赤潮的分类分级标准及预警色设置

为便于赤潮信息的发布、统计和管理,依据我国赤潮发生的特点初步制定了我国赤潮的分类分级及预警色划分的标准。根据形成赤潮的生物种类特性及其对人类健康和近岸水产养殖的影响,将我国赤潮分为有毒赤潮、鱼毒赤潮、有害赤潮和无害赤潮4种类型,考虑到我国沿海赤潮发生面积和持续时间相差巨大,将我国赤潮分为大型、中型和小型3个级别。由此,将我国赤潮分为12种,并依次用不同颜色和符号代表之,以利于在媒体上发布。在此基础上,制定了不同类型赤潮的预警机制和管理措施,为赤潮防灾减灾工作提供参考。     

近海海洋生态系统与有害赤潮的发生综述

海洋生态系统是地球生物圈的重要组成部分。目前,人类活动已经严重破坏了海洋生态系统,导致了海洋生态系统的失衡。赤潮的发生正是这种不平衡的具体体现。文章讨论了人类活动对海洋生态系统的负面影响以及对近海海域赤潮发生的推波助澜作用;主要综述了影响赤潮发生和消亡的生态条件及环境影响因子。最后,强调了学科交叉研究在管理和防范赤潮的发生,维护近海海洋生态系统健康服务功能的必要性,并提出了一些相应的对策和措施。     

Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms: A scientific consensus

In January 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a “roundtable discussion” to develop a consensus on the relationship between eutrophication and harmful algal blooms (HABs), specifically targeting those relationships for which management actions may be appropriate. Academic, federal, and state agency representatives were in attendance. The following seven statements were unanimously adopted by attendees based on review and analysis of current as well as pertinent previous data:

• (1)Degraded water quality from increased nutrient pollution promotes the development and persistence of many HABs and is one of the reasons for their expansion in the U.S. and other nations;
• (2)The composition–not just the total quantity–of the nutrient pool impacts HABs;
• (3)High-biomass blooms must have exogenous nutrients to be sustained;
• (4)Both chronic and episodic nutrient delivery promote HAB development;
• (5)Recently developed tools and techniques are already improving the detection of some HABs, and emerging technologies are rapidly advancing toward operational status for the prediction of HABs and their toxins;
• (6)Experimental studies are critical to further the understanding about the role of nutrients in HABs expression, and will strengthen prediction and mitigation of HABs; and
• (7)Management of nutrient inputs to the watershed can lead to significant reduction in HABs.

Supporting evidence and pertinent examples for each consensus statement are provided herein.     

有害微藻抑藻细菌多样性及抑藻机制研究进展

有害藻暴发能够破坏水生生态系统,对水环境、人类健康及各国经济构成严重威胁。寻找能够有效防治有害藻华或赤潮的方法是现阶段水生生态保护与修复领域的重要研究内容之一。其中,微生物因其分布广、种类多和易繁殖等特点,在有害藻华或赤潮防治方面表现出巨大潜力,正逐渐得到广泛关注。本文从抑藻细菌分布、物种多样性及抑藻机制(抑藻方式、细胞形态、光合作用和氧化损伤)等角度对当前有害微藻抑藻细菌研究进展进行梳理总结,为微生物控藻提供理论参考。     

Occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) associated with ocean environments in the South China Sea

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur frequently in the South China Sea (SCS), causing enormous economic losses in aquaculture. We analyzed historical HAB records during the period from 1980 to 2003 in SCS. We found that HABs-affected areas have expanded and the frequency of HABs varied during this period. The seasonal and annual variations, as well as causative algal species of HABs are different among the four regions. Areas with frequent HABs include the Pearl River Estuary (China), the Manila Bay (the Philippines), the Masinloc Bay (the Philippines), and the western coast of Sabah (Malaysia). HABs occurred frequently during March–May in the northern region of SCS, May–July in the eastern region, July in the western region, and year-round in the southern region. Among the species that cause HABs, Noctiluca scintillans dominated in the northern region, and Pyrodinium bahamense in the southern and eastern regions. Causative species also varied in different years for the entire SCS. Both P. bahamense and N. scintillans were the dominant species during 1980–2003. Some species not previously recorded formed blooms during 1991–2003, including Phaeocystis globosa, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Mesodinium rubrum. Variations in HABs are related to various regional conditions, such as a reversed monsoon wind in the entire SCS, river discharges in the northern area, upwelling in Vietnam coastal waters during southwest winds and near Malaysia coastal waters during northeast winds, and eutrophication from coastal aquaculture in the Pearl River estuary, Manila Bay, and Masinloc Bay. Handling editor: D. Hamilton     

杉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用

近年来 ,世界范围内赤潮 (HABs)发生的频次有明显增长的趋势。尽管已发展了多种控制赤潮的方法 ,但真正能推广应用的方法寥寥无几 ,寻找新的、高效、经济、无污染的赤潮防治方法仍然是赤潮领域研究的热点。本文研究了杉木粉对赤潮藻———塔玛亚历山大藻 (Alexandriumtamarense)生长的影响 ,并对其机制进行了初步探讨。结果显示 ,杉木粉能明显抑制塔玛亚历山大藻的生长 ,杉木粉对藻细胞有明显的沉降作用 ,其多酚提取物具有显著的抑藻作用。这些结果提示 ,杉木粉可能是一种潜在的控制赤潮藻生长的新材料 ,其抑藻机制可能与杉木粉中的多酚类活性物质和杉木粉对藻的沉降作用有关。     

深圳大鹏湾海域锥状斯氏藻赤潮期间细菌群落结构变化研究

目的:近年来,赤潮在我国的发生呈增加的趋势,并造成了极大的经济损失。过去研究赤潮发生的机理主要集中在理化因素的影响,而越来越多的证据表明仅凭借营养盐等环境因素并不能解释大部分赤潮现象,藻际微生物可能发挥着重要作用。本文跟踪观测了2010年7月深圳大鹏湾海域爆发的锥状斯氏藻赤潮生消过程中细菌群落丰度种类的变化,从微生物与赤潮藻相互作用的角度探讨了赤潮的生消过程,讨论了不同时期不同关键菌群的特殊作用,为解释赤潮爆发和消亡提供了新的视角,为赤潮的监控和防治新方法的建立奠定了理论基础。方法:本文按时间顺序共采集该赤潮9次样本,利用末端限制性酶切片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)等分子生物学方法,通过主成分分析、克隆文库的构建,研究了微生物群落的变化过程,并探讨了特定种属的微生物在赤潮发生、发展和消亡过程中的作用。结果:从浮游细菌丰度来看,随着锥状斯氏藻细胞数量的波动,浮游细菌总数也随之呈现相应的变化。从浮游细菌的种类来看,它们主要属于变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。从浮游细菌的动态变化过程来看,赤潮生消过程中,浮游细菌群落呈现出一定的演替现象,特别是在赤潮后期,群落主成分变化尤为显著。从关键菌群的作用来看,属于γ变形杆菌门的Alteromonas sp.一直占有较高的丰度,赤潮中后期受到菌群相互作用导致比例下降,而赤潮后期其他关键菌群的丰度的增高可能是导致赤潮消亡的重要原因。结论:本文利用T-RFLP这一DNA指纹技术分析微生物群落结构和多样性特征,通过研究赤潮生消过程中藻际浮游细菌群落的动态变化,发现随着赤潮的发展,浮游细菌群落发生着相应的变化。结果说明赤潮藻体丰度数量的改变影响着浮游细菌群落的组成。相对地,细菌群落的适应调整迅速造成赤潮藻体局部生长环境的改变,从而影响赤潮的发展过程。     

沿岸海域富营养化与赤潮发生的关系

综述了赤潮的发生与沿岸海域富营养化的关系。近几十年来,人类活动使得天然水体的富营养化进程大大加速。营养负荷的增加与高生物量水华的增多相联系。控制营养输入后,浮游植物生物量或有害藻类水华事件也相应减少。营养的组成与浮游植物的种类组成及水华的形成有密切联系。有机营养对有害藻类水华的促进作用受到关注。营养输入时机影响浮游植物种间竞争的结果,因而对浮游植物的群落演替具有深远影响。由于浮游植物存在生理差异,因而对营养加富的反应因种而异。营养在调控某些有毒藻类的毒素产量方面也发挥着重要作用。此外,营养输入与藻类水华之间存在复杂的间接联系。当然,营养状况并非浮游植物群落演替的唯一决定因素。研究结果提示,控制营养输入、减缓水域富营养化是减少有害藻类水华发生的有效途径,而深入研究典型有害藻类的营养生理对策则为防治并最终消除有害藻类水华提供了理论基础。     

Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Examining linkages from selected coastal regions of the United States

Coastal waters of the United States (U.S.) are subject to many of the major harmful algal bloom (HAB) poisoning syndromes and impacts. These include paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and various other HAB phenomena such as fish kills, loss of submerged vegetation, shellfish mortalities, and widespread marine mammal mortalities. Here, the occurrences of selected HABs in a selected set of regions are described in terms of their relationship to eutrophication, illustrating a range of responses. Evidence suggestive of changes in the frequency, extent or magnitude of HABs in these areas is explored in the context of the nutrient sources underlying those blooms, both natural and anthropogenic. In some regions of the U.S., the linkages between HABs and eutrophication are clear and well documented, whereas in others, information is limited, thereby highlighting important areas for further research.     

大型海藻龙须菜与东海原甲藻间的营养竞争

生物方法作为一种新兴的赤潮防治方法,因为其作用的专一性及较少的负效应,越来越受到人们的重视。研究了龙须菜(G racilaria lem aneif orm is)与东海原甲藻(P rorocentrum d ongha iense)之间营养盐NO3-、PO43-竞争的情况。结果显示,两者共培养时,龙须菜对营养盐的快速吸收利用,使得共培养体系中营养盐迅速降低,最终导致东海原甲藻消亡,而东海原甲藻对于龙须菜的生长不构成明显的影响。在营养盐充分的条件下,1g鲜重的龙须菜对NO3-的吸收能力相当于6.0×107个东海原甲藻细胞,对PO43-的吸收相当于2.4×107个东海原甲藻细胞。相对于东海原甲藻,龙须菜对营养盐的吸收利用更具有优势。龙须菜可作为有效吸收营养盐的大型海藻,用以降低近海水域富营养化程度及有害赤潮发生的几率。     

Measuring the Strength of Human–Animal Bonds in Zoos

Repeated interactions within individual human and animal dyads can lead to the establishment of human–animal relationships (HARs), which may vary in quality from good to bad, defined in terms of the positivity (e.g., friendly contact, play) or negativity (e.g., aggression) of the interactions on which they are based. Particularly good HARs can be regarded as Human– Animal Bonds (HABs) if they are reciprocal and promote wellbeing in both parties. Although there is extensive evidence of the effects of HARs in agricultural animals and HABs in companion animals, there has been less investigation of these relationships in zoos, even though the development of HARs/HABs between zoo animals and their keepers could have important consequences for the welfare of both. Here we apply a modified version of the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS) in a zoo setting to quantify the strength of attachment of a sample of 22 keepers to the animals in their care at the zoo (ZA), in comparison with their attachment to their companion animals at home (PA). Results showed that mean PA scores (47.54 ± 3.6) were significantly higher than mean ZA scores (32.89 ± 2.6; t = –5.16, df = 13, p < 0.001), indicating stronger attachment to the companion animals. PA scores were lower in keepers who thought it inappropriate to have a bond with a zoo animal, compared with those who deemed it appropriate. Thus, HABs do appear to occur in the zoo context, though they are weaker than those developed in the home. This work also shows that a modified LAPS questionnaire is a suitable instrument for further investigation of HABs in zoos.     

Harmful algal blooms: combining excitability and competition

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) characterized by a large concentration of toxic species appear rather rarely, but have a severe impact on the whole ecosystem. To study on possible trigger mechanisms for the emergence of HABs, we consider a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model to find the conditions under which a toxic phytoplankton species is able to form a bloom by winning the competition against its nontoxic competitor. The basic mechanism is related to the excitability of the system, i.e., the ability to develop a large response on certain perturbations. In a large class of models, a HAB results from a combined effect of nutrient enrichment and selective predation on different phytoplankton populations by zooplankton. We show that the severity of HAB is controlled by nutrient enrichment and zooplankton abundance, while the frequency of its occurrence depends on the strength of selectivity of predation. Thereby the intricate interplay between excitability, competition, and selective grazing pressure builds the backbone of the mechanism of the emergence of HABs.     

溶藻微生物净化富营养化水体的作用

湖泊富营养化导致的水华藻类频繁暴发已成为当今世界性的环境问题,溶藻微生物作为生物法防治有害藻类水华具有广泛的研究前景,通过查阅文献对微生物控制有害藻类水华进行概述,并探讨进一步的研究趋势和应用前景,以期对微生物溶藻方面的研究及开发应用有一定的参考价值。     

Distribution and genetic diversity of the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya in coastal waters of China

Amoebophrya is an obligate endoparasite infecting wide ranges of marine organisms in coastal and oceanic waters. The parasitoid has received growing attention, due to its enormous genetic diversity in seawaters and suppressive effects on the growth of host dinoflagellates. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by planktonic dinoflagellates have significantly impacted the coastal environment and mariculture in China. Series of studies have been conducted to reveal the occurrence mechanism and negative impacts of HABs in past decades, while the factors contributing to the recession of HABs have rarely been studied. Thus, the host range, prevalence and diversity of Amoebophrya along the coastline of China were systemically investigated to facilitate future studies on the ecological roles of the parasitoid. Overall, 10 dinoflagellate taxa were found to be infected by Amoebophrya spp., and the prevalence ranged from 0.03% to 2.50%. Sequencing of environmental genomic DNA revealed substantial diversity and significant regional heterogeneity of Amoebophryidae sequences derived from 12 coastal bays, while no significant correlation was observed among geographical locations. Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA sequences derived from individual Amoebophrya-infected cells indicated the host divergence of the parasitoid and lend credence to the multiple species assumption. The results further revealed the broad host range, wide distribution and substantial diversity of Amoebophrya in the coastal waters of China, that should not be neglected in future studies on the succession of HABs, as well as the ecological significance of this parasitoid in marine microbial food webs.     

A spring poleward current and its influence on microplankton assemblages and harmful dinoflagellates on the western Iberian coast

Along-shore currents can propagate harmful algal blooms (HABs) over long distances in many coastal areas of the ocean. Harmful dinoflagellate blooms on the west coast of Iberia frequently occur when the Iberian poleward current (IPC) establishes on the continental slope. This has led to the suggestion that HABs could be transported northward by the IPC. To examine this possibility, the microplankton composition along the west coast of Iberia was studied in May 1993 coinciding with the presence of the IPC. The microplankton of the IPC was almost exclusively composed of small flagellates, with the notable absence of the harmful species usually associated with coastal waters. The primary influence of the IPC was to confine coastal microplankton populations to the shelf, where a downwelling convergence prevented their export from the coastal environment. Microplankton assemblages on the shelf revealed a north–south gradient related to different stages of succession. Earlier stages of succession in which diatoms were prominent were found on the northern shelf, whereas dinoflagellates were more abundant in the south. The toxic species Gymnodinium catenatum, which was only present in the southern shelf, did not show a northward transport associated with the IPC. It is suggested that the northward spreading of HABs along the west coast of Iberia must be related to the interaction between the IPC, which accumulates coastal populations on the shelf, and the latitudinal progress of microplankton succession that determines species composition. Thus, during the course of the season, HABs are likely to be observed in the south prior to their development in the north.     

The effect of iron on Chilean Alexandrium catenella growth and paralytic shellfish toxin production as related to algal blooms

BioMetals - The dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella is a well-known paralytic shellfish toxin producer that forms harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide. Blooms of this species have repeatedly...     

Detection of bloom-forming dinoflagellates Karenia mikimotoi and Prorocentrum donghaiense using qPCR assays

Journal of Applied Phycology - The dinoflagellates Karenia mikimotoi and Prorocentrum donghaiense are both important causative species of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the East China Sea. The...     

The Diversity of Harmful Algal Bloom-Triggering Mechanisms and the Complexity of Bloom Initiation

Mechanisms influencing initiation of harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse, and are not likely to be mutually exclusive. Rather, initiation of HABs is a result of interactions between processes, which result in biological, physical, and chemical conditions optimal for a bloom. Due to the complexity of some bloom initiation processes, bloom-preventative management may be possible. Results from a modeling exercise and a laboratory experiment indicated that a phytoplankton bloom could be circumvented through manipulation of the nutrient-loading mode, i.e., pulsed vs. continuous loading. These findings, should they prove consistent in more robust field experiments, may provide insights for the development of new management approaches for some HABs. Optimal bloom conditions, however, vary between HAB species. Consequently, it is unlikely that a single management solution will exist. Preventative management efforts will require early warning of HAB initiation, perhaps even before the appearance of an HAB species. An indicator based on the dynamic nature of phytoplankton succession events and phytoplankton species diversity may prove useful for this purpose. Applying this index to an existing plankton data set showed that Microcystis blooms might have been predicted months before the start of the bloom.     

Inhibition of harmful algal blooms caused by Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae) using native (Gracilaria tikvahiae) and invasive (Dasysiphonia japonica) red seaweeds from North America

Journal of Applied Phycology - Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by the pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens have spread globally and are a threat to coastal ecosystems. Although some HAB...     

Harmful algal blooms: causes,impacts and detection

Blooms of autotrophic algae and some heterotrophic protists are increasingly frequent in coastal waters around the world and are collectively grouped as harmful algal blooms (HABs). Blooms of these organisms are attributed to two primary factors: natural processes such as circulation, upwelling relaxation, and river flow; and, anthropogenic loadings leading to eutrophication. Unfortunately, the latter is commonly assumed to be the primary cause of all blooms, which is not the case in many instances. Moreover, although it is generally acknowledged that occurrences of these phenomena are increasing throughout the world's oceans, the reasons for this apparent increase remain debated and include not only eutrophication but increased observation efforts in coastal zones of the world. There is a rapidly advancing monitoring effort resulting from the perception of increased impacts from these HABs, manifested as expanding routine coastal monitoring programs, rapid development and deployment of new detection methods for individual species, toxins, and toxicities, and expansion of coastal modeling activities towards observational forecasts of bloom landfall and eventually bloom prediction. Together, these many efforts will provide resource managers with the tools needed to develop effective strategies for the management and mitigation of HABs and their frequently devastating impacts on the coastal environment.