泡囊丛枝（VA）菌根对玉米际磷酸酶活性的影响

以玉米为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究了缺P土壤上施用植酸和卵磷脂时接种几种菌根真菌（Glomus mosseae,Glmous versiformea,Gigaspora margarita)对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响,玉米生长70d后,收获测定距根表不同距离土壤中的磷酸酶活性,结果表明,接种菌根真菌增加了根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,Gigaspora margarita菌根菌的作用大于其它2个菌极菌,不同P源对磷酸酶活性有明显影响。     

云南热带,亚热带蕨类植物根际土壤中的VA菌根真菌

对云南热带,亚热带地我的２５６种蕨类植物的ＶＡ菌根状况进行了调查;从具有ＶＡ菌根的蕨类植物根际土壤中分离鉴定了分属于无梗２囊霉巨孢囊霉球囊霉,硬囊霉属和盾孢囊霉属的２５种ＶＡ菌根真菌,其中,８种属于国内新记录种。本文对这些植物的ＶＡ菌根状况及其进化进行了讨论,并对２５种真菌的分类特征进行了描述。     

云南热带蕨类植物根际土壤中的六种VA菌根真菌

从热带地区野生或从野外移栽于温室中的蕨类植物根际土壤中分离得到六种ＶＡ菌根真菌：双网无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｂｉｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ Ｒｏｔｈｗｅｌｌ ｅｔ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,细凹无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔａ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,瘤状无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔａ Ｊａｎｏｓ ＆ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,多梗球囊霉Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｕｌｅ Ｇｅｒｄ     

北京地区大葱和玉米根际VA菌根的季节变化及其与环境因子之间的关系

1986-1987年连续两年系统调查了北京地区大葱(Allium fistulosum L.)和玉米(Zeamays L.)根际 VA 菌根侵染百分率及菌根真菌孢子密度的季节变化。分析了菌根和菌根真菌的发生与几种土壤因子(土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷和有机质含量,土壤 pH 值)和气候因子(气温、积温、土温、光照、降水量,相对湿度等)之间的关系。结果表明:大葱和玉米的侵染百分率随作物生育期的增长而增加,并以6月和9月的增长速度最快。一年中,植物根际菌根真菌的孢子密度有二个高峰,分别在6-7月和10月。在北京的同一地区,一年中,几种测定的土壤因子变化很小,因此,认为气候因子对菌根发生的季节变化具有更大的影响。用线性相关和关联度分析的结果表明:一年中,菌根的发生与积温的关系最为密切。     

厚囊蕨类植物VA菌根的初步研究

对１０种厚囊蕨类植物的ＶＡ菌根状况以及这些植物根际土壤中的ＶＡ菌根真菌进行了研究,结果发现１０种植物的根部全部感染有ＶＡ菌根。从这１０种植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了分属于３个属的９种ＶＡ菌根真菌,其中,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉真菌是这些植物的根际土壤中的优势类群。ＶＡ菌根对厚囊蕨类植物的进化可能具有重要的意义。     

丛枝菌根真菌影响宿主植物蒺藜苜蓿根系酸性磷酸酶活性的跨世代效应

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能够通过增强宿主植物根系分泌酸性磷酸酶帮助其适应低磷环境,但这种可塑性改变能否跨世代传递并影响后代适应低磷环境,仍不清楚。本研究通过亲代实验(实验1)和子代实验(实验2),研究AMF影响宿主植物蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)根系酸性磷酸酶分泌的跨世代效应。实验1表明,土壤低磷水平下接种AMF的亲代宿主植物根系酸性磷酸酶活性显著提高,且根际土中有更高的酸性磷酸酶活性和有效磷含量。而高磷水平下,接种AMF处理的宿主植物酸性磷酸酶活性与不接种AMF的处理无显著差异。实验2表明,在当代低磷环境下,来自亲代低磷接种AMF的后代,其根系和根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于来自亲代低磷不接种AMF的后代,而亲代高磷处理的后代(有AMF和无AMF)之间酸性磷酸酶活性无显著差异。在当代高磷环境下,来自亲代不同处理的后代根系和根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性均无显著差异。本研究表明,AMF对宿主植物根系分泌酸性磷酸酶的生理可塑性能够跨世代传递,且该跨世代效应受到亲代磷水平的影响。     

不同植物对VA菌根菌的依赖性

用不灭菌的沙质黄潮土和建筑河沙作为生长基质,施加一定量稀释的 Hoagland 营养液,在盆栽条件下比较了来源于扦插苗和实生苗的不同植物对 VA 菌根的依赖性。结果表明除了一般被认为不形成 VA 菌根的菊花外,其余植物接种萄根后,不论株高,地上部分、地下部分鲜重和侵染率都大于不接种的对照植物。各种植物对菌根的依赖程度的大小依次为:葡萄、月季、白三叶草、芦笋、非洲紫罗兰、矮牵牛花,玉米、棉花、大豆、烟草、花生、西红柿、绿豆、百合。     

Nuclear architecture and DNA location in two VAM fungi

Summary The ultrastructural organization of nuclei in Glomus versiforme and G. mosseae hyphae was examined by sampling at different times during the fungus life cycle. In young and active hyphae, the nucleus is chromocentric with dispersed chromatin and a well-developed nucleolus. On aging, and particularly during arbuscule collapse, the chromatin condenses to give a pyk-notic nucleus with blebs in the envelope and conspicuous spaces between this and the nucleoplasm. DNA location by immunogold or enzyme-gold techniques resulted in uniform labelling over the chromatin. Nuclear degeneration is mirrored by decreased gold labelling and may thus be regarded as an important parameter for evaluation of fungus viability and the ephemeral life of the arbuscule.     

盐胁迫对VA菌根形成及接种VAM真菌对植物耐盐性的效应

用盆栽法研究了不同土壤含盐量条件下接种不同VAM真菌菌株对棉花、玉米、大豆和甜瓜耐盐性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤中NaCl水平提高,真菌对棉花、玉米、大豆和甜瓜的侵染率下降,其生长量亦均呈递减趋势但对VAM真菌的依赖性则呈明显递增趋势。接种VAM真菌促进了棉花、玉米和大豆的生长,如在NaCl施入量为0～3g·kg^-1时,接种M₁菌株使棉花干重提高4.6～80.9%;在NaCl施入量为0～2.5g·kg^-1时,接种M₁菌株的玉米干重比对照增加20～109.6%;NaCl施入量为1g·kg^-1时,接种M₁和M₂两菌株使大豆干重分别增加22.1%和10.2%.不同的VAM真菌菌株对同一植物的耐盐性以及同一种VAM真菌菌株对不同植物的耐盐性的影响程度不同。可以认为,VAM真菌与植物共生对植物在盐渍环境中的生存起着重要的作用;接种VAM真菌可以提高植物在盐渍土壤上的生产能力并减轻植物因盐害造成的产量损失。     

Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase levels in saliva and serum of patients with healthy periodontium,gingivitis, and periodontitis before and after scaling with root planing: A clinico-biochemical study

Periodontitis is commonly diagnosed based on clinical parameters. However, the analysis of a few unique biomarkers of the disease process present in the saliva and blood can further assist the estimation of the rate of disease progression.AimThe present study attempted to correlate the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) levels in saliva and serum between patients with healthy periodontium, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis.Materials and methodsThe present study was conducted in 135 subjects between 20 and 55 years of age. The subjects were divided into three groups, namely healthy (Group A), gingivitis (Group B), and chronic periodontitis (Group C). The clinical parameters were recorded using the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD). Saliva and serum were analyzed for ALP and ACP levels using an auto analyzer. All patients underwent scaling and root planning (SRP) along with oral hygiene instructions. Patients were then recalled after four weeks, and blood and saliva samples were collected to estimate ALP and ACP levels prior to clinical examination.ResultsThe clinical parameters exhibited a statistically significant decrease in the PI and GI in both group B and group C after SRP. A significant change in the PD and attachment levels (AL) was observed in the periodontitis group after SRP. The mean salivary & serum ALP levels exhibited a statistically significant decrease in group B & C after SRP. The mean serum ACP levels exhibited a statistically significant decrease in group B & C after SRP However, the salivary ACP levels decrease after SRP was only statistically significant in group C.ConclusionSerum and salivary ALP and ACP levels were markedly decreased in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups after SRP and were positively correlated with the clinical parameters.     

Phosphorus availability to maize as influenced by organic manures and fertilizer P associated phosphatase activity in soils

Laboratory incubation and green house studies were conducted to compare the P availability of organic manures and P uptake from organic manures by maize. Various organic manures viz. Poultry manure (PM), Farmyard manure (FYM), Green manure (GM) and Crop residue (CR) and graded levels of fertilizer P were applied in Samana sandy loam and Ladhowal silt loam soils and incubated for 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. Samples were analyzed for P availability, P uptake and alkaline phosphatase activity. The overall, phosphatase activity, Paranitrophenyl phosphate (PNP h⁻¹ g⁻¹), in the Ladhowal silt loam soil was higher than in the Samana sandy loam soil. As the level of inorganic P increased, the release of PNP h⁻¹ g⁻¹ soil also increased. Among different organic manures, PM registered the highest enzyme activity followed by FYM, GM and CR. Compared to 7 days incubation a slightly higher increase in PNP was noticed in samples from 90 days incubation in both soils. The differential phosphatase activity in the organic manures was further reflected in dynamic P availability. The highest amount of Olsen extractable P was in PM-treated soil followed by FYM, GM and field pea crop residue. Organic manure addition along with inorganic P, irrespective of the source, increased the Olsen extractable P throughout the incubation period. Total P uptake by maize increased with the increasing level of inorganic P in both soils. The highest uptake was obtained in PM-treated soil and lowest in the CR-amended soil. We conclude that PM more readily supplies P to plants than other organic manure sources.     

菌根真菌磷酸酶活性对红三叶草生境中土壤有机磷亏缺的影响

利用PVC分室培养装置研究了菌根际和菌丝际磷酸酶活性变化与土壤有机磷亏缺间的关系,结果表明,施用有机磷（植酸钠）能促进菌根根系侵染、提高土壤磷酸酶尤其是酸性磷酸酶的活性,使菌丝际范围变宽。菌丝际的存在使土壤有机磷亏缺范围加大,与非菌根植物相比,由于菌根真菌的作用,植物能更容易地从有机磷中获得磷营养以满足植物生长的需要,从而使其干物重和磷吸收量更高。     

Rapid purification of bovine kidney branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex containing endogenous kinase activity

Acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, determined by the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, was found in preparations of microtubules purified from bovine brain by temperature-dependent assembly-disassembly and ion-exchange chromatography. Phosphocellulose-purified tubulin contained an associated acid phosphatase activity, stimulated by Mg2+ and by Zn2+. Alkaline phosphatase activity with a pH optimum of 10.4 was measured in a fraction of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Kinetics and the effects of sodium fluoride, sodium tartrate, sulfhydryl-blocking agents, EDTA and Zn2+ are reported.     

Effect of extraneous zinc on calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase

The effect of extraneous zinc on calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase was studied for quick reversible binding and slow irreversible binding of zinc ions at various concentrations. Under the conditions of slow binding of zinc to CIP increasing Zn²⁺ (less than 1.0 mM, n_M/n_E 1.0 × 10⁶) inhibited enzymatic activity, and further increasing Zn²⁺ resulted in an increase of activity. For quick reversible binding of Zn²⁺, the effect on CIP activity changed at lower concentrations of substrate, indicating a complex cooperativity between Zn²⁺ and pNPP. Both protein intrinsic emission fluorescence and ANS-bound protein fluorescence, as well as circular dichroism spectra have shown that the binding of zinc ions changed the enzyme conformation, which was the reason for the changes in enzyme activity induced by extraneous zinc.     

Influence of growth temperature on the acid phosphatase activity in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

Abstract The adaptation of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica 76-18 to growth temperature was studied by measuring the levels of secreted and intracellular acid phosphatase activities during growth at five temperatures from 8 to 36 °C. The intracellular acid phosphatase activity is maximal at a growth temperature of 20 °C. The level of the secreted phosphatase activity decreases as growth temperature increases from 15 to 36 °C. It is the growth temperature itself and not the growth rate that regulates these activities. The observed dependence of the acid phosphatase activity on the growth temperature indicates a possible participation of acid phosphatases in the temperature adaptation of yeast cells.     

Comparison of phosphatase localization in the intraradical hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,Glomus spp. and Gigaspora spp.

The localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the intraradical hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (Gm), Gl. etunicatum Becker and Gerd. (Ge) and Gigaspora rosea Nicol. and Schenck (Gir) were compared. Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) and leek (Allium porrum L.) were inoculated with each of the three fungi. The mycorrhizal roots were harvested at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after sowing (WAS), treated with a digestion solution containing cellulase and pectinase, and then stained for phosphatase activities at pH 5.0 and pH 8.5. The development of fungal structures in the host root was also examined. Gm formed fine-branched (mature) arbuscules only at the early phase of infection (3 to 4 WAS). Mature arbuscules of Ge and Gir were observed from the early phase (4 WAS) up to the end of experiment. At pH 5.0, the localization of the phosphatase activities of the three fungi were similar irrespective to host plant species. The activity appeared in mature arbuscules and intercellular hyphae, whereas the collapsed arbuscules were inactive. Ten millimolar NaF, an acid phosphatase inhibitor, inhibited the phosphatase activities of Gm and Ge but did not affect that of Gir. At pH 8.5, a difference among the fungal species was found in the localization of phosphatase activity while that between host species was not. The mature arbuscules were also the active sites in all three species. Only Gir showed the activity in the intercellular hyphae while the two Glomus spp. did not. Five millimolar EDTA inhibited the activity of Gir at pH 8.5 while the activities of Ge and Gm were not affected by either 5 mM EDTA or 10 mM KCN (both are alkaline phosphatase inhibitors).