 278 pp.     

Motile Gametes of Land Plants: Diversity,Development, and Evolution

Referee: Professor Jeffrey Duckett, School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK Spermatogenesis is a morphogenetic system in plants that is unparalled in its potential to yield diverse and informative structural and developmental data. The unquestionable homology of terrestrial plant spermatozoids to each other and to gametes of related lineages allows an examination of cellular evolution and provides sound data for phylogenetic analyses. In this review we examine the architecture and ontogeny of motile male gametes among major groups of land plants. We begin with a historical perspective that emphasizes the utility of spermatogenesis in understanding cellular evolution and in determining phylogenetic relationships. A cladistic analysis of data based solely on spermatogenesis and a conceptual phylogeny based on combined morphological and molecular data serve as the basis for the comprehensive discussion of architectural and developmental features of plant spermatozoids. Spermatozoids of green plants have two fundamental architectural designs: biflagellated or multiflagellated. Biflagellated gametes vary among basal archegoniates and charophytes in degree of coiling, position, and substructure of the basal bodies and number of organelles. Hornwort spermatozoids are simple, bilaterally symmetrical, and uniquely exhibit a right-handed coil. An autapomorphy among setaphytes (a clade containing mosses and liverworts) is the production of coiled biflagellated sperm cells with dimorphic staggered basal bodies. Like bryophytes, gametes of most lycophytes are biflagellated; two exceptions are Isoëtes and Phylloglossum, taxa that independently evolved multiflagellated sperm cells with approximately 20 flagella. Developmental information, especially related to the origin and development of the locomotory apparatus, are essential to determine structural homology among these taxa. Evaluation of the more complicated multiflagellated gametes of other vascular plants reveals similarities that support a monophyletic fern, Equisetum and Psilotum assemblage. Autapomorphies of this clade include the arrangement of the microtubular cytoskeleton, origin of the locomotory apparatus, and structural details of the basal bodies and multilayered structure. Sperm cell development in archegoniates involves the complete transformation of virtually every cellular component. Crucial to this process are proteinaceous elements of the cytoskeleton. Complex microtubule arrays unique to these cells include the spline, basal bodies, and flagella. The discrete microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) that generate these cytoskeletal arrays are equally complex and enable the examination of molecular constituents and ontogenetic modifications. The protein centrin is found in a variety of structures, including the diverse MTOCs and the locomotory apparatus. Actin plays a role in organellar shaping and positioning as well as in cytoplasmic deletion and the maintenance of spatial integrity in the mature cell. We conclude with an overview of the current and potential utility of male gametogenesis as an informative system in approaching fundamental questions relating to cellular differentiation and motility. Characterization of motility mutants will elucidate genetic control of structure-function relationships among cellular components, while biochemical and molecular investigations provide crucial data on the mechanism of development. The examination of spermatogenesis in additional taxa is essential to characterize further developmental variations. Moreover, such studies provide a more comprehensive understanding of plant biodiversity at the cellular level and lead to even greater phylogenetic resolution from this elegant morphogenetic system.     

Coastal Exploitation, Land Loss, and Hurricanes: A Recipe for Disaster

Southern Louisiana occupies a dynamic landscape, marked by coastal wetlands interrupted by both natural and human-made levees, and vulnerable to both the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers and major storms coming off the Gulf of Mexico. It is also a region into which, for centuries, exiled and threatened populations have moved and found refuge. Systematic and dramatic changes along the entire reach of the Mississippi River coupled with activities within the region's wetlands such as levee construction, canal dredging, and petroleum extraction have contributed to both pollution and extensive coastal land loss. In this article, I discuss the recent hurricanes in light of the relationship between Louisiana and the rest of the United States and the environmental and community degradation that has occurred along the coast. I focus on petroleum development, the most recent and extensive natural resource to shape southern Louisiana's wealth and economy.     

"Land, Water, and Truth": San Identity and Global Indigenism

San peoples of southern Africa followed two very different trajectories through the 20th century. For some groups, colonial rule and apartheid meant segregation on geographically remote homelands (or in game parks); for the majority of San, however, they meant incorporation as a landless underclass of farm laborers, domestic servants, and squatters. This bifurcated history now presents obstacles to the recognition of a nascent pan–San identity as the contemporary San join other indigenous peoples in struggles over land rights, control over natural resources, and political voice in national and international arenas. This article discusses some of the ways in which international models of indigenism have colluded with essentialist conceptions of culture and ethnicity to (1) prevent the recognition of the San peoples' cultural identity, as it is shaped by their various historical experiences and socioeconomic conditions, and (2) distort the understanding of San claims for land and natural resources by transforming San struggles for social and economic justice into demands for "cultural preservation." [Keywords: indigenous peoples, San, southern Africa, social movements, cultural politics]     

Capitalist Contexts for Darwinian Theory: Land, Finance, Industry and Empire

When socio-economic contexts are sought for Darwin’s science, it is customary to turn to the Industrial Revolution. However, important issues about the long run of England’s capitalisms can only be recognised by taking a wider view than Industrial Revolution historiographies tend to engage. The role of land and finance capitalisms in the development of the empire is one such issue. If we historians of Darwin’s science allow ourselves a distinction between land and finance capitalisms on the one hand and industrial capitalism on the other; and if we ask with which side of this divide were Darwin and his theory of branching descent by natural selection aligned, then reflection on leading features of that theory, including its Malthusian elements, suggests that the answer is often and largely, though not exclusively: on the land side. The case of Wallace, socialist opponent of land capitalism, may not be as anomalous for this suggestion as one might at first think. Social and economic historians have reached no settled consensuses on the long-run of England’s capitalisms. We historians of Darwin’s science would do well to import some of these unsettled states of discussion into our own work over the years to come.     

Tahiti Intertwined: Ancestral Land, Tourist Postcard, and Nuclear Test Site

In this article, I apply ideas from Foucault, Lefebvre, and Soja about thirdspace, or space beyond dualisms, to an understanding of'Tahiti" as a complex, intertwined place. For most Tahitians, a sense of place is rooted in land, which individuals describe as a nurturing mother. Genealogical ties to land define personal identities and social relationships. For the world at large, however, the perception of Tahiti is based on seductive, mass-mediated, touristic images. The perpeiuation of these images, whose origins go back two-hundred years, has become increasingly enmeshed in the economic and political agendas of the French colonial government. The resumption of nuclear testing in French Polynesia in 1995-96 and the subsequent rioting by Tahitians, which disseminated negative images throughout the world, provide a setting for an analysis of Tahiti that moves beyond dualisms. Tahiti is understood instead as an intertwined thirdspace, equally real and imagined, immediate and mediated, [place, colonialism, imagery, tourism, nuclear testing]     

Land crabs with smooth lungs: Grapsidae,Gecarcinidae, and Sundathelphusidae ultrastructure and vasculature

The highly terrestrial grapsids and gecarcinids and the amphibious sundathelphusids all have large, expanded branchial chambers. The lining of the branchial chambers is smooth and well vascularized, and it functions as a lung. The respiratory membrane and the cuticle lining the lung are extremely thin (200–350 nm). The blood vessels within the lung are formed from connective tissue cells supported by collagen fibres and lined by a basal lamina. The major vessels in the lung are embedded deep in the branchiostegite and lie just beneath the thick outer carapace. These vessels branch towards the respiratory membrane, where they eventually lose their connective tissue coverings to form thin, flattened lacunae directly below the respiratory epithelium. The lacunae (exchange sites) are bordered by specialized connective tissue cells, which either bear microvilli on their apical surface (fimbriated cells) or are very smooth. The respiratory circulation in the lung is very complex, with two portal systems present between the afferent and efferent systems, producing a total of three lacunal exchange beds. Portal systems increase the surface area available for gas exchange. The major distributing vessel in the lung is the branchiostegal vein, which runs along the inner margin of the branchiostegite. The main venous supplies come anteriorly from the infraorbital and ventral sinuses and posteriorly from the procardial sinus. The main collecting vessel is the pulmonary vein, which arises anteriorly and which runs around the ventral perimeter of the branchiostegite before emptying into the pericardial sinus. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are an order of mammals that originated about 50 million years ago in the Eocene epoch. Even though all modern cetaceans are obligate aquatic mammals, early cetaceans were amphibious, and their ancestors were terrestrial artiodactyls, similar to small deer. The transition from land to water is documented by a series of intermediate fossils, many of which are known from India and Pakistan. We review raoellid artiodactyls, as well as the earliest families of cetaceans: pakicetids, ambulocetids, remingtonocetids, protocetids, and basilosaurids. We focus on the evolution of cetacean organ systems, as these document the transition from land to water in detail.     

Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law, and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands

Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law, and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands. Bill Maurer. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. 301 pp.