道法自然的增强设计:大面积快速水生态修复途径的探索

农民利用千百年积累的生态智慧,通过简单而有效的方法,用最少的投入,实现大面积的改变,营造可持续的、源于自然而又高于自然的地球表面景观。文章探讨了如何重新发掘农民道法自然的生态智慧,进行大面积水生态修复的理念、方法和案例。基于作者及其团队20多年的研究和实践,提出了“传统生态智慧-模式提炼-增强设计-运行检测（POE）-模块技术-现代生态修复工程”的研究和实践路径,将传统农耕生态智慧进行了增强设计,形成了模块化的当代生态工程技术,用于大面积国土生态修复,尤其是以水为核心的生态过程与景观的生态修复,在全国200多个城市的山水林田湖草生态修复工程中进行实践并得到检验。     

“再野化”:山水林田湖草生态保护修复的新思路

作为一种新兴的生态保护修复方法,“再野化”（rewilding）是指特定区域中荒野程度的提升过程,尤其强调提升生态系统韧性和维持生物多样性。再野化实践的核心要素包括保护核心荒野地、增加荒野地的连通性、保护和重引入关键种（包括大型食肉动物）、适度允许自然干扰的发生、降低人类干扰和管理程度、拆除部分人工基础设施等。评述了北美洲和欧洲的再野化实践。通过比较研究,提出基于再野化的我国山水林田湖草生态保护修复的新思路,包括战略层面的5项转变和行动层面的5项建议。5项战略转变,包括从还原论思维转向整体思维、从工程性修复转向保护优先和自然恢复为主、从项目尺度转向景观尺度、从短期试点转向长期实践、从政府主导转向多方参与;5项行动建议,包括开展荒野和再野化基础调查、保护仅存的高价值荒野地、探索“城-乡-野”系统性再野化途径、以荒野保护区和再野化区域为核心建立大尺度景观保护网络、开展基于再野化的生态体验和自然教育。     

长江口滨海湿地潮间带生态系统的多稳态特征

多稳态现象普遍存在于多种生态系统中,它与生态系统的健康和可持续发展密切相关,已成为生态学研究的热点与难点,但是目前有关滨海湿地生态系统多稳态的形成机制还缺乏深入研究.本文以崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区的潮间带生态系统为研究对象,通过以下内容,开展滨海湿地多稳态研究: 1)通过验证多稳态的判定依据“双峰”和“阈值”特征,证实长江口潮间带生态系统存在多稳态,并确定其稳态类型;2)通过监测潮间带生态系统水动力过程、沉积动力过程以及盐沼植物生长和扩散情况,分析盐沼植被与沉积地貌之间的正反馈作用,进而探讨潮间带生态系统多稳态的形成机制.结果表明: 1)潮间带生态系统的归一化植被指数(NDVI)频度分布存在明显的双峰特征,且盐沼植物成活存在生物量阈值效应,均证实潮间带生态系统存在多稳态,“盐沼”和“光滩”是潮间带生态系统的两种相对稳定状态;2)崇明东滩盐沼前沿的沉积地貌表现出泥沙快速淤积的趋势,显著促进了盐沼植物的生长,盐沼植物与泥沙淤积之间的这种正反馈作用是潮间带生态系统形成多稳态的主要原因;3)盐沼植被扩散格局监测结果在景观尺度上也表明,泥沙淤积作用促进了潮间带生态系统“盐沼”和“光滩”多稳态的形成.本研究既丰富了滨海湿地稳态转换的机理研究,也为我国开展海岸带保护、修复和管理提供了科学依据,具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

祁连山山水林田湖草生态保护与修复的探索与实践

遵循“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”的先进理念,实施生态系统的整体保护、系统修复、综合治理,是加强生态文明建设的新举措。现阶段生态保护与修复的研究主要集中在内涵、机制及启示等方面,为“山水林田湖草”生态保护修复提供了理论与技术支撑,但缺乏系统性的梳理与总结。以中国重要生态功能区祁连山为例,以生态地位、退化现象及成因为切入点,结合已开展的生态保护修复工程,总结了典型生态保护修复措施,提出了有针对性的策略与建议,旨在为山水林田湖草生态修复提供模式示范。祁连山生态退化的原因主要为：全球气候变暖、人类活动干预、传统发展理念制约及环境保护投入不足等。典型生态保护与修复措施已涵盖了“山水林田湖草”各个方面,但在工程实践中如何有机整合各项措施,使生态系统成为“生命共同体”仍是未来探索的科学问题。生态保护修复的理论与实践还需完善以下内容：加强基础调研与科技创新;加强统一规划与协同管理;积极完善生态补偿机制;建立由“开刀治病”工程治理向“健康管理”自然恢复逐步引导的生态修复理念。     

在风景园林研究中定义“城市中的自然”

本文有关自然和城市关系的成果,可供学界和业界参考。其中的研究例如：城市热岛效应加剧带来的影响;当前城市水管理面临的挑战;以及与城市景观和福祉相关的健康问题研究;景观的无形社会价值等。研究表明,当下正值风景园林研究范式的转变时期,有关城市和自然的思考从对立转变为并置,知识体系也通过将实践和学术研究并行而得以构建。在这种范式转变过程中,“设计驱动型研究”（Research-through-Designing）应该扮演越来越重要的角色     

廉州湾滨海湿地潮间带大型底栖动物群落次级生产力

于2011年1月、4月、7月和10月开展广西廉州湾的裸滩、红树林和茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)盐沼3种湿地生境类型的潮间带大型底栖动物群落季节动态调查,采用Brey 经验公式估算各生境次级生产力.结果表明:共采集到潮间带大型底栖动物8门156种,其中裸滩生境有136种,红树林生境85种,盐沼生境29种;站位平均种数为裸滩9.5±4.8种,红树林9.5±3.9种,盐沼5.9±1.9种,同时,各类群占总种数比例大小规律一致,为软体动物门＞节肢动物门＞环节动物门＞脊索动物门＞其他;盐沼生境大型底栖动物群落结构变化较小,宁波泥蟹(Ilyoplax ningpoensis)优势很明显,随着水体盐度上升,红树林和裸滩优势种由适应低盐环境向适应高盐环境的种类变化;廉州湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落的次级生产力平均为15.88 g·m-2·a-1,裸滩、红树林和盐沼生境分别为16.16、9.97、3.88g·m-2 ·a-1;P/B值平均为0.70,3种生境分别为盐沼1.02,裸滩0.70,红树林0.65;廉州湾潮间带大型底栖动物年湿质量生产量为14623 t.水体盐度和植被类型是影响廉州湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构的优势种群以致次级生产力的空间分布变化的主要因素.     

关于（荒野）殖民化

由于人类体验自然的渴望日益增长,在政治和实践层面,在城市中提供接触自然的机会显得越来越必要。关于“城市荒野”的思想和规划旨在提供一种特殊的自然体验。鉴于不同荒野思想之间存在冲突,风景园林师必须设法了解已有的荒野认知及其含义。通过 3 个荒野类别—“未知荒野”“特定荒野”和“过程荒野”,探讨发展千年的荒野理念,并提出“殖民化”（colonisations）概念作为理解荒野理念发展的一个关键。自然过程伴随着动植物对空间的殖民,而人类进入和占有空间的殖民过程则包含生理、心理和精神 3 个层面的内容。空间命名是一种特殊的、具有精神和象征意味的殖民化形式。例如,人类在城市中发现野生植被,称其为“野性自然”或“城市荒野”。然而,如今大多数（尤其官方）的荒野定义中均排除了人类干扰：一旦被殖民,真正的荒野就不复存在。科学研究对自然过程的殖民化已取得很多成果,但对于人类有关自然和荒野的认知和态度了解并不多。对于风景园林师来说,这有助于更好地理解如何“基于自然进行设计和建造”,对创造令人满意的景观也非常重要。探讨与“城市荒野”有关的论述、规划和设计观点及思想。 由于人类体验自然的渴望日益增长,在政治和实践层面,在城市中提供接触自然的机会显得越来越必要。关于“城市荒野”的思想和规划旨在提供一种特殊的自然体验。鉴于不同荒野思想之间存在冲突,风景园林师必须设法了解已有的荒野认知及其含义。通过 3 个荒野类别—“未知荒野”“特定荒野”和“过程荒野”,探讨发展千年的荒野理念,并提出“殖民化”（colonisations）概念作为理解荒野理念发展的一个关键。自然过程伴随着动植物对空间的殖民,而人类进入和占有空间的殖民过程则包含生理、心理和精神 3 个层面的内容。空间命名是一种特殊的、具有精神和象征意味的殖民化形式。例如,人类在城市中发现野生植被,称其为“野性自然”或“城市荒野”。然而,如今大多数（尤其官方）的荒野定义中均排除了人类干扰：一旦被殖民,真正的荒野就不复存在。科学研究对自然过程的殖民化已取得很多成果,但对于人类有关自然和荒野的认知和态度了解并不多。对于风景园林师来说,这有助于更好地理解如何“基于自然进行设计和建造”,对创造令人满意的景观也非常重要。探讨与“城市荒野”有关的论述、规划和设计观点及思想。     

城市生态系统修复研究进展

城市生态系统是社会-经济-自然复合生态系统。城市生态系统修复的实质是协调好城市复合生态系统的自然过程、经济过程和社会过程之间的关系,促进复合生态系统的各方面协调高效可持续发展。以城市绿地、城市湿地、城市废弃地三类主要的城市生态空间为对象,论述了城市生态系统修复的研究进展,提出当前城市生态系统修复存在以人工修复技术为主、自然修复不足、机理和量化研究缺乏、理论和应用脱节、管理机制不健全、复合生态系统理论体现不足等问题。梳理了当前城市生态系统修复的研究热点,包括城市生态系统修复机理、城市生态资产与生态系统服务、城市生态系统质量和健康、问题导向的生态修复、面向人类福祉的生态修复、生态修复多学科融贯,以及新方法和新技术的应用等几个方面。提出了城市生态修复与管理的相关对策和建议,可为我国城市生态系统修复的研究和实践提供参考。     

黄土高原典型流域生态问题诊断与系统修复实践探讨——以山西汾河中上游试点项目为例

流域生态系统涵盖山、水、林、田、湖、草等自然生态各要素,对流域生态系统进行总体保护、系统修复和综合治理,是践行习近平总书记生态文明建设理念的重要抓手。黄土高原地处半干旱半湿润气候带,水土流失严重,生态环境脆弱,探索黄土高原典型流域生态保护修复的理论与实践,对于实现国家生态文明建设具有重要作用。从黄土高原典型流域生态系统特征及存在的生态问题出发,提出流域生态系统修复治理的四大核心理念：（1）宏观规划调控与局地修复调整相结合理念;（2）区域生态功能提升与社会经济发展相协调理念;（3）由“头痛治头、脚痛治脚”转向“整体把脉,系统治疗”理念;（4）由“开刀治病”工程治理向“健康管理”自然恢复逐步引导理念。以山西省汾河中上游为例,在梳理山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程项目实践设计思路的基础上,详细介绍了汾河中上游五大生态保护修复分区（管涔山汾河源头水源涵养及生物多样性保护区、汾河干流中上游水生态保护修复区、水土保持生态保护修复区、汾河上游水源涵养生态保护修复区和矿山生态环境治理修复区）及其修复任务。总结山水林田湖草生态保护修复基本经验,并对完善黄土高原典型流域生态保护修复体制建设与技术服务进行展望,以期为黄土高原乃至全国区域开展流域生态保护修复工作提供借鉴和参考。     

1973-2020年黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素

明晰滨海盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式和驱动因素,有助于制定合理的盐沼湿地修复策略、维护区域生态系统健康和可持续发展。以黄河三角洲滨海盐沼湿地为例,基于Landsat系列卫星影像获取1973—2020年共十个时期土地利用/覆被数据,得出盐沼湿地时空变化及其与周边土地利用/覆被的相互转化;利用改进的景观格局状态与演化识别模型(SEDMS),分析盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式,并利用地理探测器探究其空间分异驱动因素。结果表明：(1)1973—2020年,盐沼湿地面积减少了252.35 km²,空间范围总体向外海迁移且趋于集中。盐沼湿地转出类型主要为草地、养殖池/盐田和耕地,转入类型主要为滩涂未利用地和水体。(2)盐沼湿地景观格局演化模式呈明显的阶段性特征：1973—1995年为动荡期,演化模式以消失和破碎为主导;1995—2010为过渡期,格局演化模式逐渐由消失和破碎为主导转变为扩张为主导;2010年后为稳定期,格局发生演化的区域较少,总体以新增和扩张为主。(3)36%的盐沼湿地出现了多次格局演变模式的转变,滩涂未利用地、耕地对于景观格局演化频数的影响最为显著,人工表面、养殖池/...     

The business perspective in ecological restoration: issues and challenges

Much of the practice of restoration is conducted by businesses—contractors, consultants, designers, engineers. Restoration businesses interact with a variety of stakeholders to complete projects on time and on budget, and to achieve ecological and business objectives. Our research explores the business perspective in restoration; it is based on data collected from businesses (contractors, consultants, design engineers), agencies, and nongovernmental organizations involved in a Superfund cleanup project in Montana, one of the largest river restoration efforts ever. Our findings highlight several areas restoration businesses must navigate. First, restoration businesses must juggle potentially competing goals, maintaining ecological integrity while achieving profitability objectives. Second, these businesses must manage the risk that arises from variability in the natural environment as well as individuals' risk tolerances. Third, they must navigate the disconnect between “science” and “practice,” including how to best monitor restoration projects. Fourth, they must make decisions about new techniques and innovations. Fifth, on‐the‐ground implementation must acknowledge that personnels' motives and expertise might conflict with original plans. We discuss these findings in relation to relevant scholarly research, offering implications for theory and practice. For example, the business of ecological restoration requires learning over time to be profitable while achieving the desired ecological and social outcomes; restoration businesses leverage monitoring in pursuit of adaptive management and engage “frontline personnel” as important voices in the restoration process. Understanding the business of restoration adds an important perspective in the complex dynamics of social‐ecological systems.     

Predicting restoration outcomes based on organizational and ecological factors

For restoration to be an effective strategy to reverse large‐scale habitat loss and land degradation, funding programs need policies that promote selection of and commitment to projects that can reasonably be expected to succeed. Programmatic project selection practices have received minimal formal evaluation, despite their importance. In this study, we considered the extent to which a program needs to consider both ecological and organizational factors during project selection in order to minimize the incidence of project failure. Our assessment of a long‐term program that funds ecological restoration efforts across Minnesota (U.S.A.), based on project records, manager surveys, and field surveys, yielded several broadly relevant insights. First, factors well understood to confer ecological resilience (level of landscape alteration and starting condition) were clearly associated with restoration outcomes, regardless of time‐since‐initiation of restoration. Second, restoration of low‐resilience ecosystems is typically a labor‐ and skill‐intensive enterprise for organizations that undertake them. Our analysis revealed four organizational limitations, in addition to insufficient funds, that hindered capacity to keep projects on‐track: lack of planning and goal‐setting, inadequate staffing, leadership change, and incomplete records. Third, to reduce risk, programs do not necessarily need to avoid challenging projects, but do need to consider whether organizations proposing restorations have adequate internal capacity to competently plan and to sustain actions for a duration sufficient to restore ecological resilience. If a restoration is degraded enough to require human intervention to recover, the outcome of a project is as likely to reflect its organizational reality as much as its ecological circumstances.     

General attributes and practice of ecological restoration in Arizona and California,U.S.A., revealed by restoration stakeholder surveys

Ecological restoration has become increasingly important in conservation. Yet, synthesized statistics are scarce with respect to essential characteristics of restoration activities. We surveyed restoration stakeholders in the U.S. states of Arizona and California to evaluate key attributes in restoration activities including ecosystems of focus, goals, size, cost, duration, and the prevalence of recommended restoration practices. We also examined how some of the attributes varied with size of restoration, ecosystem type, and state identity. While enhancing biodiversity and increasing plant cover were common goals in the two states, restoration in California also focused more on wildlife habitat re‐establishment and weed control. Restoration in Arizona was implemented more in arid/semiarid systems, larger in size, shorter in duration, used more passive restoration, spent more on equipment, and was less likely to source plants from native plant nurseries. Labor was the most expensive restoration component regardless of state identity and ecosystem type. Per unit area cost of restoration decreased with increasing size of restoration. Yet, the decline in this cost was more strongly explained by moving from mesic to arid/semiarid ecosystems. Duration of restoration projects increased with size of restoration and in more mesic ecosystems. Overall, restoration in mesic ecosystems, compared to arid/semiarid systems, was smaller in size, higher in cost, and longer in duration. These results confirmed that ecological and socio‐political conditions impact restoration goals and practice, with implications of how research can further support practitioners to achieve restoration success under practical constraints revealed by these results.     

Can current native tree seedling production and infrastructure meet an increasing forest restoration demand in Brazil?

Recent global commitments have placed forest and landscape restoration at the forefront of countries' efforts to recover ecosystem services, conserve biodiversity, and mitigate the effects of climate change. However, it needs to be asked if current native tree seedling supply meets an increase in demand for forest restoration? This study assessed the current configuration, distribution, and production capacity of forest nurseries producing native trees in Brazil. Brazil provides an interesting example of how global agreements aligned with national policies can lead to the proliferation of native seedling nurseries, and the challenges faced to restore species‐rich native forest ecosystems. We found that the nurseries in the Atlantic Forest region can still meet an increase in demand—both in terms of seedling quantity and diversity—because most of their production capacity is not currently used. However, not all Brazilian biomes have sufficient nurseries to meet restoration demands, thus there is a risk of using native species from a few biogeographical regions in a much spatially wider and ecologically diverse area. In addition, lack of seed supply and qualified labor can hamper the growth of the market. Barriers to seed supply may also lead to low levels of genetic variability and floristic representation in the populations and ecosystems to be restored. We conclude that restoration of high‐diversity forest ecosystems requires policies and supportive programs, with emphasis on private nurseries, to guarantee adequate supply of native tree seedlings and provide the necessary incentives to develop the emergent economy of forest restoration.     

The evolution of Society for Ecological Restoration's principles and standards—counter‐response to Gann et al.

In response to our recent article (Higgs et al. 2018) in these pages, George Gann and his coauthors defended the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) International Standards, clarified several points, and introduced some new perspectives. We offer this counter‐response to address some of these perspectives. More than anything, our aims are in sharpening the field of restoration in a time of rapid scaling‐up of interest and effort, and support further constructive dialogue going forward. Our perspective remains that there is an important distinction needed between “Standards” and “Principles” that is largely unheeded by Gann et al. (2018). We encourage SER to consider in future iterations of its senior policy document to lean on principles first, and then to issue advice on standards that meet the needs of diverse conditions and social, economic, and political realities.     

Fresh perspectives for classic forest restoration challenges

Restoration ecology is a young scientific discipline whose limitations can compromise the recovery of ecosystem biodiversity and functions. Specifically for limitations on forest restoration, we first recommend considering measures prior to land use changes to deal with the common lack of efforts to anticipate and plan restoration. Second, we suggest using multiple references in restoration planning to avoid simplified reference characterization, and we advise assessing ecosystem recovery with indicators that better incorporate ecosystem complexity in recovery assessments. Finally, we propose initiatives to encourage scientific communication outside academia to diminish the communication gap between scientists and practitioners.     

Science Driven Restoration: A Candle in a Demon Haunted World—Response to Cabin (2007)

Cabin (2007) asks whether formal science is an effective framework and methodology for designing and implementing ecological restoration programs. He argues that beyond certain ancillary benefits, restoration science has little of practical value to offer the practice of restoration. He goes on to suggest that restoration science most often represents an impediment to restoration practice because an “ivory tower” mentality limits the utility of experiments and diverts research dollars away from answering practical questions. His conclusion is that a nonscientific gardening approach may be more effective at restoring degraded ecosystems. We disagree with this perspective because: (1) restoration science has moved beyond exclusively using “square grids” placed on small patches of land to examine treatment effects on species representation; (2) Cabin’s critique greatly undervalues the contribution of science to restoration practice even where the input of restoration scientists is not directly evident; and (3) the practice of restoration is unlikely to advance beyond small‐scale and truly haphazard successes without well‐designed studies that can provide peer‐reviewed and widely accessible published information on the mechanisms underlying both successes and failures. We conclude that through integration with other disciplines, restoration science increasingly will provide novel approaches and tools needed to restore ecosystem composition, structure, and function at stand to landscape scales. As with the broader role of science in the human enterprise ( Sagan 1996 ), the contribution of restoration science to restoration practice can only grow as the discipline matures.     

海洋生境修复和生物资源养护原理与技术研究进展及展望

由于人类活动导致的海洋生境、生态系统以及生物资源的衰退已经引起了全球的高度重视。以生态修复的原理为基础,综述了海洋生境修复和生物资源养护的关键设施、关键技术、监测与效果评价以及综合管理的国内外研究进展,并对海洋生境修复与生物资源养护的研究热点和重点进行了展望,以期为我国海洋生境修复和生物资源养护提供参考。     

Genetic diversity of reintroduced tree populations in restoration plantations of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Long‐term ecological success of large‐scale restoration programs planned for the next decades will rely on genetic diversity (GD) of reintroduced or colonizing species, a limiting factor in highly fragmented landscapes. In small and isolated natural remnants or restoration areas, substantial reduction in population's size or connectivity may lead to local extinctions due to the accumulation of deleterious recessive alleles and ongoing reduction of fecundity, plant vigor, recruitment success, and adaptive potential. Despite the paramount role of GD for species persistence, its levels in restoration programs are poorly known. We assessed the GD of four model tree species (different succession stages, dispersal, and pollination syndromes) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, comparing two high‐diversity restoration plantations, one forest fragment and one conserved remnant. Contrary to the expectation that the plantation strategies adopted in the restoration programs could result in genetic composition homogenization, we found that restoration areas established heterogeneous genetic groups with similar levels of neutral GD and inbreeding to those observed in natural forest remnants. This pattern was consistent across the four functionally different tree species, despite some species idiosyncrasies. For instance, we observed lower allelic richness in early successional species in restoration sites, suggesting that some species may be more prone to reintroduction with lower GD. Thus, we advocate the use of high GD levels in restoration to support biodiversity conservation in human‐modified landscapes, thus reinforcing the role of ecological restoration for recovering the diversity of genes—the basic constituent of biodiversity.